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I '
ANNALS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
VoL. XVI.
1925-1926
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor
Published by the Authority of the
Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute
July, 1925-ApRiL, 1926
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE PRESS
PITTSBURGH
FOREWORD
In sending forth the Sixteenth Volume of the Annals of the Carnegie
Museum the Editor wishes to express his deep appreciation of the
support and kind consideration which he has received from his suc-
cessor, the present Director of the Carnegie Museum, Dr. Douglas
Stewart, and from the various authors, whose contributions to science
are here published.
The volume deals with what was and with what is, with the dead
and the living. It contains descriptions and illustrations of three
hitherto unknown fossil mammals; of three fossil birds from the
Eocene, when bird-life was different from what it is today; and of
a hawk from the Miocene, when conditions were more like those of
the present. It gives a rather full account of a remarkable small
reptile, w'hich lived in Jurassic times, long before mammals and birds
played an important role upon this planet. The volume describes
and supplies figures of four living fishes and one hundred and forty-
two species of living insects, all of which are new to science and
never before had been named.
In addition there are re-described in the text and figured on the
plates more than two hundred and fifty species, including many
types of species, which previously have been rather inadequately
described, and none of them hitherto figured in any publication
whatever.
The volume therefore in its content is a genuine addition to the
sum of human knowledge.
W. J. Holland, Editor.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Foreword iii
Table of Contents v-vi
List of Plates vii-viii
List of Figures in Text ix-x
List of Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science xi-xvi
Errata and Corrigenda xvii
Dates of Issue of Articles as Separates. xvii
Editorial Notes. i-8; 145-154; 349-354
1. New Species of Epipaschiinae in the Carnegie and
National Museums. By William Schaus, Sc. D, 9-48
11. The Epipaschiinae of the Western Hemisphere; a
Synonymic Catalog of the Species Hitherto De-
scribed, with Figures of Many, which have Not
Heretofore been Depicted. By W. J. Holland
and William Schaus 49-130
III. Description of the Aurora Trout {Salvelinus tima-
gamiensis) a New Species from Ontario. By
Arthur W. Henn and Wm. H. Rinkenbach 131-142
IV. Description of a New Cheirodontine Characin from
Rio de Janeiro. By George S. Myers. 143-144
V. Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum.
Pt. 5. Report upon the Collections in the Sub-
family Cicadellinae, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Herbert Osborn 155-248
VI. The Fossils of the Frankstown Cave, Blair County,
Pennsylvania. By O. A. Peterson 249-348
VII. Hyracodon petersoni; A New Cursorial Rhinoceros
from the Lower Oligocene. By Horace Elmer
Wood, II 315-318
V
VI
Table of Contents
VIII. Ophidia from South America in the Carnegie Museum:
A Critique of Dr. L. E. Griffin’s “Catalog of the
Ophidia from South America at Present (June,
1916) Contained in the Carnegie Museum.” By
Afranio Do Amaral, B. Sc 3I9“323
IX. A New Aetosaurian Reptile from the Morrison For-
mation of Utah. By Charles W. Gilmore 325-348
X. Descriptions of some New Species and Varieties of
Rhopalocera in the Carnegie Museum. By A.
Avinoff 355-374
XI. The North American Tingitidae (Heteroptera) De-
scribed by Stal. By Carl J. Drake 375-380
XII. Description of a New Genus and Species of Deep
Water Gempyloid Fish, Diplogonurus maderensis.
By Adolfo Cesar di Noronha 381-383
XIII. A New Species of Deep Water Shark, Squaliolus
sarmenti, from Madeira. By Adolfo Cesar di
Noronha 385-389
XIV. Fossil Birds from the Green River Deposits of
Eastern Utah. By Alexander Wetmore 391-402
XV. Description of a Fossil Hawk from the Miocene of
Nebraska. By Alexander Wetmore 403-408
XVI. Notes on Birds Observed in Southern Florida. By
Ernest G. Holt and George M. Sutton 409-439
Index 441
LIST OF PLATES
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIIL
IX,
X.
XL
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXL
XXIL
XXIIL
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIIL
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXL
American Epipaschiinse, Figs. 1-36.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-46.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-29.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-48.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-46.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-34.
American Epipaschiinae, Figs. 1-34.
Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn and Rinkenbach, sp. nov.
Map of Part of the Timagami Region.
Sphmtheroholus broccce Myers, sp. nov.
Aulacizes, Amblydisca, Cicadella, Figs. i-io.
Oncometopia, Cicadella. Figs. 11-22.
Cicadella. Figs. 23-33.
Cicadella. Figs. 34-45.
Graphocephala, Cicadella. Figs. 46-57.
Graphocephala, Diedrocephala, Drceculacephala, Cicadella.
Figs. 58-73-
Meleagris superba Cope; Canis dims Leidy. Figs. i-ii.
Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy). Figs. 1-2.
Bodtherium bombifrons (Harlan). Figs. 1-13.
Bodtherium bombifrons (Harlan). Figs. 1-8.
Bodtherium bombifrons (Harlan). Figs. 1-3.
Mastodon americanus (Kerr); Mandible of young speci-
men. Lateral view.
Mastodon americanus (Kerr). Superior view. Figs. 1-2.
Arctotherium haplodon Cope. Figs. 1-6.
Arctotherium haplodon Cope. Figs. 1-9.
Hyracodon petersoni Wood, sp. nov.
Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore, gen. et sp. nov.
Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Lateral view.
Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Restorations of Skeleton,
New Species of Rhopalocera in the Cam. Mus. Figs. 1-3.
New Species of Rhopalocera in the Cam. Mus. Figs. 1-4.
vii
Vlll
List of Plates
XXXIL
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
New Species of Rhopalocera in the Cam. Mus. Figs. 1-9.
New Species of Rhopalocera in the Cam. Mus. Figs. 1-9.
North American Tingitidae. Figs. a-d.
Squaliolus sarmenti Noronha, sp. nov. Figs. 1-2.
Nautilornis avus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov. Figs. 1-8.
Nautilornis proavitus Wetmore, sp. nov. Fig. 9.
Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov. Figs. 10-20.
Geranoaetus ales Wetmore, sp. nov. Figs. 1-5.
Thryospiza mirahilis Howell. (Colored plate.)
Fig. I. Slash-pines and saw-palmettos on Long Pine Key,
Fig. 2. Lower border of the Everglades.
Fig. I. Cabbage-palm hammock in the Everglades.
Fig. 2. Dense mangrove-swamp between the Everglades
and the Coast.
Fig. I. Ditching machine used as camp.
Fig. 2. Nesting Wood Ibis.
Fig. I. Adult Wood Ibis on nests.
Fig. 2. Young Ground Dove at Coconut Grove.
Fig. I. Nest of Bald Eagle on Man-o’-war Key.
Fig. 2. Young Bald Eagle in nest.
LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT
Art. 11. By Holland and Schaus. page
Fig. I. Tioga atrifascialis (Hulst). Type in Brooklyn
Museum 58
Fig. 2. Diagrammatic outline of wings of Tioga melazonalis ,
T. juanalis, T. fovealis, and T. watsoni 59
Fig. 3. Type of Tetralopha talleolalis {Hulst) 63
Fig. 4. Type of T. melanogrammos Zeller (enlarged) 65
Fig. 5. Tetralopha speciosella (Huht). Paratype . . 67
Fig. 6. Tetralopha dolorosella Barnes and Benjamin. Type. 70
Fig. 7. Nouanda a gatha (Schaus). Structural details 80
Fig. 8. Nouanda nocturna (Schaus). Structural details.. ... 80
Fig. 9. Jocara perseella Barnes and McDunnough, cf , t3^pe. 87
Fig. 10. Jocara incrustalis Hulst, cf 87
Fig. II. Jocara incrustalis Hulst, 9 . . . 87
Fig. 12. Type of J. dentilineella Hulst 89
Fig. 13. I. Lateral view of head of Macalla thyrsisalis 103
2. Lateral view of head of Epipaschia superatalis . . . 103
Art. HI. By Henn and Rinkenbach.
Fig. I. Outline of head of Salvelinus timagamiensis, C. M.
No. yoyok 132
Fig. 2. Do. C. M. No. yoyog 132
Fig. 3. I. Salvelinus timagamiensis, C. M. No. 7970 135
2. Salvelinus fontinalis, C. M. No. 7977U 135
Fig. 4. View of White Pine Lake from Tower Hill 137
Art. IV. By George S. Myers.
Fig. I. Living Sphintherobolus hroccoe Myers in aquarium. . . 143
Art. VI. By O. A. Peterson.
Fig. I. Proximal caudal of Cryptohranchus (1) 251
Fig. 2. Vertebra of a lizard, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 1 1,31 1 253
Fig. 3. Teeth of Megalonyx sphenodon Cope (?)... 255
Fig. 4. Synaptomys cooperi annexus Peterson, subsp. nov. . . . 278
Fig. 5. Palatal view of skull of Eretkizon 279
Fig. 6. Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) (?) 284
Fig. 7. Brachyprotoma obtusata (Cope) 285
Fig. 8. Sorex frankstounensis Peterson, sp. nov 293
Fig. 9. Parascalops breweri (Bachman) 295
Fig. 10. Do. Humerus and ulna. . 296
IX
X
List of Figures in Text
Art. VII. By Horace Elmer Wood, II.
Fig. I. Dentition of Hyracodon peter soni, sp. nov 316
Art. IX. By Charles W. Gilmore.
Fig. I. Skull of Hoplosuchus kayi, sp. nov. Dorsal view. . . 327
Fig. 2. Do. Lateral view 329
Fig. 3. Do. Palatal view 331
Fig. 4. Skeleton and Skull of Stegomosuchiis longipes (Emer-
son and Loomis) 333
Art. XII. By A. C. di Noronha.
Fig. I. Head of Diplogonuriis maderensis, gen. et sp. nov... . 381
GENERA, SPECIES, SUBSPECIES, AND VARIE-
TIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED OR
FIGURED IN THIS VOLUME*
MAMMALIA (Fossilia).
Order PERISSODACTYLA.
Hyracodon petersoni Wood, sp. nov., p. 315, pi. XXVI.
Order GLIRES.
Synaptomys cooperi annexus Peterson, subsp. nov., p. 278.
Order INSECTIVORA.
Sorex frankstounensis Peterson, sp. nov., p. 292.
AVES (Fossiles).
Family ALCID^.
Nautilornis avus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov., p. 292, pi. XXXVI.
Nautilornis proavitus Wetmore, sp. nov., p. 394, pi. XXXVI, fig. 9.
Family PRESBYORNITHIDiE) fam. nov., p. 396
Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov., p. 396, pi. XXXVII .
Family FALCONID^.
Geranoaetus ales Wetmore, sp. nov., p. 403, pi. XXXVIII.
AVES (Viventes) .
ThryospizamirabilisHoweW (figured for first time) p.435, PlateXXXIX.
REPTILIA (Fossilia).
Order THECODONTIA.
Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore, gen. et sp. nov., pp. 326-348.
PISCES (Viventes).
Family SQUALIDAi^ (Squaliolidae Noronha, fam. nov., p. 389).
Squaliolus sarmenti Noronha, sp. nov., pp. 385-389, pi. XXXV.
*New genera are indicated by heavy-faced type
XI
Xll
Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science
Family SALMONID^.
Salvelinus timagamiensis Henn and Rinkenbach, sp. nov., p. 13 1 et seq.,
pi. VIIL
Family CHARACID.R.
Sphintheroholus hroccce Myers, sp. nov., p. 143, pL X.
Family GEMPYLID^R (Diplogonuridae Noronha, fam. nov., p. 382).
Diplogonurus maderensis Noronha, gen. et sp. nov., pp. 381-3, fig.
INSECTA.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Suborder RHO P A LO CERA.
Family PAPILIONID.^.
Papilio aurivillianus Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 355, pi. XXX, fig. 2,
Cameroon; P. stewarti Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 356, pi. XXX, fig. i,
Bolivia; P. garleppi Staudinger, female described and both sexes
for first time figured, p. 356, pi. XXXI, figs, i, 2, Bolivia.
Family PIERID^.
Catasticta hollandi Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 356, pi. XXXII, fig. 2,
Colombia; C. nivalis Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 358, pL XXXII, fig. 2,
Colombia; C. flisa (H.-S.) dilutior Avinoff, subsp. nov., p, 358,
pi. XXXII, figs. 3, 6, Colombia; C. angulifera Avinoff, sp. nov.,
P* 359» pl- XXXII, fig. 4, Venezuela; C. lactea Avinoff, sp. nov.,
P- 359» pl- XXXII, fig. 3, Colombia.
Ixias clarki Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 360, pi. XXX, fig. 3, Luzon,
Catopsilia statira (Cramer) schausi Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 360,
Guatemala.
Dismorphia spectahilis Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 361, pi. XXXIII, fig. 7,
Bolivia; D. lysandra Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 361, pi. XXXIII, figs. 5,
6, Rio Purus, Brazil; D. leuconoe Bates, melanina Avinoff, subsp.
nov., p. 362, pi. XXXIII, fig. 2, French Guiana; D. pinthcEus *
(Linnaeus) gracilis Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 362, pi. XXXIII, fig. 4,
Rio Purus, Brazil; D. spio (Godart) aberr. virago Avinoff, ab. nov.,
p. 363, pi. XXXIII, fig. I, Porto Rico; D. astynome Dalman,
chloronome Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 363, pL XXXIII, fig. 3, Minas
Geraes, Brazil.
Terias tenera Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 363, pi. XXXI, fig. 4, Porto Rico;
T. arhela Htibner, gracilis Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 363, pi. XXXI,
fig. 3, Bahia, Brazil.
Family DANAID.^.
Sais klagesi Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 364, pi. XXXIII, fig. 8, Rio Purus,
Brazil.
Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science xiii
Family NYMPHALID^.
Subfamily HELicoNiiNiE.
Heliconius doris (Linnaeus) alberato Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 365,
Venezuela; H. doris (Linnaeus) azurea Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 365,
pi. XXXIII, fig. 9, Venezuela; H. insolitus Avinoff, sp. nov., p. 365,
pi. XXXII, fig. 9, Bolivia.
* Subfamily Nymphalin^.
Junonia coenia (Hiibner) hergi Avinoff, subsp. nov., p. 366, pi. XXXII,
figs. 7, 8, Bermudas.
Suborder HET ERO CERA.
Family PYRALID^.
Subfamily Epipaschiin^.
Tioga juanalis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 9, pi. I, fig. 23.
Tetralopha hermasalis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 10, pi. I, figs. 18, 19; T.
cataldusa Schaus, sp. nov., p. 10, pi. I, fig. 28; T. gybriana Schaus,
sp. nov., p. II, pL I, fig. 26.
Auradisa corumbina Schaus, subsp. nov., p. ii, pi. I, fig. 32; A.
guianica Schaus, sp. nov., p. 12, pi. I, fig. 34; A. brendana Schaus,
sp. nov., p. 12, pi. I, fig. 36.
Tancoa ubalda Schaus, sp. nov., p. 13, pi. I, fig. ii; F. silavia Schaus,
sp. nov., p. 13, pi. I, fig. 13.
Ajacania steinbachalis Schaus, gen. et sp. nov., p. 14, pi. II, fig. 22.
Ajocara amazona Schaus, gen. et sp. nov., p. 15, pi. II, fig. 25; A.
phileasalis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 15, pi. II, fig. 24.
Pococera nepomuca Schaus, sp. nov., p. 16, pi. I, fig. 4.
Jocara mava Schaus, sp. nov., p. 17, pi. II, fig. 29; J. oduvalda Schaus,
sp. nov., p. 17, pi. II, fig. 26; J. desideria Schaus, sp. nov., p. 18,
pi. II, fig. 16; J. theodota Schaus, sp. nov., p. 18, pi. II, fig. 7; J.
sisinnia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 19, pi. II, fig. 20; J. cantianilla Schaus,
p. 20, pi. II, fig. 21; J. hospitia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 20, pi. II,
fig. 28; J. prudentia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 21, pi. II, fig. 13; V. sara
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 21, pi. II, fig. 33; J. yva Schaus, sp. nov., p. 22,
pi. II, fig. 32; J. gillalis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 23, pi. II, fig. 38;
J. maurontia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 23, pi. II, fig. 42; J. athanasia
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 24, pi. II, fig. 8; J. acheola Schaus, sp. nov.,
p. 24, pi. II, fig. 34; J. anacita Schaus, sp. nov., p. 25, pi. II, fig. 36;
J. andeola Schaus, sp. nov., p. 25, pi. II, fig. i ; /. amazonalis Schaus,
sp. nov., p. 26, pi. II, fig. 46.
xiv Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science
Macalla lermenipuncta Schaus, sp. nov., p. 26, pi. Ill, fig. 2; M.
hyutanahana Schaus, sp. nov., p. 27, pi. Ill, fig. 7; M. aciusa
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 28, pi. II, fig. 45; M. boliviana Schaus, sp. nov.,
p. 28, pi. Ill, fig. 3.
Chloropaschia zenoa Schaus, sp. nov., p. 29, pi. Ill, fig. ii; C. venantia
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 30, pi. Ill, fig. 19; C. epipodia Schaus, sp. nov.,
p. 30, pi. Ill, fig. 16 ; C. aniana Schaus, sp. nov., p. 31, pi. Ill,
fig. 14; C. cedesia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 32, pi. Ill, fig. 20; C. fiachnalis
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 32, pi. Ill, fig. 13; C. hollundalis Schaus, sp.
nov., p. 33, pi. Ill, fig. 18.
Stericta anthimiisalis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 34, pi. IV, fig. 45; S. hevnoa
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 35, pi. Ill, fig. 29; S. comgalla Schaus, sp. nov.,
p. 35, pi. IV, fig. 33; S. eadberti Schaus, sp. nov., p. 36, pi. IV, fig. 41 ;
S. hermengilda Schaus, sp. nov., p. 37, pi. IV, fig. 42; S. paschasia
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 37, pi. IV, fig. 22; S. petamona Schaus, sp. nov.,
p. 38, pi. IV, fig. 38; S. phcebadia Schaus, sp. nov., p. 39, pi. IV,
fig. 19; S', pontealis Schaus, sp. nov., p. 39, pi. IV, fig. 37; S. possidia
Schaus, sp. nov., p. 40, pi. IV, fig. 34; S. cecidiptoides Schaus, sp.
nov., p. 40, pi. Ill, fig. 6; S. olivenca Schaus, sp. nov., p. 41, pi. Ill,
fig- 7-
Arnatula generic name, used by many authors, invalid, being a mis-
spelling of Anartiila Staudinger, p. 55.
Oneida pallidalis Barnes and Benjamin, referred originally to
PhycitincB, belongs to Epipaschiince.
Nouanda gen. nov., Holland and Schaus, p. 79. (Type, N. (Wanda)
agatha Schaus.)
Epipaschia a valid genus, and not synonymous with Pococera. In
consequence the subfamily name Epipaschiince, in use for three
quarters of a century, should not be replaced by Pococerince, as
recently proposed by Janse and others, pp. 49-50.
All the new species of the Epipaschiince described and above listed
are from tropical America.
Order HEMIPTERA.
Suborder HETEROPTERA.
Melanorhopala lurida Stal, is the male of M. clavata Stal, which has
priority, p. 376, pi. XXXIV, figs, a, b. .
Melanorhopala uniformis Stal is brachypterous form of M. clavata
Stal, p. 376. (Stal’s type figured on pi. XXXIV, fig,, c.)
Acalypta thomsoni Stal, p. 377, type figured, pi. XXXIV, fig. d.
Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science xv
Suborder HOMO PT ERA.
Family CICADELLIDiF:.
Subfamily CiCADELLiNiE,
Amhlydisca cinerea Osborn, sp. nov., p, 164, pL XI, figs. 5, 5a-b;
Brazil.
Aiilacizes sculptilis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 165, pL XI, fig. 2, Bolivia;
A. delicata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 167, pL XI, figs, i, la-h, Colombia;
A. olivacea Osborn, sp. nov., p. 167, pi. XI, figs. 7, 7a, Brazil; A.
gracilis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 167, pi. XI, figs. 9, 9a, Colombia;
A. marginula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 168, pi. XI, figs. 8, 8a, Bolivia;
A. splendidula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 168, pi. XI, figs. 10, loa, Bolivia.
Oncometopia ocellata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 169, pL XII, figs, ii, iia,
Bolivia; 0. marginula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 170, pi. XII, figs. 12,
12a, Bahia; 0. minor Osborn, sp. nov., p. 170, pi. XII,. figs. 13, 13a,
Chapada, Brazil; 0. rosipennis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 172, pi. XII,
figs. 14, 14a, Colombia.
Dilohopterus varius Osborn, ^ sp. nov., pp. 172-3, fig. i, British
Guiana.
Cicadella discoidula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 178, pi. XII, figs. 15, 15a,
Chapada, Brazil; C. notulatula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 179, pi. XII,
figs. 16, i6a-h, Bolivia; C. callosa Osborn, sp. nov., p. 179, pi. XII,
figs. 17, ija—h, Brazil, Bolivia; C. lituriceps Osborn, sp. nov., p. 180,
pL XII, figs. 18, i8a-&, Colombia; C. tinctorula Osborn, sp. nov.,,
p. 180, pL, XII, figs. 20, 20a, ’ Colombia; C. interruptula Osborn,
sp. nov., p. 181, pi. XII, figs, 21, 2ia, Chapada, Brazil; C.Aorsi-
fascia Osborn, sp. nov., p. T82, pi. XII, figs. 22, 22a, Chapada;
C. hyalinatula Osborn, sp, nov., p. 182, pL XIII, -figs. 23, 23a,
Colombia; C. longicornis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 183, pi. XIII, figs. 24,
24a, Rio Purus; C. terminalis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 183, pL XIII,
figs. 25, 25a, French Guiana; C. subhyalina Osborn, sp. nov., p. 184,
pi. XIII, figs. 27, ija—h, Colombia; C. nuhicula Osborn, sp. nov.,
p. 184, pL XIII, figs. 30, 30a, Ecuador; C. brunneatula Osborn,
sp. nov., p. 185, pi. XIII, figs. 33, 33a, Bolivia; C. clitellaria Osborn,
sp. nov., p. 185, pi. XVI, figs. 70, 70a, Brazil; C. apicula Osborn,
sp. nov., p. 186, pL XVI, figs. 67, by a, Bolivia; C. conjunctula
Osborn, sp. nov., p. 193, pi. XIII, figs. 28, 2Sa-b, Brazil, Bolivia;
C. cinctosula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 193, pi. XIII, figs. 29, 29a, Brazil;
C. sulfureo guttata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 197, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil; C. signatula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 200, pi. XIII, figs. 26,
26a— h, Bolivia; C. corrugipennis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 204, pi. XIV,
figs. 45, 45a, Bolivia; C. cuneatula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 205, pi. XVI,
figs. 63, 63a, Rio Guapore; C. corallina Osborn, sp. nov., p. 206,
pL XIII, figs. 31, 31a, Bolivia; C. pendulosa Osborn, sp. nov.,
p. 206, pi. XI, figs. 6, 6a— h, Rio Guapore; C. olivatula Osborn,
sp. nov., p. 209, pi. XVI, figs. 59, 59a, Ecuador; C. inscriptiila
xvi Genera, Species, and Varieties New to Science
Osborn, sp. nov., p. 213, pi. XIV, figs. 34, 34a, Bolivia; C. occi-
pitula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 214, pi. XIV, figs. 39, 39a, Bolivia;
C. limboclavula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 214, pi. XIV, figs. 42, 42a,
Bolivia; C. scutellatiila Osborn, sp. nov., p. 215, pi. XIV, figs. 37,
37a, Bolivia; C. semicinctula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 215, pi. XV,
figs. 49, 49a, Bolivia; C. nigricula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 216, pi. XIV,
figs. 38, 38a, Bolivia; C. ornatula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 216, pi. XIV,
figs. 41, 41a, Bolivia; C. tigrinula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 217, pi. XIV,
figs. 40, 40a, Bolivia; C. transversula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 218,
pi. XlVb figs. 43, 43a, Bolivia.
Diedrocephala alhiila Osborn, sp. nov., p. 220, pi. XVI, figs. 65,
6^a-b, French Guiana.
Graphocephala attenuata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 222, pi. XV, figs. 51,
51a, Bolivia; G. similUma Osborn, sp. nov., p. 222, pi. XV, figs. 55,
55a, Bolivia; G. brevisula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 223, pi. XVI, figs. 62,
62a, Ecuador; G. involuta Osborn, sp. nov., p. 223, pi. XV, figs. 56,
56a, Bolivia; G. contractula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 224, pi. XV, figs. 47,
47a, Bolivia; G. curvatula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 224, pi. XV, figs. 53,
53a, Bolivia; G. aff inula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 225, pi. XV, figs. 48,
48a, Bolivia; G. longula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 225, pi. XV, figs. 57,
57a, Bolivia; G. separata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 226, pi. XV, figs. 46,
46a, Bolivia; G. cardinula Osborn, sp. nov., p. 226, pi. XV, figs. 52,
52a, Bolivia; G. ludicula Osborn (Breddin?), sp. nov., p. 226,
pi. XVI, figs. 58, 58a, Ecuador; G. plebejula Osborn (Breddin?)
sp. nov., p. 227, pi. XVI, figs. 69, 69a, Ecuador; G. submarginalis
Osborn, sp. nov., p. 229, pi. XVI, figs. 72, yia—b, Bolivia; G. lineola
Osborn, sp. nov., p. 231, pi. XVI, figs. 71, 71a, Colombia; G.
humeralis Osborn, sp. nov., p. 231, pi. XVI, figs. 64, 64a, Colombia;
G. spinosa Osborn, sp. nov., p. 232, pi. XVI, figs. 68, 6Sa-b, Brazil.
Drcecidacephala clypeata Osborn, sp. nov., p. 236, pi. XVI, figs. 73,
73a, Brazil.
ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA.
ji. 253, 6th line from bottom: for SYNAPSID^, read SYNAPSIDA.
p. 273, 17th line from bottom: for ‘‘first permanent,” read next
succeeding.
p. 321, 13th line from top: delete the entire line.
Supplementary Note: E. R. Dunn (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, 1922, p. 220)
has pointed out the identity of Aporophis melanoce phalus Griffin and Rhadincea
steinbachi described by Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XV, 1905, p. 454).
Boulenger’s type was obtained at the same place by the same collector as the
specimen named by Griffin.
Note. The wing-coverts of the bird figured on PL XXXIX are more rufous than
in any of the specimens in the Carnegie Museum. W. J. H
DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS OF VOLUME AS SEPARATES.
Articles I— IV, July 31, 1925.
Article V, March ii, 1926.
Article VI, March 18, 1926.
Article VII, March 18, 1926.
Article VTII, March 18, 1926.
Article IX, March 18, 1926.
Article X, April 10, 1926.
Article XI, April 10, 1926.
Article XII, April 10, 1926.
Article XIII, April 10, 1926.
Article XIV, April 10, 1926.
Article XV, April 10, 1926.
Article XVI, April 10, 1926.
XVI 1
Publications of the Carnegie Museum
,pA^
Serial No. 126
ANNALS
f. :
OF THE
GARNEGIE MUSEUM
•ir'
VoL. XVI. No. 1
July, 1925
\ 'V -1
J''
'^For sale by Messrs. VVheldon & Wesley, Ltd,, 2-4, Arthur St., New
Oxford St., London, W. C. 2, England: Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn,
II Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 6, Germany: Maruzen Company, Ltd.,
11-16, Nihonbashi; Tori-Sanchome, Tokyo, Japan: and at the Carnegie
Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Penna., U. S. A.
ANNALS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
VOLUME XVL PART L
Editorial Notes.
The fifteenth volume of the ANNALS and the ninth volume of
the MEMOIRS of the Carnegie Museum have been issued in bound
form from the Carnegie Institute Press. The tenth volume of the
MEMOIRS is in process of being printed and possibly will be brought
to completion within the present year, although it is somewhat
doubtful whether the papers now in the hands of the printer will
form a body of material sufficiently large to justify the conclusion
of the volume. Several shorter papers may be added to those now
going through the press.
In sending forth the first part of the sixteenth volume of the
ANNALS the Editor ventures to express the hope that the numerous
delays which attended the printing and publication of the last volume
will not be repeated. Under the circumstances they were unavoidable.
We recently had the great pleasure of welcoming to the Museum
one of its most devoted and helpful friends, Mr. B. Preston Clark, of
Boston, who is known to all entomologists as one of the leading
lepidopterists of America. He has made an intensive study of the
SpMngid(B. Of this large and interesting family of moths he possesses
the largest assemblage of species in the United States. He has just
completed the purchase of the Sphingidce, which formed a part of the
collection of the late M, Charles Oberthiir of Rennes in France. Mr.
Clark informs us, that, after reserving the types contained in this
collection for incorporation in his own, the remainder will be sent to
the Carnegie Museum! The SphingidcB of the Holland Collection,
1
2
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the large supplementary series already acquired by the Carnegie
Museum, together with the addition so kindly proposed by Mr.
Clark will make the collection here one of the largest in existence.
Should Mr. Clark carry out certain intentions, which he has expressed,
but concerning which the Editor does not feel at liberty to speak, the
collection of SphingidcB in the Carnegie Museum may ultimately
rank as the largest and finest in the world. The writer of these lines
cannot refrain from giving expression to his appreciation of the
generosity of his learned and distinguished friend, his admiration for
the scientific perseverance which he has displayed, and the sincere
personal affection which has arisen during many years of delightful
intercourse with him.
A well earned and fitting honor was bestowed upon Air. William
Schaus of the United States National Museum, when on February 27,
I 1925, the University of Pittsburgh conferred upon him the degree of
Doctor of Science, in recognition of his distinguished achievements as
a lepidopterist. Air. Schaus has an international reputation. From
his boyhood he has been an indefatigable collector and student of
the lepidoptera. He long resided in Paris and London and made
himself familiar with all the treasures contained in the private as
well as public collections of Europe. He is known personally to all
working lepidopterists both of Europe and America. His private
collection, now deposited in the U. S. National Aluseum, is very
large. It is no exaggeration to say that it constitutes, so far as exotic
lepidoptera are concerned, the most important part of the collections
in the National Aluseum. Air. Schaus has trax^elled extensively in
the tropics of the New World, accompanied by his friend Air. John
T. Barnes. Together they have explored Alexico, Honduras, Costa
Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, and the
islands of the West Indies. They have brought back thousands of
species new to science. The papers published by Air. Schaus form a
long array; the species named by him number about five thousand.
He is a fine representative of a class of men, happily increasing in
number in this country, who, gifted with leisure and fortune, devote
themselves to the pursuit of science, and thus help to enlarge the
boundaries of human knowledge.
Air. Schaus has been a generous friend of the Carnegie Museum,
Editorial Notes.
3
and it is a pleasure to mention the fact that the two papers which
appear first in this issue of the ANNALS are due to his efforts, the
first containing descriptions of more than half a hundred new species
of Epipaschiince which are contained in the Carnegie Museum, the
second a paper prepared in collaboration with the writer of these
lines upon the Epipaschiince of the Western Hemisphere.
For the first time in the annals of science a sauropod dinosaur,
complete from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, with nearly all
the bones in place, has been worked out in the paleontological laboratory
of this museum. At the invitation of Dr. Stewart, Mr. Charles W.
Gilmore of Washington, a former member of the staff of the Carnegie
Museum, has prepared a preliminary account of the specimen, which
will shortly appear in the MEMOIRS.
A large collection of birds obtained in the valley of the Rio Purus,
Brazil, by the veteran collector, Mr. S. M. Klages, has recently been
received in the Carnegie Museum. Mr. Todd, the Curator of Orni~
tfiology, reports that it contains many species hitherto not represented
in our collections.
The assemblage of birds in the Carnegie Museum now equals in
number of specimens the collection of birds in the National Museum in
Berlin, and is only surpassed in its extent by two other American
collections, the one in the American Museum of Natural History in
New York and the other that which is found in the U. S. National
Museum.
The last meeting of the American Ornithologists Union was held
in the Carnegie Museum. A large number of interesting and finely
illustrated papers were presented. It is a matter of regret to the
Editor of the ANNALS that his attendance upon the sessions was
not as constant as he would have preferred it to have been. Un-
fortunately his duties in his office as well as the care of the affairs of
the Carnegie Hero Fund, of which he is the President, made continual
presence impossible. It was, however, a delight to renew acquaint-
ance with many of his scientific friends, some of whom have grown
gray since he first learned to know them, and many of whom have
become famous.
4
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
We are sorry to lose from the Staff of the Museum Mr. George
Miksch Sutton, who has since the last issue of the ANNALS accepted
the position of State Ornithologist, with headquarters in Harrisburg.
Mr. Sutton brings to his new position ability and large general in-
formation. Our loss is the gain of the State of Pennsylvania.
Mr. C. D. Armstrong has just presented to the Aluseum a wine-cup
of pure white yiinglo (A.D. 1403-1424) of the variety known as
t'o-t'ai, “egg-shell porcelain.” Around the sides it is delicately orna-
mented by flowers and leaves, faintly engraved and overlaid by the
translucent white enamel. On the foot is the mark “ Yung-lo-nien-
chih" in the seal character, which being interpreted signifies: “Made
in the Yung Period.” This specimen was purchased by the donor from
the Hippisley Collection, a full account of which is given in the Report
of the United States National Museum for 1888, pp. 387-491. The
gift of this very rare and beautiful specimen by Mr. Armstrong is
greatly appreciated.
Editorial Notes.
5
On September 29, 1924, Mr. John Wesley Beatty, one of the
original Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, which position he resigned
in order to become the Director of the Department of Fine Arts at
its inception in 1896, entered into rest.
Mr. Beatty was born in Pittsburgh on July 8, 1851, the son of
Richard and Elizabeth (Wilson) Beatty. His ancestors on both sides
were Scotch. In his youth he developed a decided talent for drawing,
and after some preliminary training in his native city, went to
Munich, where he spent a number of years studying in the Munich
Academy of Fine Arts. Upon his return to Pittsburgh he found
employment as an illustrator. Presently associating himself with the
late Mr. George Hetzel, the landscape painter, he established the
Pittsburgh Art School, where he and his colleague taught for more
than eight years. During this period he painted a number of pictures
of decided merit and produced a number of etchings, which revealed
great skill. He thus became recognized throughout the country as
one of the rising artists of his generation. When it became necessary
for the Trustees of the Institute to select a Director for the Depart-
ment of Fine Arts it was at once recognized that Mr. Beatty possessed
all the qualifications for this important position, and he was induced
to resign his trusteeship and accept transference to the Directorship.
The writer of these lines recalls distinctly the enthusiasm and
energy with which Mr. Beatty addressed himself to the task, which
he had undertaken. The idea of holding an annual exhibition of
paintings, which should represent the best work produced by painters
in the United States and Europe, took firm hold of his imagination,
and was sanctioned by the Trustees.
The first exhibition of paintings in the galleries in the fall of the
year 1895 was a loan exhibition, which was most remarkable, because
it brought together from various private collections not only in Pitts-
burgh but all parts of the United States, many of the best examples
of the art of contemporary American and foreign painters. This pre-
liminary exhibition, the excellence of which attracted universal atten-
tion, was destined to be followed in succeeding years by what came
to be known as the International Exhibition of Paintings at the
Carnegie Institute. The recognition and awards of prizes accorded
to artists caused representation in this annual display of paintings
6
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
to be coveted by painters in all parts of the world. In quest of the
finest work produced in America and Europe Mr. Beatty made
numerous journeys, and repeatedly crossed the Atlantic. He won
for himself the friendship of the artists of the world. Through the
judicious purchase of works of merit foundations were speedily laid
for what is known as the “Permanent Collection.”
When through the kindness of Mr. Carnegie the building was en-
larged and the structure was rededicated in April, 1907, the occasion
was dignified by the presence of a number of the most eminent
American and foreign artists, and the exhibit was pronounced to be
one of the most important in the annals of American art.
In addition to the work done by Mr. Beatty in making the Carnegie
Institute a focal point for the display of the work of painters and
illustrators, there was brought about in the creation of the Gallery
of Architecture one of the most noteworthy and helpful exhibits of
its kind in the United States. In the execution of this work he re-
ceived no small degree of help from Messrs. Alden, Longfellow, and
Harlow, the architects, who designed the building of the Carnegie
Institute, and whose great knowledge of the history and development
of architecture was freely put at his command. To the planning and
execution of the noble designs, which Mr. Beatty originally conceived,
Mr. Carnegie lent hi§ enthusiastic approval and generously contributed
the needed financial support. The Department of Fine Arts of the
Carnegie Institute, as it stands today, is justly regarded as a monu-
ment of the exquisite taste and consuming zeal of our dear friend,
who has so recently been taken from us.
Personally Mr. Beatty was a most lovable character. All who
came to know him learned to cherish affection for him. He received
many honors during his lifetime. In his death the cause of art in
America lost a great leader and society an ornament.
All that was mortal of him we laid to rest on October 5, 1924, just
as the setting sun kissed the horizon and the dark shadows began to
fill the glens of Homewood Cemetery. The long and beautiful day,
full of light and bird-song, ending in a cloudless sunset, was emble-
matic of his whole career. His memory is lovingly cherished by a
great circle of friends.
iiis;
SlM.
V!tV»\
.v-1-.fh- *-
Editorial Notes.
7
On Wednesday, December 3, 1924, Mr. William Lucien Scaife, who
was elected a Trustee of the Carnegie Institute on March 22, 1901,
quietly passed away.
During the years of his connection with the Institute he served
almost continuously as a member of the Committee upon the Museum
and from the beginning until the close of his life as a member of the
Committee in charge of the Technical Schools (The Carnegie Institute
of Technology).
Mr. Scaife was the son of the late William B. Scaife and Mar^^
(Frisbee) Scaife. He was born in Pittsburgh on October i, 1853. He
pursued his studies in the common schools, completing with credit
the appointed course in the Central High School of Pittsburgh, after
which he was matriculated at Yale, where he graduated in the year
1873. He then went abroad and continued his studies at the School
of Mines at Freiberg in Saxony and at the Ecole de Mines in Paris.
In order to obtain practical knowledge of European mining methods
he worked for a short while as a subordinate in a coal-mine in
Belgium. Returning to America he spent a couple of years in Nova
Scotia as a mining engineer. Finally he returned to Pittsburgh and
with a partner established the Scaife Foundry and Machine Company,
Ltd., with which he was connected until almost the time of his death.
Mr. Scaife was always deeply interested in all matters relating to
the educational and civic progress of the community. He served on
important committees of the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh.
He took an active part in the work of the Western Pennsylvania
Engineers Society, and was its President in the year 1890. He was
a charter member of the Pittsburgh Academy of Sciences and Art,
in which he served for a long time as Trustee, and for a time as Secre-
tary and also as President. He was a member of the Board of Trustees
of the University of Pittsburgh from 1894 until his death and for
almost the entire period served as an efficient member of the Com-
mittee in charge of the affairs of the Allegheny Observatory. He
was one of the original members of the Frick Educational Commis-
sion, in which he served as Secretary from its foundation until his
election as President, in which capacity he served from 1920 until his
death. He was one of the original members of the Carnegie Hero
8
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fund Commission, and during the last two years of his life was Vice-
President of that body.
Mr. Scaife was a diligent student and possessed a large fund of
knowledge on many subjects. He wrote a great deal, contributing
occasional articles to the Atlantic Monthly and other similar journals.
His last literary effort was that of editing and preparing for publica-
tion the autobiography of his friend. Dr. John A. Brashear.
Mr. Scaife was characterized not only by large information and a
cultured mind, but by a most intense devotion to those causes in
which he became interested. He was diligent and conscientious in
the performance of duty. In committees, whoever else might be
present, Mr. Scaife was sure to be on hand, unless confined to bed
by illness. His whole life was characterized by extreme modesty.
He shrank from publicity, and refused to allow himself to be either
photographed, or to have his features in any other way delineated, a
fact which now is a cause for regret to his numerous friends, who
would like to possess some record of his appearance in life.
The Editor of the Annals on the back of a letter sketched the
features of his dead friend, as he lay in his last long sleep, and with
the help of a diminutive “snap shot” of the side of his face, taken on
a public occasion, when he was apparently trying to hide behind
another man, guided by memory, has endeavored to draw a likeness.
This lead-pencil sketch is herewith reproduced. Imperfect as it is,
he nevertheless believes that it may serve in a measure to recall the
features of our departed friend to those who knew and loved him.
I. NEW SPECIES OF EPIPASCHIIN/E IN THE CARNEGIE
AND NATIONAL MUSEUMS.
By William Schaus.
(Plates I-IV)
It has been most interesting to examine the material representing
the Epipaschiince in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh and to find
forty-eight new species, which I now describe, also four new species
of which the types are in the National Museum in Washington and
paratypes in Pittsburgh. The Carnegie Museum has generously
presented to the National Museum paratypes of twenty-one new
species as follows: Tetralopha hermasalis, Pococera nepomuca, Ajocara
phileasalis, Jocara cantianilla, J. mava, J. desideria, J. sisinnia, J.
hospitia, J. prudentia, J. sara, Macalla termenipuncta, M. aciusa, M.
boliviana, Chloropaschia zenoa, C. venantia^ C. epipodia, C. aniana,
Stericta hevnoa, S. paschasia, S. pontealis and S. possidia; also speci-
mens of Pococera strigidiscalis Hampson, and Tancoa nigriplaga
(Dognin) not previously represented in the collection of the National
Museum; as well as specimens of some other species hitherto in-
adequately represented in the national collection.
I. Tioga juanalis, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 23, cT, paratype.
.Male: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax white, some brown scaling
on patagia; abdomen finely irrorated with brown; legs white, the
tibiae fuscous at base, the tarsi with brown rings. Forewing white; a
black streak on base of costa; a broad antemedial, almost medial
brpwnish drab fascia, largely suffused with black, much broader on
pinner margin than on costa; an outer narrow brownish drab line,
slightly sinuous and with fuscous streaks on veins; an apical brown
and fuscous patch from costa to vein 5, and smaller dark shades at
tornus; terminal interspaces otherwise grayish with a few brown
irrorations; a terminal fuscous line interrupted by veins; cilia white.
Hindwing buff-white, with faint terminal dark suffusions. Expanse:
15 mm.
Habitat: St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana, collected in
March, 1904, by Barnes and Schaus.
9
10
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Type: male, U. S. N. M.; paratypes in the Carnegie Museum
from Valley of Oyapok River (S. M. Klages, coll.).
2. Tetralophahermasalis sp. nov. PI. I, fig. i8, cT ; fig. 19, $ , paratypes.
Male'. Palpi fuscous, irrorated with white. Head, collar, and
thorax white, mottled with a few fuscous scales; a black patch on
metathorax. Abdomen white, irrorated with fuscous; segmental lines
dorsally light ochraceous buff. Legs white, finely irrorated with
fuscous; tarsi fuscous with white rings. Fore wing above with a
long fovea in cell; a large white spot at base, somewhat outangled,
a black point at base of costa and black line at base of inner margin;
antemedial line broad, somewhat macular, from costa to below cell
angled, narrow, and inbent to inner margin; costal margin on medial
space broadly fuscous black, with a few white irrorations; medial
space whitish, irrorated from below cell with tawny olive and curly
white scales; veins 1-4 irrorated with black and white to postmedial
line; postmedial fuscous, with black dentate lines on veins 2—5, out-
curved beyond cell, then slightly incurved and faintly outcurved at
vein I ; a subterminal black spot at apex and a broad tawny olive
shade below it to inner margin; an interrupted marginal black line,
and a fine terminal white line; cilia tawny olive at base, with fuscous
mottling, the tips white. Hind wing semihyaline whitish, the veins
dark, the termen suffused with fuscous especially at apex. Wings
below whitish, the fore wing with broad terminal and postmedial
fuscous shades, the hind wing with similar shading at apex and post-
medial line at costa. Expanse: 20 mm.
Associated with the male are three females, which have been referred
to this species, one of which, the allotype, is figured on the plate
together with the male.
Habitat: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, Elevation 450 m.
Type: male, allotype and paratypes, females, Carnegie Museum,
Acc. No. 4,543, July, 1910 (J. Steinbach coll.).
3. Tetralopha cataldusa, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 28, cf , type.
Male: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax white, with some drab
mottling. Abdomen ochraceous buff with fine dark segmental lines
dorsally. Legs whitish mottled with drab. Fore wing above with a
long fovea in cell, grayish, faintly suffused with pale Isabella color;
a small white annulus in cell defined by black and interrupting an
indistinct outbent fine antemedial black line, which is preceded below
cell by a small cluster of black scales, to which it is joined at median
vein; costa mediall}^ darker shaded; some black scaling below cell at
vein 2, faintly continued to inner margin; faint postmedial d^rk
ScHAUs: New EpiPASCHiiNiE.
11
streaks on veins connected by a faint similar shade; a faint darker
subterminal line; the termen more distinctly grayish with a fuscous
macular line; cilia white, dark shaded at base. Hind wing semihyaline
white suffused with drab, more pronounced on termen, the veins
finely drab; cilia white. Fore wing below drab, the inner margin
white, the costal ridge of scales brownish buff. Hind wing below pale
drab, the apex faintly darker. Expanse: 19 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No, 5,058, December, 1911
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
4. Tetralopha gybriana, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 26, 9 , type.
Female: Head, collar, and thorax white, with some drab mottling.
Abdomen ochraceous buff, with a few dark irrorations and traces of
segmental lines. Legs mostly white irrorated with drab. Fore wing
white irrorated with drab; basal area darker, limited by an outbent
antemedial broad black line, diverging below cell, the inner branch
expanding into a streak below cell to vein i, the outer fine, and
followed throughout by a narrow white fascia and a fine dark, parallel,
medial line; a small raised tuft of black and white scales in cell above
vein 3; a few black scales on discocellular and isolated black scales
from base of vein 2 to vein i ; postmedial line vertical, hardly sinuous,
drab, finely dentate; subterminal crossed by drab streaks to termen;
a terminal fuscous macular line. Hind wing semihyaline white, suf-
fused with drab, especially on termen, the veins finely drab; cilia
white. Fore wing below with a darker postmedial dentate line
followed by whitish; termen darker shaded. Hind wing with terminal
dark suffusion at apex continued narrowly along termen; traces of a
postmedial line on costa. Expanse: 19 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, August, 1914
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
This is very possibly the female of T. cataldiisa Schaus, as several
details of the markings are similar.
5. Auradisa corumbina, subsp. nov. PI. I, fig. 32, 9 , type.
Female: Similar to A. corumba Schaus, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash,,
Vol. XXIV, 1922, No. 9, p. 216.) The postmedial line on fore wing is
more heavily marked, and the whitish inner margin below extends to
cell. Expanse: 22 mm.
Habitat: Puerto Suarez, Bolivia; elevation 150 m.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 3,758, November, 1908
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
12
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
6. Auradisa guianica, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 34, 9 , type.
Female'. Head and body above vinaceous buff; legs vinaceous
buff, suffused with fawn-color, the tarsi darker, with pale rings.
Forewing olive-buff, probably faded from olive-yellow; subbasal,
double medial, and outer small black spots on costa; a benzo-brown
streak on base of inner margin; a subbasal black point below cell;
some antemedial, almost medial, dark scaling below cell, and a small
similar streak above it in cell, followed by traces of a double medial
line across median vein; a fine oblique black line on discocellular,
followed by a heavier parallel line, expanding between veins 3 and 4;
subterminal line whitish, oblique from costa, curved from vein 5 to
vein 2; a subapical, almost round, black and dark brown spot; terminal
quadrate black spots on interspaces. Hindwing hyaline whitish, the
costa and termen narrowly suffused with, fuscous black; the veins
partly dark streaked; cilia olive-ocher tipped with white. Forewing
below suffused with fuscous, the costa and termen tawny, the inner
margin whitish. Hindwing below with the costa and termen narrowly
suffused with tawny. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat'. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
A paratype in the U. S^. National Aluseum from St. Jean, French
Guiana (Barnes and Schaus, coll.).
7. Auradisa brendana, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 36, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi and head drab with some black hairs. Collar and
thorax buff-white mottled with black and dark gray scales. Abdomen
whitish buff finely irrorated with fuscous scales, the segments an-
teriorly benzo-brown, posteriorly white. Forewing white, finely
irrorated with black; base, costal and inner margins suffused with
cartridge-buff; an antemedial fuscous black spot from costa to median
vein, continuing to inner margin as two fine indistinct lines; a fine
dark medial line outbent to inner margin near postmedial, the latter
remote, incurved from costa to vein 5, then less incurved to inner
margin, preceded by a fuscous shade opposite cell and between veins
2 and I, followed closely by a parallel fainter line, the space between
whitish gray; a fuscous black shade on costa adjoining the subterminal
line; terminal black spots on interspaces; cilia buff-white with some
faint smoky spots. Hindwing semihyaline white, somewhat suffused
with drab, more so on termen; traces of narrow terminal black shading.
Forewing below hair-brown; cilia white with faint smoky spots. Hind
wing below with costa and termen suffused with hair-brown. Ex-
panse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana,
ScHAUs: New EpiPAscHiiNiE.
13
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
8. Tancoa ubalda, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. ii, 9, type.
Female: Palpi fuscous mottled with tawny at base, the fringe on
second joint tipped with white. Frons fuscous; vertex and collar
light drab. Thorax deep purplish gray, the patagia drab-gray.
Abdomen whitish buff, finely dark irrorated. Fore and hind tibise
and tarsi fuscous ringed with white, the hind tibiae and tarsi wood-
brown with white rings. Fore wing at base broadly drab-gray, with
some black and tawny irrorations chiefly on costa; an antemedial
army-brown line with raised clusters of fuscous black scales below
cell and vein i, preceded and followed by whitish shades; a fine
lunular black medial line, followed by a faint straighter line and an
army-brown shade; a large black spot over discocellular and reaching
vein 2 with a black line from it to medial line at median vein, the
space beyond to postmedial light grayish with darker irrorations and
black scales; postmedial line white, oblique and outcurved, inangled
at vein 2, inwardly defined by black scales, outwardly by an army-
brown shade expanding towards costa; termen narrowly white;
terminal black spots; cilia army-brown at apex, below it vinaceous
fawn tipped with white towards tornus. Hind wing semihyaline
suffused with drab, the termen with hair-brown; cilia tipped with
white. Fore wing below fuscous black, the inner margin white;
costal margin tawny expanding towards apex. Hind wing below
with the costal margin and termen fuscous with a tawny shade on
costa at apex. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, July, 1914
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
9. Tancoa silavia, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 13, cf, type.
Male: Palpi cinnamon-drab, irrorated with black. Head, collar,
and shoulders isabelia-color ; thorax, patagia, and a dorsal spot on
collar, iron-gray. Abdomen drab with black irrorations, terminally
hair-brown, the anal tufts whitish buff. Fore legs tawny, the tarsi
with fine white rings. Fore wing mostly cinnamon-buff, the costa
irrorated with black, also the base of inner margin; an antemedial
buff-white shade outbent from subcostal; a fine, lunular, medial
black line proximally edged with buff-white; some black scaling on
discocellular and a few black scales incurved from it to inner margin;
space beyond cell to postmedial from vein 3 to vein 7 mouse-gray
irrorated with black; below vein 3 a large whitish spot suffused with
14
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
gray on inner margin; postmedial remote, oblique, and oiitcurved,
slightly inangled at vein 2, inwardly defined by a fine dark line,
outwardly followed by a darker cinnamon shade, widest before apex
and irrorated with black; terminal paired black spots almost forming
a line; cilia divided by a smoky line, the tips whitish. Hind wing
semihyaline white, the costal margin and termen narrowly suffused
with hair-brown; cilia with a dark line, the tips broadly white. Fore
wing below fuscous, the costa tawny, somewhat paler at apex. Ex-
panse: 23 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, July, 1914 (J.
Steinbach, coll.).
Ajacania, gen. nov.
Male: Palpi upturned, reaching well above head and hollowed out
to receive the brush-like maxillary palpi; the third joint short. An-
tennae with short cilia and a well developed process from base. The
legs smoothly scaled, the hind tibiae without medial spurs. Fore
wing terminally broad ; vein 2 from before end of cell ; 3 slightly
down-curved from lower angle; 4 and 5 from lower angle on a long
stalk, which is densely scaled and has a narrow fovea below it; a
large fovea between stalk of 4 and 5 and vein 6; veins 6-10 stalked,
6 very shortly, and with a fovea between it and vein 7; ii from cell.
Hind wing with upper part of cell short; veins 3, 4, and 5 radiating
from lower angle; 6 from upper angle; 7 anastomosing with 8. Type
of genus: Ajacania steinbachalis Schaus.
10. Ajacania steinbachalis, sp. nov. PI. 1 1, fig. 22, cT, type.
Male: Palpi white in front, laterally dark livid brown. Head,
collar, and thorax drab-gray, with some slightly darker irrorations; the
process drab with some black scaling in front. Abdomen above with
some segments chsetura-drab, others drab-gray with black irrora-
tions, ventrally grayish white; legs mottled drab and white, the tarsi
outwardly black with white rings. Fore wing: base sayal-brown, its
outer edge obliquely curved and with fine black scales on it preceded
by an antemedial faint line of black scales expanding on inner margin
into a spot and also a black spot in cell before it, the whole followed
by a white fascia; space beyond to postmedial line light drab with a
few black scattered scales; a small black spot on discocellular ; the
fovea beyond pale drab-gray with a white shade on costa above
it; postmedial line indicated on costa by a few black scales followed
by a sayal-brown shade, by heavier black scaling on outer edge of
large fovea and below vein 3 to inner margin by a fine black line,
which is distally shaded with light cinnamon-brown; terminal space
light mouse-gray; an interrupted terminal black line; cilia huffish
crossed by two drab lines. Hind wing bronzy drab; cilia hair-brown.
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin.e.
15
tipped with white and a light buff line at base. Expanse: i8 mm.
Habitat: Rio Japacani, Bolivia.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, February, 1915 (J.
Steinbach, coll.).
Ajocara, gen. nov.
Male: Palpi long, Smooth, hollowed out and containing the
brush-like maxillary palpi, the third joint very short. Antenna with
short cilia and a long process from base heavily fringed in front.
Legs smooth, the mid tibia with slight fringe. Fore wing: costa
dilated to form a lobe before apex and fringed above with down-
turned hairs; veins 4 and 5 radiating from lower angle of cell; 6 from
upper angle; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 and ii from end of cell; veins 9, 10, ii
and costal vein up-curved to costal prominence. Hind wing: veins 4
and 5 radiating from lower angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 7 anas-
tomosing with 8. Type of genus: Ajocara amazona Schaus.
This may be considered a section of Jocara to include J. cediperalis
Hampson and A. phileasalis Schaus.
II. Ajocara amazona, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. 25, cf, paratype.
Male: Palpi, head, body, and fore wing isabella-color, probably
olive-yellow when fresh; abdomen above with some minute, faint,
darker irrorations and whitish segmental lines. Fore wing: some
black and tawny irrorations chiefly below cell medially, forming a
short streak, also along median and in interspaces near cell; a black
line on discocellular ; from upper angle of cell a streak of downturned
deep mouse-gray, bristly hairs, upbent to costal prominence and a
shorter streak of upturned hairs along vein 6 to outer line; some
black scaling, forming an interrupted and indistinct double outer line;
some terminal black scaling on interspaces. Hind wing thinly scaled,
suffused with avellaneous. Wings below mostly light buff, the costal
margins isabella-color, the disc of fore wing somewhat smoky neutral
gray. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Amazons.
Type: male, Cat. No. 27,464, United States National Museum;
paratype; Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, February, 1922, from
Hyutanahan, Rio Purus (S. M. Klages, coll.); a paratype also in Coll,
Dognin.
12. Ajocara phileasalis, sp. nov. PL 1 1, fig. 24, cT, type.
Male: Palpi light ochraceous buff with a few black irrorations.
Head and process whitish buff, the latter with a black streak in front
and tawny hairs behind. Collar and thorax honey-yellow (faded from
green?), the patagia tipped with mouse-gray. Abdomen above tawny
16
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
olive, the basal segment buff-white. Legs mostly pale ochraceous
buff. Fore wing: basal half of costa, cell, and a streak beyond, below
subcostal, honey-yellow (green?); wing otherwise whitish, thickly
irrorated with buffy olive and black; a long black and fuscous streak
below cell; some tawny irrorations antemedially below cell; a white
line from within end of cell, vertical, somewhat lunular, defined by
brownish olive scaling; the hairs on costal lobe black, those beyond
upper angle of cell natal-brown, below them a blackish mouse-gray
streak from cell; an outer whitish line defined by the irrorations;
terminal black spots; cilia like wing. Hind wing whitish, suffused
with light buff, the veins terminally and outer margin suffused with
hair-brown. Fore wing below glossy drab, the inner margin white;
cell and interspaces near cell black; costa light buff mottled with
tawny. Hind wing below with termen as above; dark outer streaks
on veins connected by a faint smoky line; a spot at upper angle of
cell; costa light buff with chsetura-drab irrorations. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, April, 1922 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
13. Pococera nepomuca, sp. nov. PI. I, fig. 4, cT, type.
Male: Palpi brownish olive above, buff-white below. Head and
collar isabella-color, the thorax similar, mottled with white. Abdomen
cream-buff with traces of dark segmental lines. Legs mostly cream-
buff, suffused with ecru-olive, the fore and hind tibiae outwardly
isabella-color, the mid and hind tarsi outwardly fuscous with white
rings. Fore wing white, largely suffused with light brownish olive; a
black point in cell and streak beyond; a dark antemedial patch below
cell outwardly edged by an outbent white line from within cell, followed
by a parallel medial light brownish olive line; a faint outbent line of
black scales from below streak in cell to inner margin with a dark
patch on its outer edge above vein i ; a fuscous black lunule on dis-
cocellular, followed by a dark patch to the subterminal line, the
latter white, vertical, distinct on costa, faintly outcurved below
vein 6 and somewhat incurved to inner margin, whitish and fine,
with blackish streaks on veins 4-7 beyond it; the termen dark shaded
from vein 5 to apex; terminal quadrate fuscous spots; cilia buff-white,
crossed by some smoky shading. Hind wing semihyaline whitish, the
termen suffused with fuscous, the veins dark. Fore wing below
suffused with hair-brown; postmedial black streaks on veins, followed
by the subterminal pale line. Hind wing below with less suffusion on
termen and traces of a postmedial line. Expanse: 19 mm.
Habitat: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 4,543, August, 1913 (J.
Steinbach, coll.). .
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
17
14. Jocara mava, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 29, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi, head, and collar isabella-color ; thorax slightly
paler; the metathorax whitish with black irrorations. Abdomen
with basal segment whitish, then isabella-color with dark irrorations,
the three terminal segments hair-brown with pale segmental lines.
Legs mostly whitish buff, the tarsi hair-brown with pale rings. Fore
wing: costa and cell chamois, probably green when fresh; inner
margin for two-thirds suffused with whitish; a medial black point
below cell and a similar point on discocellular ; below vein 2 a double
inbent hair-brown line; postmedial line chamois, slightly outcurved
beyond cell, defined proximally from below vein 6 by a buffy olive
shade irrorated with black, distally by the light brownish olive
terminal space, which is crossed by a faint subterminal hair-brown
dentate line; terminal black spots on interspaces; cilia hair-browm.
Hind wing semihyaline, suffused with ^neous.. drab, the termen
darker shaded. Fore wing below silky drab, the costa narrowly
chamois not reaching apex. Hind wing below with costa buffish,
irrorated with drab; a small hair-brown spot at upper angle of cell;
traces of a subterminal line near the dark terminal space. Expanse:
22 mm.
Habitat: Rio Japacani, E. Bolivia; elevation 600 m.
Type: feniale, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, February, 1914
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
Can be placed near J. marchiana Schaus.
15. Jocara oduvalda, sp. nov. PL H, fig. 26, & , type.
Male: Palpi, head, process, collar, and thorax avellaneous, the
palpi dark brown above, the process tipped with hair-brown, the
patagia mottled with fuscous and cinnamon-drab. Legs light buff,
the fore femora and tibi« streaked with fuscous, the tarsi fuscous
with pale rings. Fore wing avellaneous, inner margin to cell darker;
a subbasal fuscous line across costa and cell; a short black streak
below cell beyond middle, followed by a fine sinuous black line
starting from a small black spot on costa, defined from vein 3 to inner
margin by avellaneous on either side; a black spot on discocellular;
postmedial space benzo-brown to post medial line, which is broad,
black, emitting black streaks on proximal side between veins 2-5,
outwardly edged with avellaneous and followed by a narrower
parallel black line; termen avellaneous at apex, below vein 6 irrorated
with olivaceous gray, the veins cinnamon-drab; terminal black spots
on interspaces; cilia cinnamon-drab with smoky spots. Hind wing
cinnamon-drab. Fore wing below fuscous, the inner margin broadly
silvery white; a faint dark postmedial line. Hind wing below brownish
18
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
white; a spot at upper angle of cell, a postmedial line and termen
benzo-brown. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Pied Sant, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, February, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
Easily distinguished by the uniform cinnamon-drab hind wing.
16. Jocara desideria, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. 16, d^, type.
Male: Palpi light buff with a fuscous streak behind and some
blackish scales at tip. Process avellaneous mottled with fuscous
black. Head and front of collar light buff, collar otherwise and
thorax, iron-gray. Abdomen above whitish with broad deep neutral
gray bands. Pegs pale yellow-orange, the tarsi fuscous. Fore wing:
basal half iron-gray, the costal edge pale yellow-orange; some isabella-
color scaling in end of cell, and beyond cell, preceded by a short
black streak; a black line on discocellular ; basal space limited below
end of cell by a double lunular black line filled in with white, out-
wardly edged with white between veins 3 and i, and preceded below
cell by a black streak longer than the streak in cell; postmedial space
buffy brown tinged with citrine and irrorated with tawny between
veins 2 and 6, its outer edge forming a very indistinct postmedial
line, somewhat dentate, defined by a faint light cinnamon-drab shade
distally, becoming white and vertical on inner margin; terminal
space paler than postmedial space, crossed by a faint darker sub-
terminal line; terminal smoky gray spots, very indistinct. Hind
wing semihyaline white, suffused with light drab, becoming darker
on termen. Fore wing below hair-brown, the costa, apex, and termen
suffused with tawny; faint dark postmedial and subterminal lines.
Fore wing below whitish, the apex cinnamon-drab; a faint postmedial
line. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
Conspicuous owing to its iron-gray basal half.
17. Jocara theodota, sp. nov. PL H, fig. 7, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi and head sulphine-yellow. Collar and thorax iron-
gray. Abdomen light buff, dorsally with orange-citrine bands. Legs
light cinnamon-drab, irrorated with,. white, the tarsi dark with pale
rings. Fore wing light cinnamon-drab, somewhat darker on terminal
space; costa to near middle, cell, and basal space above vein i, iron-
gray, almost black; a similar streak below outer half of cell; an inter-
rupted similar shade from cell along vein 2 to postmedial line; some
light cinnamon-drab shading in cell towards end and on costa above;
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin.e:.
19
an oblique black line from costa to vein 4, partly suffusing with
black discocellular ; some black scaling along inner margin from before
middle to postmedial, the latter very fine and indistinct, black,
dentate, outcurved to vein 2; faint dark streaks on interspaces of
terminal space, the veins somewhat tawny; small terminal black
spots; cilia cinnamon-drab with small smoky spots. Hind wing
somewhat hyaline hair-brown, darker on termen. Fore wing below
russet, the cell black, the inner margin grayish. Hind wing below
buff-white, the costa and termen suffused with russet; a dark point
at upper angle of cell; a faint hair-brown postmedial line. Expanse:
24 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, December, 1921
(S. AI. Klages, coll.).
A distinct species, recognizable by its iron-gray cell.
18. Jocara sisinnia, sp. nov. PI. H, fig. 20, type.
Male: Palpi light ochraceous buff. Process light cinnamon-drab,
laterally streaked with pale olive-gray. Collar and thorax mottled
light drab and yellowish glaucous, the patagia tipped with cinnamon-
drab. Abdomen cream-color, the segments dorsally irrorated an-
teriorly with sayal-brown. Legs light buff partly irrorated with
orange-cinnamon, the tarsi outwardly verona-brown with pale rings.
Fore wing russet vinaceous,. somewhat paler on basal third; costal
margin from base to beyond middle with a yellowish glaucous streak,
crossed by a medial russet vinaceous line; a velvety black point in
cell close to discocellular; below outer half of cell a thick velvety
black streak edged with tawny scales, preceded by a white point,
distally edged by. a white line reaching vein i, this white line being
followed by a yellowish glaucous shade, extending to inner margin
and obliquely upbent towards vein 5; postmedial line remote, inbent
on costa, yellowish glaucous, then outcurved, lunular dentate, very
fine, black, with some whitish scales distally; terminal linear black
spots; cilia mottled yellowish glaucous and russet vinaceous. Hind
wing somewhat hyaline cream-color; a fine subterminal and broader
terminal hair-brown line, both irrorated with black. Fore wing
below tawny; inner margin to cell and vein 2 yellowish white, the
costa yellowish white, irrorated with tawny; a yellow-white spot on
costa subterminally. Hind wing below cream-color, the costa, apex,
and termen narrowly tawny. Expanse: 24 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, January, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
A very distinct species, with its thick streak below cell.
20
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
19. Jocara cantianilla, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 21, cT, type.
Male: Palpi dark olive-buff. Head, process, collar, and thorax
vinaceous buff, probably light green when fresh, process with black
scales above. Abdomen whitish with light buff segmental lines and
some tawny irrorations dorsally. Legs vinaceous buff with fuscous
irrorations, the tarsi fuscous with warm buff rings. Fore wing olive-
ocher, no doubt brighter green when fresh; an antemedial tuft of
raised scales mixed with black and tawny below cell, and a tawny
streak with some black scales on inner margin; a snuff-brown and
black line slightly oblique from costa, somewhat lunular from vein 2
to inner margin, a short similar streak below cell preceding and suf-
fusing with it, followed closely by a fine black line vertical from
costa; a short black streak on discocellular ; a few black scales, forming
a very indistinct postmedial shade, from vein 7, inset above vein 5,
incurved below vein 3, followed by a very distinct fine black dentate
line, vertical on costa, somewhat outcurved to vein 3, then incurved;
terminal black spots on interspaces; cilia like wing with smoky spots
at veins. Hind wing semihyaline whitish, the termen suffused with
hair-brown; cilia white, mottled with hair-brown towards apex. Fore
wing below suffused with etruscan red, a line on discocellular, an
outcurved postmedial line, marginal streaks on interspaces and termen
narrowly black. Hind wings below with a dark point at upper angle
of cell and a fine postmedial line; apex and termen suffused with
etruscan red. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, April, 1922 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
Near Jocara translinea Schaus, differing chiefly in the basal coloring.
20. Jocara hospitia, sp. nov. PI. 1 1, fig. 28, (J , type.
Male: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax pale ochraceous-buff, the
collar and patagia with a few pale cinnamon-pink scales. Abdomen
dorsally suffused with pale sulphine-yellow and irrorated with hair-
brown, except on two basal segments. Legs light buff, the tarsi
dark, with pale rings. Fore wing: costal margin to postmedial line
pale ochraceous buff; a similar streak below cell from base to middle
of cell, irrorated with some tawny scales; base of cell dull grayish,
followed by a broad hair-brown shade; a white patch at end and just
beyond cell, with a small black point on discocellular; inner margin
narrowly drab at base expanding medially and irrorated with
chaetura-drab ; a wavy drab antemedial line, lunular below cell, pre-
ceded above and below vein i by whitish yellow spots; medial space
below cell hair-brown, with an oblique black streak below cell; some
tawny irrorations above vein i, and white irrorations on inner margin,
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^e.
21
outwardly limited by a curved white line and a very faint lunular
black line; postmedial space hair-brown obliquely narrowing to
costa, with some tawny scaling below veins 2 and 3, the whole space
limited by a subterminal darker line, outcurved and dentate, distally
edged with whitish buff; the veins terminally russet with dark streaks
above and below; small black terminal spots. Hind wing semih^m-
line, suffused with light drab, the termen darker; veins terminally
dull russet; a subterminal white line proximally edged with hair-
brown. Wings below with postmedial line hair-brown, well defined.
Expanse: 20 mm.
Habitat'. Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, November, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
21. Jocara prudentia, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. 13, c^, type.
Male: Palpi, head, and collar whitish buff, the collar with some
hair-brown scales behind. Process in front whitish buff, irrorated
with black, the fringe behind hair-brown. Thorax hair-brown, some
white scaling on patagia. Abdomen dorsally with alternate tawny
olive and hair-brown bands. Legs light buff, the tarsi dark with pale
rings. Fore wing light buff, the outer half suffused with light pinkish
cinnamon; some black irrorations and markings; traces of a subbasal
line; a streak in cell and a rather large round spot over discocellular ;
a double line from near end of cell to inner margin, vertical, the
proximal line very fine; a diffused spot on vein 3 beyond cell; the
outer line remote, inbent on costa, expanding on vein 7, outcurved
and parallel with termen, slightly incurved and narrower between
veins 2 and i ; termen blackish with a few white scales, the veins
light pinkish cinnamon; cilia mostly white. Hind wing semihyaline,
suffused with drab, more thickly on costa and termen. Fore wing
below hair-brown, the costa cream-buff, the inner margin white;
postmedial line fainter. Hind wing below whitish; basal half of costa
cartridge-buff; a dark point at upper angle of cell; termen narrowly
hair-brown. Expanse: 22 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, February, 1918 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
22. Jocara sara, sp. nov. PL H, fig. 33, cf , type.
Male: Palpi, head, and process pale pinkish buff, the palpi slightly
irrorated with flesh-ocher; collar and thorax light cinnamon-drab.
Abdomen with basal segment white, the second yellowish white with
hair-brown irrorations, the other segments brownish olive with white
segmental lines. Legs pinkish buff, the tarsi outwardly fuscous with
22
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
pale rings. Fore wing honey-yellow, certainly greener when fresh;
base of wing light cinnamon-drab limited by a curved hair-brown
antemedial line expanding on costa and inner margin; a few reddish
scales on line below cell, and some raised white scales before it below
cell; a minute dark point in end of cell. Costa medially and to apex
narrowly iron-gray; postmedial line fine, white, partly obsolescent
towards costa, deeply dentate with long drab streaks proximally on
veins 5-2 and submedian fold; the inner margin between the lines
hair-brown; a fine dark terminal line; cilia white crossed by a deep
mouse-gray line. Hind wing white; a fine dark terminal line and
similar narrow shade at apex; cilia white. Fore wing below vinaceous-
tawny, the cell and beyond suffused with hair-brown; postmedial line
and inner margin white. Hind wing below white, the costal margin
vinaceous-tawny crossed by a postmedial white line ; a fine dark line at
upper angle of cell; an interrupted dark terminal line. Expanse: 17 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 4,543, April, 1910 (J.
Steinbach, coll.).
23. Jocara yva^ sp. nov. PI. 1 1, fig. 32, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi hazel, streaked in front with pale ochraceous-buff.
Head, collar, and thorax vinaceous-buff, a hazel spot on vertex.
Abdomen above benzo-brown with fine white segmental lines. Legs
light buff irrorated with light cinnamon, also similar shading on
tarsi. Fore wing: base from costa to vein i light cinnamon-drab
shading outwardly to fuscous, the base of inner margin light drab,
limited by a slightly outbent curved black line, distally edged with
white; medial space whitish, suffused with light cinnamon-drab, with
a few darker irrorations, except on a whiter costal space before
postmedial; two minute black points on discocellular ; postmedial
line black, faintly incurved from costa to vein 4 and again to inner
margin, outwardly edged with apricot-buff, and followed by a broader
bister shade; some whitish scales near termen and an interrupted
terminal fuscous line; cilia smoky black tipped with white and with
a fine light buff line at base. Hind wing aeneous cinnamon-drab, the
terminal line and cilia as on fore wing. Wings below cinnamon-drab,
the fore wing with the costa prussian red, and a white streak before
apex; hind wing suffused with whitish, defining a postmedial line, and
the darker termen. Expanse: 18 mm.
Habitat: Puerto Suarez, Bolivia; elevation 150 m.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 3,758, December, 1908
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
Closely allied to J. medialis Hampson, which has the darker basal
space broader and limited by an erect line.
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
23
24. Jocara gillalis, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 38, cf*, type,
Male: Palpi hair-brown, irrorated with white. Head and collar
light drab mottled with white; the process short. Thorax mottled
hair-brown, mouse-gray, and white. Abdomen white, -irrorated with
black, the second segment mikado-brown, the terminal segments
with black bands. Legs white, irrorated with black, the fore femora
with a black patch;, tarsi with fuscous spots outwardly. Fore wing
white, irrorated with deep neutral gray, the inner margin partly
suffused with hair-brown; an antemedial small natal-brown spot
below cell followed by a slightly outcurved brownish medial line
from median vein to inner margin with some raised natal-brown and
black scales on it below cell; a small brown medial spot on costa; a
brownish and white line on discocellular ; postmedial line fuscous
black, slightly outbent from costa to vein 4, then rather deeply
incurved, preceded by dark streaks on veins 3 and 2, followed by
white on inner margin; a hair-brown subterminal line parallel with
postmedial; small terminal fuscous black spots; cilia pale olive-buff
with blackish spots. Hind wing semihyaline whitish, the veins,
costal and inner margins and termen narrowly drab. Fore wing
below suffused with hai’r-brown; a subterminal pale curved shade.
Hind wing below as above. Expanse: 22 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 4,543, November, 1909
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
Named in honor of Miss Elizabeth D. Gill, the Secretary of the
Director Emeritus of the Carnegie Museum.
I
25. Jocara maurontia^ sp. nov. PL II, fig. 42, (T , type.
Male: Palpi, head, process, collar, thorax, and legs buffy yellow,
undoubtedly dull green-yellow, when fresh; tarsi fuscous with pale
rings. Abdomen light drab with some dark irrorations and diffuse
hair-brown bands. Fore wing dark olive-gray, the base, inner margin
to cell and near termen suffused with olive-yellow, no doubt brighter
green when fresh; a subbasal black point in cell; a small black ante-
medial spot below cell, and a minute black point postmedially on
vein 6; a faint pale annulus in cell medially and small raised scales
on discocellular; faint postmedial and subterminal olive-yellow shad-
ing; faint terminal spots; cilia gray shaded with olive-yellow. Hind
wing whitish, the veins and outer half suffused with aeneous hair-
brown. Hind wing below with the dark suffusions terminal. Ex-
panse: 20 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,058 (J. Steinbach, coll.).
24
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
26. Jocara athanasia, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. 8, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax light buff, faintly tinged
with pale green. Abdomen light buff with hair-brown dorsal bands.
Legs pale pinkish buff, irrorated with vinaceous, the tarsi outwardly
with darker irrorations and pale rings. Fore wing: a little more than
basal half whitish, the costal margin, cell and base below cell suffused
with dull green-yellow; a small antemedial black spot below cell; a
faint curved medial line, defined by a few black scales on costa and
in cell, otherwise yellow-green on whitish medial space; some black
scales on discocellular and costa above it; postmedial space brownish
drab, irrorated with black from vein 8 to inner margin, its proximal
edge almost vertical, distally edged by a fine dentate black line, out-
curved below vein 7, double, filled in with light green; outer margin
dull yellow-green with black terminal spots; cilia vinaceous-gray
crossed by a dark line close to base. Hind wing suffused with silky-
drab somewhat darker on termen. Fore wing below hair-brown, the
costa tinged with russet, the inner margin narrowly white. Hind wing
below whitish; a broad postmedial line and termen, hair-brown; an
interrupted chaetura-drab line on both wings. Expanse: 18 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,571, July, 1914 (J-
Steinbach, coll.).
27. Jocara acheola, sp. nov. PL H, fig. 34, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi dark olive-buff, the third joint natal-brown. Head,
collar, and patagia dark olive-buff, mottled with vinaceous-buff, the
thorax whitish. Abdomen above: basal segment light buff, otherwise
whitish thickly irrorated and suffused with hair-brown; dark olive-
buff bands posteriorly on second and third segments. Legs light buff
irrorated with russet. Fore wing: base and costal margin to post-
medial light yellowish olive with commencement of lines darker;
basal third otherwise whitish irrorated with yellowish olive in cell
and a few black and vinaceous-fawn irrorations; an antemedial
black point below cell; medial line double, faintly sinuous, yellowish
olive, the outer part with some black scales towards inner margin; a
black point at end of cell; space beyond medial line whitish, then
fawn-color limited by the postmedial dentate black line, which is
distally edged with some white scales; termen yellowish olive partly
suffused with fawn-color and with dark olive Streaks on veins; terminal
black spots; cilia smoke-gray, crossed by two blackish lines. Hind
wing semihyaline buff-white, the termen broadly suffused with glossy
hair-brown; cilia white, with a single dark line at base and similar
spots towards apex. Fore wing below chaetura-drab; inner margin
ScHAUS: New Epipaschiin.e.
25
white to siibterminal; costa mottled with olive; postmedial and sub-
terminal lines blackish. Hind wing below as above, but with a fine
postmedial line. Expanse: 31 mm.
Habitat-. Rio Japacani, Bolivia.
Type-, female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,040, August, 1913 (J.
Steinbach, coll.).
28. Jocara anacita, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 36, cf , type.
Male: Palpi, head, collar, and patagia drab, the palpi streaked
with hair-brown behind; process mostly dark grayish olive; thorax
whitish. Abdomen with deep grayish olive bands. Fore wing grayish
olive; submedian space mostly silvery white; basal, antemedial, and
medial dark scaling on inner margin; a small antemedial blackish
spot below cell, and a larger spot on discocellular ; postmedial line
remote, blackish, macular, from below costa, outcurved to vein 2,
then vertical, distally pale-edged; a faint darker subterminal macular
line; terminal black spots larger towards apex. Hind wing yellowish
white, semihyaline, the termen and apex narrowly darker. Ex-
panse: 22 mm.
Habitat: Mana River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,008, May, 1917 (S. M.
Klages, coll.).
29. Jocara andeola, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. i, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi, head, and body olive-ocher, probably greener,
when fresh; abdomen above with darker shadings according to light,
almost changing to tawny, especially below. Legs shaded with olive-
ocher, the tarsi black on three terminal joints with pale rings, the
base of tarsi rufous. Fore wing ecru-olive, the lines colonial-buff;
inner margin colonial-buff to postmedial, the double macular medial
line crossing it ecru-olive; a short line of olive-black- tipped, raised
scales on subcostal antemedially ; a deep greenish olive antemedial
spot below cell, preceded by a few white scales; a similar small spot
at end of cell; postmedial line remote, dentate, outcurved from below
costa; inangled at submedian fold and then irrorated with some
black scales; part of the dentate line beyond cell tipped with black
proximally; terminal black spots; cilia mottled at base with vinaceous.
Hind wing glossy hair-brown; traces of a postmedial dentate black
line, defined on veins 2-4 by colonial-buff; cilia tipped with white.
Fore wing below ocher-red; costa colonial-buff to just beyond the
black postmedial line; inner margin whitish; terminal line black; cilia
huffish with black streaks at veins. Hind wing below yellowish; a
26
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
point at upper angle of cell, a dentate postmedial line and the termen
narrowly, though more widely at apex, ocher-red. Expanse: 29 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, February, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
30. Jocara amazonalis, sp. nov. PI. II, fig. 46, cf , paratype.
Male: Palpi pinkish buff, the base of hairs on inner side chaetura-
drab. Head, collar, and thorax light buff, mottled with ecru-olive
and tawny hairs. Abdomen above amber-brown with white segmental
lines, underneath white with tawny irrorations. Legs mostly amber-
brown, irrorated with white, the tarsi fuscous with fine white rings.
Fore wing: base deep olive-buff, crossed by an oblique subbasal
buffy brown line, and followed by a macular dark grayish olive
antemedial fascia, which is crossed by a black streak below cell,
partly overlaid with whitish scales; medial space narrow, deep olive-
buff crossed by a fine line near its inner edge, its outer edge projecting
at vein 4 and on inner margin; an olive-brown line on discocellular,
with a black point at lower angle; space beyond deep grayish olive,
limited by the outcurved, dentate, isabella-color outer line; termen
suffused with grayish olive; terminal spots and cilia dark grayish
olive. Hind wing cinnamon-drab, the dark postmedial line of under-
side visible in transparency. Fore wing below russet, the inner margin
white; a white streak on subcostal; postmedial line faint; termen
with dark grayish suffusions. Hind wing below white suffused with
russet more densely on termen; a russet point at upper angle of cell;
a postmedial darker russet line. Expanse: 34 mm.
Habitat: Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Amazons.
Type: male. Cat. No. 27,463, United States National Museum; para-
types in the Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, January, 1922. Collected
by S. M. Klages at Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
There are also paratypes in the collection of M. Dognin, to whom
we are indebted for the type.
31. Macalla termenipuncta, sp. nov. PI. HI, fig. 2, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax pinkish buff, the collar
and patagia tipped behind with some cinnamon and black scales, also
a few scattered black scales on patagia. Abdomen above white, ir-
rorated with light pinkish cinnamon and black, the legs similarly
colored, the fore coxae pinkish buff, the tarsi outwardly fuscous with
white rings. Fore wing: basal and postmedial space white, suffused
with light yellowish olive, the space before medial line buffy olive;
black irrorations at origin of lines on costa; basal and subbasal black
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
27
scaling on costa and below cell, followed by a curved clearer white
line; a small black streak in middle of cell and a spot below cell, both
consisting of raised scales, and followed by the fine black medial
line, obsolescent in cell, obliquely outcurved from median to vein i
and again outcurved to inner margin; a line qf raised black scales on
discocellular ; postmedial line remote, fine, black, oblique from costa,
outcurved and deeply dentate from vein 5 to vein 2, incurved and
outangled on vein i ; terminal space suffused with buffy olive and
with cinnamon at apex and above tornus; a marginal fuscous black
spot between veins 4 and 5; terminal fuscous black spots; cilia light
pinkish cinnamon tipped with white and with smoky spots at base.
Hind wing somewhat hyaline, suffused with aeneous isabella-color, the
termen dark-shaded; a fine postmedial line. Fore wing below suffused
with hair-brown, the inner margin broadly white; costa yellowish
white to beyond postmedial line. Hind wing below whiter than
above. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 5,058, October, 1911
(J. Steinbach, coll.).
32. Macalla hyutanahana, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. i, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi fuscous, with some white scaling on inner side, and
a white tip to third joint. Frons drab-gray; vertex dresden-brown.
Collar mottled with fuscous, pinkish cinnamon and white. Thorax
white, the patagia fuscous. Abdomen above fuscous, the basal
segment with a white band, underneath light ochraceous-buff with
ventral small black spots. Legs fuscous, the tarsi with white rings.
Fore wing: base to medial line fuscous, outwardly crossed by a faint
cinnamon-drab shade; medial line thick, black, slightly outbent;
medial space white suffused on costa and from below cell with light
pinkish cinnamon; a fine black lunule on discocellular; postmedial
line thick black, outbent to vein 4, incurved and slightly outcurved
on submedian fold; the broad terminal space silky dark vinaceous-
brown; faint terminal black spots; cilia light pinkish cinnamon with
large smoky black spots. Hind wing: basal half semihyaline, iri-
descent white, the outer half like terminal space of fore wing; cilia
fuscous at base. Fore wing below fuscous black, the medial space
iridescent white. Hind wing below as above, but termen fuscous
black, the costa also fuscous black. Expanse: 30 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, April, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.)
Belongs to the group of M. euryleiica Hampson, M. pallidomedia
Dyar, and M. finstanalis Schaus.
28
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
33. Macalla aciusa, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 45, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi white, the second joint mottled with fuscous in
front, the third joint mostly fuscous tipped with ochraceous-buff.
Head, collar, and thorax mottled white, iron-gray, and light pinkish
cinnamon, the collar posteriorly entirely white; white scaling on
metathorax. Abdomen grayish, mottled with brown, dorsally with
indistinct fuscous bands. Legs mostly light buff, partly streaked
with drab, the tarsi hair-brown with white rings. Fore wing: base
mottled with mouse-gray and hair-brown with a light pinkish cin-
namon spot on costa and an outbent clear white subbasal line from
subcostal to inner margin, followed by some white, thickly irrorated
with deep mouse-gray, on it below cell a cinnamon-brown tuft of
raised scales; a fuscous black medial spot in cell, from it two lunular
lines to inner margin separated below cell by cinnamon-brown scaling,
on inner margin by white, followed by bluish white scaling and some
brown scaling between vein 2 and submedian fold; raised cinnamon-
brown scaling on discocellular, with a brownish shade beyond it;
postmedial line remote from a white costal spot, deeply outcurved
from vein 7 to vein 3, narrow, whitish, suffused with brown, expanding
on vein 3, inbent, broad, clear white; a white line from cell between
veins 4 and 5, narrowing along 4 to postmedial line; fine blackish
streaks on veins, on 2 from cell, on vein 3 crossing the white post-
medial, on veins 5 and 6 preceding it; termen hair-brown, irrorated
with bluish white at apex and above tornus; a terminal fuscous
black spot at vein 5, and a terminal line above tornus; cilia partly
tipped with white. Hind wing semihyaline yellowish white, the
termen narrowly fuscous; cilia with a dark line at base, then tipped
with white. Expanse: 21 mm.
Flabitat: Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, November, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
A variegated species, unlike any other in the genus.
34. Macalla boliviana, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. 3, 9 , type.
Female: Palpi pale drab-gray, the third joint fuscous. Head,
collar, and thorax whitish suffused with light buff, and with a few
scattered dark scales, the tips of patagia clearer white. Abdomen
white, the base light buff; fine black segmental lines and hair-brown
irrorations, also a few light ochraceous-buff irrorations. Legs white
mottled with hair-brown, the tarsi black with gray rings. Fore wing
white, irrorated with light pinkish salmon; a subbasal outbent line of
short black streaks; an antemedial oblique olive-brown fascia, crossed
ScHAUS: New EpiPASCHiiNiE.
29
by a black line and close to it edged by a finer medial black line,
which is followed on costa by a citrine-drab spot and then by a small
black spot above the black discocellular line; a pale cinnamon-buff
shade beyond cell, incurved below vein 4, outbent below vein 2 and more
linear; postmedial line remote, fine, black, outbent to vein 5, minutely
dentate, below vein 5 more deeply dentate, incurved to vein i ; a
subterminal cinnamon-buff triangular spot on costa, a small spot on
vein 5, and similar shading from vein 3 to inner margin; some mouse-
gray irrorations on termen, and a macular terminal dark line; cilia
light pinkish cinnamon at base, crossed by a spotted smoky line, the
tips grayish. Hind wing semihyaline white, the inner margin suffused
with light buff; postmedial fuscous black streaks on veins 2-5, the
streak on vein 2 more pronounced with a hair-brown shade below it
to the dark terminal shade. Hind wing below with a dark point at
upper angle of cell, the termen narrowly hair-brown, though some-
what wider at apex. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Prov. del Sara, Bolivia; elevation 450 m.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 4,543, April, 1910 (J.
. Steinbach, coll.).
35- Chloropaschia zenoa, sp. nov. PI. HI, fig. ii, cf , type.
Male: Antenna with paired cilia on basal third, then thickened,
the terminal half simple, slender. Palpi, head, and collar avellaneous,
the third joint of palpi outwardly fuscous. Thorax mottled white
and avellaneous. Abdomen above army-brown, with white segmental
lines, the last three segments black. Legs whitish, mottled with
tawny and avellaneous. Fore wing whitish, thinly scaled, except on
costal and inner margins, somewhat iridescent and suffused with
vinaceous-buff, especially on termen; costa irrorated with avellaneous;
a fuscous black streak on base of inner margin, followed by a similar
large triangular spot, the inner margin beyond more densely scaled
and whiter; postmedial line very faint, outcurved below costa to
vein 3, then incurved to vein 2, the line defined by black dentate
marks on veins, below vein 2 vertical, well defined by fuscous and
black scales; a terminal interrupted dark line; cilia silky pale olive-
buff, with some darker shading. Hind wing semihyaline buffy white;
a fine terminal dark olive-buff line; cilia white, crossed by a deep
olive-buff line. Fore wing below whitish, faintly suffused with light
drab. Hind wing below as above. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat: Mana River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,008, May, 1917
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
30
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
36. Chloropaschia venantia, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. 19, cT, type.
Male: Antenna shortly fasciculate for two-thirds from base. Palpi
light drab. Head and collar avellaneous. Thorax vinaceous-buff,
the patagia mottled with avellaneous and a few black scales,' also
tipped with black. Abdomen pale pinkish buff, with transverse
chsetLira-drab bands. Legs light buff, partly mottled with pinkish
cinnamon, the tarsi outwardly drab with pale rings. Fore wing
whitish suffused with light pinkish cinnamon; a faint hair-brown
shade along median and base of vein 5; a similar streak at base of
inner margin; antemedial tufts of raised fuscous scales in cell, below
cell, and on inner margin; the latter followed by a small ochraceous-
salmon shade; a fine black streak on discocellular and a fine lunular
black line from end of cell to inner margin; some black scales beyond
it on vein i ; a whitish streak on base of vein 2, ending in a small
fuscous spot of raised scales; small spots beyond cell on veins 5 and
6; postmedial line remote, black, minutely dentate, oblique from
costa, very faintly curved to vein 2, then slightly incurved, followed
from below vein 4 by slight whitish shading on interspaces; subterminal
black streaks on veins, partly reaching termen; dull tawny streaks on
interspaces; a terminal black line, interrupted by white points on
veins; cilia light pinkish cinnamon, with smoky-black spots. Hind
wing semihyaline whitish, suffused with drab, becoming darker on
termen and below vein 2; cilia partly tipped with white. Fore wing
below suffused with chsetura-drab, the costa pinkish cinnamon, the
inner margin narrowly whitish. Hind wing below with traces of a
postmedial line. Expanse: 29 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, February, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
37. Chloropaschia epipodia, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. 16, 6^, type.
Male: Palpi white, outwardly streaked with light vinaceous-
cinnamon, the third joint black in front. Head and collar light
xdnaceous-cinnamon. Thorax concealed by patagia, which are whitish,
mottled hair-brown and pale cinnamon-pink; a black band on meta-
thorax. Abdomen above light buff on four basal segments, the
following segments russet; anal tufts light buff and hair-brown,
laterally russet. Legs mostly white, the fore tibiae streaked with
brown, the tarsi with brown bands. Fore wing: base to beyond
middle vinaceous-buff crossed by two medial fuscous black lines
diverging from costa inversely curved to inner margin forming a
large oval spot, the outer line immediately followed by another line
suffusing with it at subcostal and vein 2; postmedial space and
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
31
terminal space from below vein 4 whitish with some hair-brown
irrorations; outer line remote, fine, fuscous black, faintly dentate and
outbent to vein 5, slightly inbent to vein 2, inbent and downcurved
to inner margin; a faint subterminal line parallel with outer line, more
heavily marked from below vein 2; dark shading at apex; small
terminal dark spots; cilia mostly white. Hind wing semihyaline
white suffused with pinkish buff, the termen only slightly darker.
Fore wing below suffused with drab; lines of upper side forming a
dark shade in transparency. Expanse: 26 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,176, February, 1918
(S. M. Klages, colL).
Allied to C. mennusalis Schaus; distinguished by the lines preceding
postmedial space.
38. Chloropaschia aniana, sp. nov. PL III, fig. 14, cf’, type.
j
Male: Antenna with short cilia. Palpi and frons chsetura-drab
mottled with some white scales. Vertex and collar dorsally cinnamon-
drab; collar otherwise chaetura-drab. Patagia light violaceous fawn
broadly tipped with chaetura-drab. Abdomen above pale olive buff
with diffuse chaetura-drab bands. Legs whitish buff with lateral
hair-brown bands. Fore wing: base whitish thickly irrorated with
drab and hair-brown, the costa darkest; a black antemedial spot of
raised scales in cell, a similar line below cell to vein i, from vein i an
outbent fine cinnamon-drab and black line followed by a small
cinnamon-drab spot before the fuscous medial line, this latter rather
broader from costa to submedian fold and slightly outcurved; a black
line on discocellular closely followed by a fine black line from costa
inangled at base of vein 3 and sinuous to inner margin, followed well
beyond by a similar fainter parallel line starting from subcostal, the
space between this line and the medial line whitish irrorated with
drab; space beyond drab to the remote outer line which is fuscous
black rather fine almost vertical, outwardly narrowly edged with
light drab; a subterminal fuscous shade, widest at costa with short
black streaks on veins; termen grayish on interspaces, the veins hair-
brown; a fuscous black terminal line interrupted by veins; cilia light
pinkish cinnamon with dull black spots from base to tip. Hind wing
semihyaline whitish, the termen narrowly suffused with hair-brown.
Expanse: 26 mm.
Habitat: Mana River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,008, May, 1917
(S M. Klages, coll.).
Allied to C. mennusalis Schaus; distinguished by its medial line.
32
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
39. Chloropaschia aedesia, sp. nov. PL III, fig. 20, cf , type.
Male: Antenna with short cilia. Palpi chatura-drab, some
tawny scaling laterally. Throat and neck below orange-cinnamon.
Vertex mottled white and pinkish cinnamon. Collar sayal-brown in
front and dorsally, otherwise black. Thorax black, the patagia white
with some drab scales. Abdomen olive-buff with diffuse hair-brown
bands. Legs pale olive-buff, mid tibia with dark streaks. Fore wing
whitish irrorated with drab gray on basal and postmedial space, the
medial space somewhat darker; antemedial raised scales below cell
to vein i, and on inner margin; a black point at middle of cell; a
short black line on discocellular followed by a double hair-brown line,
slightly sinuous, suffusing at submedian, then diverging and enclosing
a small whitish spot on inner margin, this double line irrorated in
places with tawny scales; a faint darker postmedial line from below
costa with dentate marks on veins, inbent between veins 4 and 2,
then outcLirved, inwardly defined by whitish and followed by a very
faint parallel dentate line, the space ' between light drab faintly
suffused with light vinaceous-fawn, this last line outwardly edged
with whitish, chiefly in the form of small white streaks on veins,
limited by the darker subterminal line; terminal dark spots; cilia
mostly white with smoky spots. Hind wing semihyaline white
suffused with light vinaceous-buff, the termen slightly darker. Ex-
panse: 26 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M, Klages, coll.).
Near C. thermalis Hampson; readily distinguished by its orange-
cinnamon throat.
40. Chloropaschia fiachnalis. PI. Ill, fig. 13, d^, paratype.
Male: Palpi white minutely irrorated with fawn-color, more
thickly at base, the third joint black. Head, collar, and thorax
cinnamon-drab, with some whitish mottling. Abdomen above deep
olive-buff, underneath white, partly mottled with fawn-color; throat
fuscous black. Fore legs and tarsi streaked with black; mid legs
fawn-color mottled with black; hind legs including basal joint of tarsi
buffy white streaked with fawn-color. Fore wing cinnamon-drab
irrorated with whitish scales; small antemedial tufts of raised scales
in cell, below cell, on vein i and inner margin, the latter slightly
outset; a fine black line on discocellular and black points above it on
costa; a white line, somewhat diffused from costa beyond cell to sub-
median fold preceded by some irregular fuscous scaling; a subterminal
white line from costa to submedian fold proximally edged with black,
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
33
more broadly so between veins 6 and 3, the black preceded by some
citrine-drab scaling; below the fold the line is inset, forming a con-
tinuation of the white line beyond cell, and is edged on both sides
with olive-brown; termen olive-brown with white irrorations on inter-
spaces close to margin, and black streaks on veins adjoining the outer
line; an interrupted terminal black line; cilia whitish buff with smoky
spots at veins. Hind wing semihyaline white, the costa, apex broadly
narrowing to vein 2, below vein 2 only a terminal line glossy hair-
brown; veins 2-6 terminally hair-brown with darker postmedial
streaks on veins, the streak on vein 2 expanding with a terminal
white spot beyond it; cilia white crossed by a dark mouse-gray line
expanding to tips towards apex. Fore wing below with the cell,
veins, and outer line black, the inner margin white, the costa and
apex vinaceous-brown. Hind wing below with the costa vinaceous-
brown, the subterminal markings more distinct; no white spot on
termen at vein 2 ; a black point at upper angle of cell. Expanse: 26 mm.
Habitat: Rio Maner, Amazons.
Type: male. Cat. No. 27,465, United States National Museum;
paratype in the Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, November, 1922
(S. M. Klages, colL).
41. Chloropaschia hollandalis, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. 18, cf, type.
Male: Antenna serrate and fasciculate; palpi upcurved, slender,
reaching middle of frons; hind tibiae and basal joint of tarsi with
fringe of hairs on both sides. Palpi white irrorated with cinnamon.
Head and process white, the latter with black irrorations. Collar
and thorax light drab mottled with white and some darker scales.
Abdomen above light pinkish cinnamon with white segmental lines,
underneath white. Fore legs fuscous, the tarsi white with fuscous
rings; mid legs white mottled with fawn and buffy brown, the tarsi
white with broad fuscous rings; hind legs white with a few buffy
brown irrorations. Fore wing white; basal area suffused with wood-
brown becoming outwardly darker, limited by the fuscous black
antemedial line which is slightly sinuous and outbent edged by a
white line proximally; some white and black scales below cell before
the line and a few black scales in cell; medial space whiter with a
few scattered black scales chiefly on costa and some tilleul-buff,
shading chiefly above and below vein i, the space limited by an
avellaneous shade irrorated with black, outbent from below costa,
deeply incurved below vein 5 and downbent below submedian fold; a
curved black line on discocellular ; the outer line almost subterminal,
fuscous black outwardly edged with white, incurved from costa to
discal fold, then slightly outcurved to vein 2, almost vertical below
34
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
vein 2 ; outer margin avellaneous, irrorated with white; an olive-brown
spot on costa before apex and similar fine streaks on veins; an inter-
rupted terminal black line; cilia whitish buff at base followed by an
interrupted smoky line and white tips. Hind wing semihyaline
white; a fine terminal drab line obsolescent towards anal angle, and
an interrupted darker line on cilia, better defined towards apex. Fore
wing below drab; submedian space suffused with white; a small white
spot in end of cell and streak beyond cell to outer line which is similar
to upper side. Hind wing below as above. Expanse: 42 mm.
Habitat’. Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, February, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
Named in honor of Dr. W. J. Holland.
42. Stericta anthimusalis, sp. nov. PI. IV, fig. 45, cT, type.
Male: Antenna fasciculate on basal half. Palpi, collar, and
thorax light ochraceous-buff, the first joint of palpi mostly white, the
patagia sooty black. Abdomen above light ochraceous-buff suffused
with buckthorn-brown except on two basal segments; underside
whitish. Throat and base of fore femora buckthorn-brown; legs
white, the tibiae with buckthorn-brown bands, the tarsi dresden-
brown with black bands. Fore wing buckthorn-brown; a small black
basal spot on costa; a semicircular black line from near base of median
curved to vein i and to costa near middle, filled in with white and
containing a black streak on costa basad, a shorter similar streak
antemedially on median and a black point in cell, a faint black medial
line inangled to it at vein 5, slightly outangled at submedian fold,
then fine and darker than ground color and inangled on vein i ; post-
medial line very faint, outcurved below vein 6, with fine black dentate
lines on veins 5-3 and vein i, followed by a few white scales; some
white scales on terminal interspaces^ above vein 3, more numerous
at apex; faint terminal black markings; cilia grayish olive with
darker spots and white tips. Hind wing semihyaline whitish, the
costa and termen broadly suffused with hair-brown, the hairs on inner
margin chamois, cilia mostly hair-brown with a white line at base and
white tips. Fore wing below fuscous; inner margin narrowly and base
of costa white, costa otherwise ochraceous-buff. Hind wing below
smoky white, the apex broadly, termen more narrowly suffused with
hair-brown. Expanse: 25 mm.
Habitat’. Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type’, male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, February, 1922
(S. AI. Klages, coll.).
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
35
43. Stericta bevnoa, sp. nov. PL III, fig. 29, d' , type.
Male: Antenna shortly ciliated on basal half. Palpi, head, and
body avellaneous; a fuscous black streak from tip of second joint in
front, outbent before reaching base of joint; abdomen irrorated with
fuscous black, more thickly subdorsally, forming diffuse spots, espe-
cially marked on third segment. Legs mostly drab, the fore and mid
tibi« with dark irrorations, the fore femora with an oblique fuscous
black line; tarsi with fuscous spots. Fore wing: a little less than
basal half avellaneous on costa and in cell, below cell to close to inner
margin olivaceous black, the inner margin narrowly whitish, the
whole space outwardly slightly concave; outer half white, irrorated
with black, the intranervular spaces from veins i to 6 faintly tinged with
ecru-drab; a sayal-brown line on discocellular ; outer line remote,
fuscous, outbent from costa to vein 5, defined by black streaks on
veins 5-2; a faint parallel subterminal line, fuscous, dentate on veins
5-3, the terminal interspaces from below vein 6 darker shaded; a buff
line at base of cilia, which are light cinnamon-drab with smoky black
patches. Hind wing white, the costa and a narrow interrupted terminal
line hair-brown, also similar fine terminal streaks on veins 2-6; inner
margin slightly cream-color; cilia white with dark spots towards apex.
Fore wing below cell and vein 5 white; cell black; costa, apex, veins,
and termen narrowly livid brown, the base of costa whitish buff. Hind
wing below white,' some livid brown shading on costa, vein 7 and tips
of veins 6-2. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Mana River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,008, May, 1917 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
Vein 7 on hind wing barely fuses with vein 8.
44. Stericta comgalla, sp. nov. PL IV, dig. 33, d, type.
Male: Palpi, head, and collar vinaceous-buff, the third joint of
palpi and throat testaceous. Thorax and base of abdomen tilleul-
buff, the abdomen otherwise dorsally suffused with vinaceous-fawn
and with some black hairs at base and tips of anal tufts. Body below
white, the legs mostly white, the mid tibice and the tarsi with black
bands; fore tibiae streaked above with fuscous black. Fore wing
mostly white with some chamois irrorations especially on inner margin
and tornus, these are possibly green in fresh specimens; a small basal,
and a large subbasal velvety black spot below cell, a smaller costal
spot above the latter; a tuft of raised white scales covering some
black scales below middle of cell; a fine black line from middle of
costa to inner margin near tornus, with raised scales on discocellular,
and expanding below vein 2, closely followed by a short line on costa
and an oblique line from vein 3 to the outer line, these lines mottled
36
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
with buff-pink towards inner margin; outer line fine vinaceous-buff
with some black scaling, dentate from veins 7-5, then lunular and
outcurved; a parallel vinaceous subterminal line; terminal black
spots; cilia white with smoky spots. Hind wing semihyaline white
suffused with light buff, the hairs on inner margin light buff; veins
towards margin and termen narrowly hair-brown; cilia white divided
by a hair-brown line. Fore wing below hair-brown, costa buff, inner
margin narrowly whitish; an outer light ochraceous-buff line. Hind
wing below with a distinct postmedial line and small streak at upper
angle of cell; termen as above. Expanse: 32 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6, iii, December, 1917
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
45. Stericta eadberti, sp. nov. PI. IV, fig. 41, cf , type.
Male: Palpi white; a black streak in front from end of second
joint, outbent before base of joint; a wood-brown streak behind.
Head, collar, and thorax white, slightly suffused with ecru-drab, the
process light drab. Abdomen above vinaceous-buff, the apical half
suffused with brown. Legs mostly light buff with drab and gray
irrorations, the mid and fore femora wood-brown, the latter with a
black spot at base; tarsi with broad wood-brown bands. Fore wing:
basal half on inner margin, a little less on costa drab-gray, minutely
irrorated with deep mouse-gray, a streak along subcostal, the sub-
median space and inner margin whitish, and a diffused blackish
streak at base of inner margin, the whole limited by a very faint
lunular medial line; outer space whitish with dark irrorations, the
interspaces between veins 2 and 4 avellaneous; a curved black line on
discocellular proximally edged by avellaneous and followed by a
similar streak; veins 2-5 to outer line mottled black and white; outer
line buffy brown, incurved below costa, outcurved from veins 5-2
then slightly incurved with long black streaks on veins 5-2 and an
angled black line on vein i ; a subterminal buffy brown line outcurved
to termen at vein 2; termen with small black spots; cilia vinaceous-
buff divided by a series of small black spots, the tips grayish white.
Hind wing semihyaline white, the apical portion narrowly suffused
with benzo-brown, also veins 6 and 7, and terminal portion of veins
2—5. Fore wing below whitish suffused with vinaceous-fawn except
on inner margin, which is broadly white; cell, discocellular, and a streak
along vein 6 to postmedial, also the latter line, smoky black. Hind
wing below white, the costal margin vinaceous-fawn. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, Erench Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie^ Museum^ Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
37
46. Stericta hermengilda, sp. nov. PL IV, fig. 42, d^, type.
Male: Antenna ciliated to near tips. Palpi white, the front of
second joint black from tip to a lateral black triangular spot before
base. Head and collar pale pinkish buff, the latter with dorsal pinkish
cinnamon mottling and a similar small tuft at base of antenna. Thorax
and abdomen pale pinkish buff, the latter with dorsal hair-brown
irrorations, except on basal segments; a patch of black scales on
shoulders. Legs mostly light pinkish buff, the base of fore femora
fuscous black; fore tarsi only with black rings. Fore wing to outer
line pale pinkish black, the base to near middle slightly darker,
thinly irrorated (as well as costa) with fuscous black; a fuscous
streak on base of inner margin and a streak on discocellular extending
on costa; outer line remote, defined proximally by a broad fuscous
line, extending on inner margin to near middle, distally by the narrow
whitish margin irrorated with black; an interrupted terminal fuscous
black line; cilia mottled pinkish buff and drab-gray. Hind wing
semihyaline buff-white; costa, termen narrowly, and subterminal
streaks on veins 2-5 golden brown; cilia white crossed by a golden
brown line. Fore wing above buff-white, the cell hair-brown; outer
line and termen benzo-brown. . Hind wing below similar to upper
surface. Expanse: 21 mm.
Habitat: Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,962, May, 1922 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
47. Stericta paschasia, sp. nov. PL IV, fig. 22, cf*, type.
Male: Antenna ciliated on basal third. Palpi pale ochraceous-
buff, the concealed tufts fuscous black; a transverse hazel band near
base of second joint, the first joint white. Head and collar light
pinkish cinnamon. Thorax and patagia whitish, shaded with pinkish
cinnamon, and with a few black irrorations, the metathorax with
long lateral black tufts. Abdomen light pinkish cinnamon with
segmental white lines, the terminal half with cinnamon suffusions
dorsally. Legs mostly dark livid brown outwardly. Fore wing
mostly white with black irrorations on veins; base snuff-brown, its
outer edge evenly incurved, a similar spot on discocellular and streak
above it on costa; terminal space sayaLbrown, inwardly finely edged
with fuscous, outbent from costa, dentate from vein 5 to 3 where it
approaches termen, then irregularly inbent, enclosing a small white
spot above vein i edged with black, a few white and black scales
above vein 2, and a large white spot at apex; cilia sayal-brown with
large black spots. Hind wing buff-white, the termen narrowly fuscous;
38
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
short subterminal fuscous streaks on veins 3-5; cilia sayal-brown at
base with small black spots, terminall}^ white. Fore wing below dull
black in cell; disc whitish with light drab transverse stri^; costa,
termen narrowly, and veins neutral red; a postmedial outcurved black
line. Hind wing below white, the costa and apex narrowly neutral
red ; cilia white with small black spots at veins 2-6. Expanse: 27 mm.
Habitat: Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, February, 1922
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
What I consider as the female of this species has the basal and
terminal areas of fore wing broader, so the white medial space is
reduced; the white spot at tornus is larger extending from vein i to
vein 3. Hind wing with termen more broadly dark, the cilia without
the small black spots. Expanse 24 mm.; April, 1922.
Comes nearest S. glaucinalis Hampson.
48. Stericta petamona, sp. nov. PI. IV , fig. 38, cT, paratype.
Male: Palpi and head mottled white and drab-gray. Collar and
thorax light cinnamon-drab. Abdomen above light cinnamon-drab,
with faint white segmental lines; underneath white, with some dark
segmental scaling. Legs mostly mottled white and drab, the tarsi
with alternate white and cinnamon-drab bands. Lore wing white, the
basal half and inner margin beyond to vein 2 suffused with tawny
olive; large black scales scattered over the wing chiefly on antemedial
space, postmedial space and tornus, the scales antemedially below cell
long and broad, obliquely downturned, below the fold, an outcurved
conspicuous thick black medial line; outer line remote, fine, black,
obliquely incurved from costa, outcurved beyond cell, better defined
on veins; an interrupted terminal fuscous black line; cilia whitish
crossed by a dark line. Hind wing semihyaline white; a terminal
hair-brown line not reaching anal angle and similar postmedial and
terminal streaks on veins 2-6. Fore wing below suffused with hair-
brown, the veins darkest from cell to postmedial line. Hind wing
below as above, but with a postmedial excurved oblique line from
costa to vein 5. Expanse: 33 mm.
Habitat: Rio Tapajos, Amazons.
Type: male, Cat. No. 27,466, United States National Museum;
paratype, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,963, April, 1922, collected
by S. M. Klages at Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Another paratype is in Coll. Dognin.
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
39
49. Stericta phaebadia, sp. nov. PL IV, fig. 19, cT, type.
Male: Antenna ciliated on basal half. Palpi white laterally,
tawny olive in front with some black scales, and a transverse black
line near base of second joint. Head and body viriaceous-buff, some
black scales on abdomen dorsally, especially towards end. Legs
mostly tilleul-buff, the tarsi with black bands. Fore wing: basal
half avellaneous, suffused with vinaceous-fawn, limited by the black
medial line, which is incurved from subcostal to vein i, then out-
curved; a black subbasal streak on inner margin; space beyond to
outer line and apical space white, irrorated with black; a line of
raised fuscous scales on discocellular ; outer line remote, black, out-
bent from costa to near termen, curved and inbent at vein 4, consisting
of streaks on veins 3 and 2; a small- fuscous spot on costa before
apex; terminal space from below vein 4 fuscous, with some white
irrorations, mostly on veins; cilia A’inaceous-cinnamon with smoky
black spots. Hind wing buff-white; a terminal chaetura-drab line and
similar postmedial streaks on veins 2-6. Fore wing below with cell
black, the disc whitish crossed by dark veins; the outer line as above,
followed on costa by a small whitish spot; costa whitish at base, livid
brown medially, vinaceous-brown at apex. Hind wing below as
above. Expanse: 24 mm.
Habitat: Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7,088, June, 1922 (S.
M. Klages, coll.).
50. Stericta pontealis, sp. nov. PL IV, fig. 37, d^, type.
Male: Palpi, head, collar, and thorax tilleul-buff. Abdomen above
white, thickly irrorated with hair-brown, and having similar segmental
lines; legs mostly white, irrorated with hair-brown. Fore wing
white; base, inner margin, an outbent medial band suffusing below
vein 2 with a band from apex to inner margin, an outer remote line
on costa and from vein 2 to inner margin with points on veins 2-5
also subterminal suffusions, especially at tornus, honey-yellow, no
doubt bright green in fresh specimens; an antemedial black spot in
cell; a medial outangled black line below cell, preceded by a cluster
of large white scales; an interrupted curved black line on discocellular.
Hind wing semihyaline white, the veins drab, the margins broadly
suffused with drab, more opaque on termen; cilia white, crossed by a
fine drab line. Fore wing below suffused with drab, the inner margin
whitish, the costa at apex warm buff. Expanse: 21 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, March, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
40
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
51. Stericta possidia, sp. nov. PL IV, fig. 34, cf, type.
Male: Palpi white, broadly streaked in front with black, except
at base and tips. Head and neck behind cinnamon-buff, the process
mottled light grayish vinaceous and dark quaker-drab. Collar and
thorax dark quaker-drab, the former narrowly light buff in front
and at sides. Abdomen fuscous black, with fine whitish segmental
lines, underneath white mottled with light russet-vinaceous. Fore
and mid tibiae mottled white and brownish drab, the latter with
rather long hairs on outer side. Hind legs white, with two black
spots on inner side of tibiae; hind tarsi white, with vinaceous-drab
bands; the fore and mid tarsi dusky brown with buff rings. Fore
wing: base to near middle on costa and a little beyond middle on
inner margin dark quaker-drab, limited by a fuscous line; an ante-
medial fuscous streak of raised scales below cell; the base of costa
narrowly mottled with drab; a small dark spot on costa above dis-
cocellular and a sayal-brown line on it; end of cell, a small spot beyond
it, and interspaces to postmedial light drab, the veins white irrorated
with black; costa to apex and inner margin before tornus white with
black irrorations; postmedial line fine, hair-brown, outcurved beyond
cell with black streaks on veins 2-5; outer margin drab on interspaces;
subterminal line drab with small black spots on veins 2-5; a terminal
black line preceded by some white irrorations; cilia drab mottled
with fuscous and with an interrupted fuscous line. Hind wing semi-
hyaline white; inner margin and veins light buff; veins 2-5 terminally
and a terminal line cinnamon-drab, veins 6 and 7 fuscous. Fore
wing below whitish, the cell, veins to postmedial, also this line black;
costa, apex, and termen to vein 4 vinaceous-brown. Hind wing below
white, the costa corinthian-red. Expanse: 29 mm.
Habitat: Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana.
Type: male, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 6,173, February, 1918
(S. M. Klages, coll.).
52. Stericta cecidiptoides, sp. nov. PI. HI, fig. 6, 9, type.
Female: Head, collar, and thorax light drab; abdomen vinaceous-
buff; legs whitish, mottled with fuscous, tarsi black with gray rings.
Fore wing avellaneous, suffused with whitish gray on apical area; an
antemedial point of raised scales below cell, and a similar point in
cell more outset; a very faint pale medial line, wavy and outcurved
to below median, inbent to vein i and slightly outcurved below it; a
fine black line of raised scales on discocellular, and similar small tufts
below vein 2 and above vein i; a faint darker wavy line beyond cell;
postmedial line fine, darker, outbent from costa, curved between
veins 5 and 4, inbent to above vein i, then outbent and down-angled.
ScHAUs: New Epipaschiin^.
41
followed by fine fuscous streaks, or points, on veins, pale-edged
outwardly; a faint macular subterrninal line and terminal black
points. Hind wing semihyaline white, the costa and apex slightly
suffused with hair-brown. Fore wing below, also costa and apex of
hind wing suffused with hair-brown. Expanse: 45 mm.
Habitat: Puerto Suarez, Bolivia.
Type: female, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 3,758, December,
1908 (J. Steinbach, coll.).
Vein 10 rises from cell and is free.
53. Stericta olivenca, sp. nov. PI. Ill, fig. 7, 9 , allotype.
Male: Palpi light buff with a fine fuscous line in front; tegula?
light buff, with lateral black irrorations; thorax avellaneous, with
some darker scales; abdomen light ochraceous buff; legs grayish buff,
the fore and mid tibi« with dark irrorations, the tarsi almost white,
with black rings. Fore wing mostly tilleul-buff irrorated with
avellaneous, the latter color predominating on the postmedial area;
an antemedial black point in cell and a fine short streak below cell; a
medial double dark line, slightly outcurved from costa to median and
again below median to fold, then incurved to inner margin; a fine
black line on discocellular ; postmedial line remote, fine, oblique from
costa, outcurved, lunular dentate, with black points on veins 5-2;
subterminal line outbent on costa, parallel with termen below vein
6; terminal black points. Hind wing semihyaline white, the costa
towards apex, the apex, and termen in part, narrowly suffused with
hair-brown. Fore wing below chaetura-drab, the inner margin
broadly white, the costa partly white.
A female in the Carnegie Museum is larger and somewhat paler; in
both sexes the double medial line is a distinct character. Vein 10 is
from the cell and apparently anastomoses with 8. Expanse: male,
32 mm.; female, 43 mm.
Habitat: Male, Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Amazons; female, Hyu-
tanahan.
Type: male, U. S. National Museum; allotype, female, in Carnegie
Museum.
42
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.
Fig. I. Tioga beroella (Schaus), d' , Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 2. Tetralopha notabilis (Schaus), 9, Cayuga, Guatemala (C. M.)
Fig. 3. Auradisa adolescens (Dyar), d, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 4. Pococera nepomuca Schaus, d, type, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
(C. M.)
Fig. 5. Auradisa nigrolunalis (Dognin), d, Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M).
Fig. 6. Pococera atramentalis Zeller, d, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 7. Pococera lamonti Schaus, d, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 8. Pococera strigidiscalis Hampson, d, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 9. Tancoa crinita (Schaus), d, Quibdo, Guatemala (C. M.)
Fig. 10. Tancoa nigriplaga Dognin, d, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. II. Tancoa ubalda Schaus, 9, type, Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 12. Tancoa erlupha Schaus, 9, Bartica, British Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 13. Tancoa silavia Schaus, d, type. Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 14. Tancoa attenualis Hampson, d, Warnes, Eastern Bolivia (C. M. )
Fig. 15. Tancoa metaxanthalis Hampson, d, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 16. Pococera fabianalis Schaus, 9, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 17. Milgithea melanoleuca (Hampson), d, Quirigua, Guatemala (C. M.)
Fig. 18. Tetralopha hermasalis Schaus, d, type. Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 19. Tetralopha hermasalis Schaus, 9 , allotype, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M )
Fig. 20. Alilgithea circumlucens (Dyar), 9, Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Fig. 21. Paranatula zographica Dyar, d, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 22. Tioga melazonalis Hampson, 9, Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 23. Tioga juanalis Schaus, d, paratype, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 24. Pocopaschia accelerans (Dyar), d. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Fig. 25. Auradisa olivescens Schaus, d, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 26. Tetralopha gybriana Schaus, 9, type. Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 27. Tetralopha vanenga Schaus, d. Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 28. Tetralopha cataldusa Schaus, d, type. Province del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 29. Auradisa corumba Schaus, d, Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 30. Calybitia picata Schaus, ci’, paratype, Cayuga, Guatemala (C. M.)
Fig. 31. Auradisa soteris Schaus, d, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 32. Auradisa corumbina Schaus, 9, type, Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 33. Auradisa stenipteralis Hampson, d. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Fig. 34. Auradisa guianica Schaus, 9, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Fig. 35. Auradisa tresaina Schaus, d, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana
(C. M.)
Fig. 36. Auradisa brendana Schaus, 9, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate I.
EpipaschiincB.
(All figures approximately natural size.)
Holland & ScHAUS: Catalog of American EpiPASCHiiNiE. 43
Fig. I.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. II.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11.
Jocara andeola Schaus, 9, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Arceopaschia goania Schaus, (S', Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Arceopaschia goanta Schaus, 9 , Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara tenebrosa Schaus, S, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Macalla niveorufa Hampson, S, Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara nigripuncta Schaus, S, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara theodota Schaus, 9 , type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara athanasia Schaus, 9, type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara chlorisalis Schaus, S, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Jocara martinia Schaus, S, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara claridalis (Mceschler), 9, Cayuga, Guatemala (C. M.)
Jocara argentilinea (Druce), S, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana
(C. M.)
Jocara prudentia Schaus, S, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara f err if us alis Hampson, 9, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara albiferalis Hampson, S, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana
(C. M.)
Jocara desideria Schaus, S, type, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara pictalis Hampson, S, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara discalis Hampson, S, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana
(C. M.)
Jocara claudalis (Moeschler), S, Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara sisinnia Schaus, S, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara cantianilla Schaus, S, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Ajacania steinbachalis Schaus, S, type, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara translinea Schaus, S, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
A jocara phileasalis Schaus, S, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Ajocara amazona Schaus, S, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara oduvalda Schaus, S, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
44
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE ll— Continued.
Jocara elegans (Schaus), 9, Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara hospitia Schaus, type, Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara mava Schaus, 9 , type, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C, M.)
Jocara agathoa Schaus, cf, Pied Saut, Oyapok R., Fr. Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara extensa Walker, (J, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara yva Schaus, 9 , type, Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara sara Schaus, <J, type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara acheola Schaus, 9 , type, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Macalla thyrsisalis Walker, 9 , Tuis, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Jocara anacita Schaus, <J, type, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Jocara subcurvalis Schaus, cf , Quirigua, Guatemala (C. M.)
Jocara gillalis Schaus, <f , type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara marchiana Schaus, 9, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Macalla euryleuca Hampson, cf , Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Macalla mesoleucalis Hampson, cf. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C, M.)
Jocara maurontia Schaus, <f , type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Jocara cononalis Schaus, cf , Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Macalla pallidomedia Dyar, 9 , Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Macalla aciusa Schaus, 9, type, Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Jocara amazonalis Schaus, cf , paratype, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL X¥L
Plate IL
Epipaschiincz
(Ail figures about five-sixths natural size.)
46
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Fig. I. Macalla hyutanahana Schaus, 9, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 2. Macalla termenipuncta Schaus, 9, type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 3. Macalla boliviana Schaus, 9, type, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 4. Macalla grisealis Hampson, cT, Pied Saut, Oyapok R., Fr. Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 5. Cecidipta exc(BcaricB Berg, d', Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 6. Stericta cecidiptoides Schaus, 9, type, Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 7. Stericta olivenca Schaus, 9, allotype, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 8. Locastra trisulcata (Warren), d, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 9. Chloropaschia afflicta Schaus, d, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 10. Chloropaschia rufilinea Druce, d, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. II. Chloropaschia zenoa Schaus, d, type, Mana River, Fr. Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 12. Chloropaschia mennusalis Schaus, d, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 13. Chloropaschia fiachnalis Schaus, d, paratype, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 14. Chloropaschia aniana Schaus, d, type, Mana River, Fr. Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 15. Chloropaschia thermalis Hampson, d. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 16. Chloropaschia epipodia Schaus, d, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River,
French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 17. Chloropaschia consimilis Dognin, d. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 18. Chloropaschia hollandalis Schaus, d, type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Fig. 19. Chloropaschia venantia Schaus, d, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 20. Chloropaschia cedesia Schaus, d, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 21. S/cric/o (Felder & Rogenhofer), cJ’, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 22. Stericta abrupta (Zeller), d, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 23. Stericta albifasciata Druce, d, Sixola River, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 24. Stericta chionopheralis Hampson, d. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 25. Stericta leucoplagialis Hampson, d, Rio Japacani, Bolivia (C. M.)
Fig. 26. Stericta apicalis Hampson, d, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (C. M.)
Fig. 27. Stericta leucoplagialis Hampson, d, var. purusalis Holl. & Schs., Mana
River, French Guiana (C. M.)
Fig. 28. Stericta ildefonsa Schaus, d, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.) '
Fig. 29. Stericta bevnoa Schaus, d, type, Mana River, French Guiana (C. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI.
Plate III.
Epipaschiina.
(All figures slightly less than natural size.)
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 47
Fig.
i.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3-
Fig.
4-
Fig .
5-
Fig.
6.
Fig.
7-
Fig.
8.
Fig.
9-
Fig.
10.
Fig.
II.
Fig.
12.
Fig.
13-
Fig.
14.
Fig.
15-
Fig.
16.
Fig.
17-
Fig.
18.
Fig.
19.
Fig.
20.
Fig.
21.
Fig.
22.
Fig.
23.
Fig.
24.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Tioga olivescens (Druce), cf, typical, Santo Domingo, S. E. Peru
(U. S. N. M.)
Jocara majuscula (H.-S.), cT , Santiago, Cuba (C. M.)
Stericta obliqualis Hampson, cf, near type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Stericta obliqualis Hampson, var. griseobasis Holl. & Schaus, cf, type,
Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Milgithea albimedialis Hampson, 9 , Jalapa, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Paranatula vincentia Schaus, cf , paratype, Jalapa, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta obliqualis Hampson, var. menoralis Schaus, cf, type, Quirigua,
Guatemala (C. M.)
Tioga fieldi Barnes & McDunnough, cf , San Diego, Cal. (Holland Coll’n)
Milgithea suramisa Schaus, cf , type, Mt. Poas, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha agnesa Schaus, 9, type, Chejal, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha cuthmana Schaus, 9 , type, Tucuman, Argentina (U. S. N. M.)
Apocera costata Schaus, cf , type, Esperanza, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Tioga egvina Schaus, 9, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Anarnatula subflavida Dyar, 9, Ecuador (U. S. N. M.)
Tioga fovealis Hampson, 9 , paratype, St. Jean, Maroni, French Guiana
(U. S. N. M.)
Oneida mejona Schaus, cf, paratype, Volcan Santa Maria, Guatemala
(U. S. N. M.)
Tancoa calitas (Druce), cf. Southern Mexico (Holland Collection)
Tetralopha jovita Schaus, cf, type, Santiago, Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta phcebadia Schaus, cf , type. Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Tetralopha irrorata Schaus, 9, type, Sixola R., Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha cyrilla Schaus, 9 , type, Barracoa, Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta paschasia Schaus, cf , type, Rio Purus, Brazil (C. M.)
Anarnatula sylea (Druce) cf, Quirigua, Guatemala (C. M.)
Jocara ragonoti Moeschler, cf , Santiago, Cuba (C. M.)
48
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
Fig. 47.
Fig. 48.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV— Continued.
Macalla phceobasalis Hampson, 9^, Matanzas, Cuba (C. M.)
Macalla phceobasalis Hampson, 9, Santiago, Cuba (C. M.)
Jocara longistriga Schaus, cT, paratype, Cayuga, Guatemala (C. M.)
Micropaschia orthogrammalis Hampson, cf, paratype, St. Jean, Maroni,
French Guiana (C. M.)
Tetralopha hemimelas Hampson, = Dyar, 9. Chejal, Guatemala
(C. M.)
Jocara ban Dyar, 9, Quirigua, Guatemala (C. M.)
Macalla ochrotalis Hampson, cP, Cayenne, French Guiana (C. M.)
Pococera capnodon Dyar, d^, paratype, Cayuga, Guatemala (C. M.)
Stericta comgalla Schaus, cf , type, PiedSaut, Oyapok R., Fr. Guiana (C.M.)
Stericta possidia Schaus, <J, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Tetralopha iogalis Schaus, 9, paratype, Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta teffealis Schaus, cJ, Chiquitos, Eastern Bolivia (C. M.)
Stericta pontealis Schaus, <J, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Stericta petamona Schaus, 9, allotype, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Tetralopha vandella Dyar, cf, type, Parana, Brazil (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta glaucinalis Hampson, cf. Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana (C. M.)
Stericta eadberti Schaus, cf, type. Pied Saut, Oyapok River (C. M.)
Stericta hermengilda Schaus, cf, type. Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil
(C. M.)
Tetralopha aelredella Schaus, cf , type, St. Jean, Maroni, French Guiana
(U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha basilissa Schaus, cf , type, Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Stericta anthimusalis Schaus, cf , type, Hyutanahan, Brazil (C. M.)
Tetralopha scabridella Ragonot, cf , Porto Rico (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha sabbasa Schaus, cf , type, Guadalajara, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Tetrelopha nigribasalis Hampson, 9, Cayuga, Guatemala, Identified by
description (U. S. N. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVL
Plate IV.
Epipaschiinx.
(All figures about five-sixths natural size.)
II. THE EPIPASCHIIN^^ OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE;
A SYNONYMIC CATALOG OF THE SPECIES HITHERTO
DESCRIBED, WITH FIGURES OF MANY, WHICH
HAVE NOT HERETOFORE BEEN DEPICTED.
By W. J. Holland and William Schaus.
(Plates I-VII)
Introductory
The publication of the preceding paper from the pen of Mr. William
Schaus (Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, pp. 9-41) in which he has de-
scribed more than fifty new species of neotropical EpipaschiincB,
has furnished the motive for the preparation of the following list.
Having at hand the types of many of the species named by Mr.
Schaus, as well as good representatives of many others accurately
determined by him, it has seemed that it might be well to figure the
^ Mr. A. J. T. Janse in the Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Vol. I, No. 3 (July,
1924, p. 502) has suggested the subfamily name PococerincB for this group of
Pyralid moths. He is apparently influenced in so doing by the fact that Sir George
F. Hampson in his paper, The Classification of the Pyralidce, &c., (C/. Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 451-550) has treated the genus Epipaschia Clemens as a
section or subgenus of Macalla Walker. Mr. Janse states that the name of a sub-
family should be founded upon that of a valid genus and not upon that of a genus,
which has been relegated to the synonymy.
While admitting that Mr. Janse is correct in his statement of the rule in cases
where a genus has bee^n sunk as an absolute synonym, the writer is not clear in
his mind that this is such a case. Sir George Hampson has been quite in the
habit of gathering together a number of genera set up by previous authors, and
even by himself, and grouping them, as he has done in this instance, under some
name which he finds applicable. In many such cases he does exactly what he has
done in this. He does not treat the name as an exact synonym, but recognizes it
as applicable to a section of the more comprehensive group, which he has blanketted
under some other, generally older, name. Much depends upon the conception of
the individual as to what constitutes a genus. Personally the writer is for his
part quite unwilling to accede to the propriety of sinking the name Epipaschia as
a mere synonym of Macalla. With specimens of the genotypes, Epipaschia super a-
talis Clemens and Macalla thyrsisalis Walker before him, as he writes, he finds
difficulty from his standpoint in regarding these two forms as being strictly con-
generic. The venation, upon which Sir George has mainly relied in all his work, is
49
50
x^NNALS OF THE CaRNEGIE MuSEUM.
material which is accessible, so that students of the future may have
more than merely verbal descriptions to guide them in the determi-
nation of species. While not willing to assent altogether to the
favorite dictum of the late M. Charles Oberthiir, who used to say
“pas de bonne figure, pas de nom valable,” the writer of these lines
knows that a recognizable illustration of a species is of immense
assistance in the work of rapid determination. I have, therefore,
with the help of Mr. Schaus undertaken the compilation of the
following list, so far as possible utilizing the material at my command
in the Carnegie Museum, and having also been kindly supplied with
invaluable assistance drawn from the resources of the National
Museum in the way of material with which to illustrate the hitherto
unfigured species. To the authorities in charge of the collections in
Washington I desire to express my sincere gratitude, especially to
Dr. Dyar, and to my good friend. Dr. Schaus, for all the assistance
afforded me. The difficult work of identification has been entirely
performed by Dr. Schaus, so far as the neotropical species are con-
cerned.
To Dr. William Barnes of Decatur, Illinois, and to his associate,
Mr. Foster H. Benjamin, we are under profound obligations. With
the most engaging courtesy they kindly loaned me typical specimens
of the species described in recent years, the types of which are in the
indeed similar in the two insects, but even in the venation there are slight differ-
ences, due to the condensation or compression of the neuration in the costal region
of the forewing of Macalla, leading to a marked narrowing of the antero-posterior
diameter of the wing in many of the species. The fore wings of Epipaschia are
4
relatively wider and more broadly triangular in outline than those of Macalla.
The squamation of the wings of Epipaschia superatalis and E. zelleri is finer and
more smoothly arranged than in Macalla thyrsisalis, where it is distinctly coarsei
and rougher. There are manifest differences in the palpi and antennae, as pointed
out by Sir George Hampson himself in his table of comparisons. The pattern of
maculation is different in the two species. Altogether the writer finds it quite
difficult to arrange the North American species hitherto referred to Epipaschia
in such a way that they shall fall naturally into a series with the large group of
neotropical moths, which are undoubtedly referable to the genus Macalla. He
therefore in the present list retains Epipaschia as a valid genus and with the
retention of this genus retains the subfamily name, Epipaschiince, which until a
few months ago, for the longer part of a century, has been recognized and used
by lepidopterists in all lands, and is so firmly imbedded in the literature of the
subject that to propose a change at this late date seems likely to lead to much
unnecessary confusion. W. J. Holland.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^ 51
Barnes Collection, and also kindly sent me excellent photographs of
the types, not only of the species described by them, but of other
species, which they have studied elsewhere. They have rendered us
great assistance in our attempt to correctly determine the species
found within the limits of the United States.
Thanks are also due to Prof. T. J. Headlee of the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station for the privilege of consulting the
Hulst Collection and for information as to the types described by that
author. Dr, Headlee’s kindness has been matched by that of Dr.
Engelhardt of the Brooklyn Institute who enabled me to consult
a number of the “types” of Hulst preserved in the entomological
collections of that Museum. To the American Museum of Natural
History I am likewise indebted for the loan of specimens, and to Mr.
Frank E. Watson for aiding me in examining the collections in that
institution.
I am indebted to Dr. Henry Skinner of the Academy of Natural
Sciences in Philadelphia, for information as to the types described by
Clemens. I am also under obligation to Dr. Karl Jordan of the
Tring Museum and to Dr. E.-L. Bouvier of the National Museum
in Paris, to the former for information as to the types of species
described by Felder and Rogenhofer, and to the latter for information
as to the types of Ragonot. Mr. W. J. Kaye has kindly given me
information as to the species recently described by him. Finally I
wish to thank my amiable associate, Mr. Hugo Kahl, for his un-
failing helpfulness in looking up specimens and aiding me in searching
the literature, thus saving me many precious moments; and likewise
Mr. Sidney Prentice, who helped me in the photographic laboratory
in developing the plates.
In the arrangement of the species known to occur in the United
States we have in the main followed the Check-list of Barnes and
McDunnough. The genera and the neotropical species are for the
most part arranged in the order at present prevailing in the United
States National Museum.
Generic references of species in many cases have not been closely
verified, inasmuch as to have done this would have required more
time than was available. Although in a number of instances con-
strained to accept the generic references made, by the authors of
species and believing that in the main the species will be found to
be correctly placed in their genera, nevertheless it is quite certain
52
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
that a revision of the genera is much needed. Some of the genera
may have to be subdivided, which will probably involve the resusci-
tation of some names, which in recent years have been relegated to
synonymy. In certain cases genera will have to be suppressed, and
new generic names found for some of the species hitherto allocated
to them. An instance of this is in the case of the genus Wanda Hulst.
The genotype of this group is the species named tiltella by Hulst. This
species, as has been already pointed out by others, is referable to
Tetralopha. In view of the fact that Dr. Schaus in recent years has
named a number of species from the American tropics, placing them
in the genus Wanda, the senior author has ventured to erect a new
genus for their reception.
The main object in the preparation of this list is to aid the student
in identifying the species by indicating the location of the original
descriptions in the literature, and, so far as possible, by furnishing
recognizable figures of the species. A complete revision was not the
task, which the senior author of this little contribution to the subject
set before himself, when a few months ago he undertook the work.
The plates were made by the senior author. The specimens were
mounted on glass according to a method which he had the pleasure
of evolving more than forty years ago and which has since come into
general use. This required the removal of all the labels from the
pins, their preservation in exact order, so that they can be returned
to each pin after the specimens have been photographed. This
proved to be a very delicate and time-consuming undertaking. Even
with the best of modern appliances for photographing, the results
with these small forms are not always quite satisfactory, some of
the finer details being obscured, or lost, but in the main the figures
we have succeeded in obtaining will serve a useful purpose in enabling
the student to secure a general idea of the characteristics of the species.
It is a matter of regret that owing to the limited size of the page in
the ANNALS we were forced in some cases slightly to reduce the
figures below their natural size. Of the more than three hundred
species, which are listed in this catalog, over two hundred and fifty
are shown upon the plates, most of them being figures of species,
which never before have been illustrated. It is hoped that this little
work may help to lighten the labors of students in the future.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American EpiPASCHiiNiE. 53
Family PYRALID^.
Subfamily Epipaschiin^.
{Pococerince Janse.)
Genus Milgithea Schaus.
Milgithea Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 206. (Genotype Poco-
cera melanoleuca Hampson).
1. Milgithea melanoleuca (Hampson). PI. I, fig. 17, 9 •
Pococera melanoleuca Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 458.
Milgithea melanoleuca Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 208,
Habitat: Central America to eastern Brazil.
Type in British Museum from Colombia. Cam. Mus. : Costa
Rica, two; Guatemala, one (Schaus coll.) ; Rio de Janeiro, three (H. H.
Smith coll.), in Holland Collection. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
2. Milgithea albimedialis (Hampson). PI. IV, fig. 5, 9 •
Pococera albimedialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVH, 1906, p. 132.
Pococera melanoleuca Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep. Het., II, p. 548 {nec Hampson)
fide Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Peru.
Type in British Museum from Peru. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
3. Milgithea suramisa Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 9, cT, type.
Milgithea suramisa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 208.
Habitat: Mexico and Central America.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Costa Rica (Schaus coll.) ; also
paratype from Jalapa, Mexico.
4. Milgithea circumlucens (Dyar), PI. I, fig. 20, 9 •
Arnatula circumlucens Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 321.
Milgithea circumlucens Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 209.
Habitat: Central America to Bolivia.
Type, allotype, and paratypes in U. S. N, M. from Canal Zone;
also males and females from French Guiana (Schaus cp//.). Cam. Mus.:
Guatemala, two (Schaus coll.) ; French Guiana, three, (S. M. Klages
coll.); Bolivia, one (Jose Steinbach coll.).
54
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Anarnatula Dyar.
Anarnatula Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., LIV, 1918, p, 371. (Genotype Anarnatula
hyporhoda Dyar= Pycnulia sylea Druce).
5. Anarnatula subflavida Dyar. PI. IV, fig. 14, 9 , paratype.
Anarnatula subflavida Dyar, 1. c.
Habitat: Panama,
Type, male, and paratypes in U. S, N. M. from the Canal Zone
(Busck coll.). •
6. Anarnatula sylea (Druce). PI. IV, fig. 23, (T.
Pyonulia sylea Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep, Het., II, 1893, p. 564, PI. loi, fig. 24.
Anarnatula hyporhoda Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., LIV, 1918, p. 371.
Habitat: Mexico, Guatemala, French Guiana.
Type, male, in Godman Collection, Brit. Museum; type of A.
hyporhoda Dyar in the U. S. N. M. from Mexico (Muller coll.). We
find it impossible to detect any distinction between sylea (Druce)
and hyporhoda Dyar, except a slight difference in size. The specimen
figured upon our plate is one in the Carnegie Museum from Guatemala
(Schaus and Barnes coll.).
Genus Paranatula Dyar.
Paranatula Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLIV, 1913, p. 321. (Genotype P. zographica
Dyar, 1. c.)
7. Paranatula zographica Dyar. PI. I, fig. 21, cT.
Paranatula zographica Dyar, 1. c.
Habitat: Mexico to Bolivia.
Type and paratypes in U. S. N. M., Venezuela (Schaus coll.) ;
Orizaba, Mexico (Muller cp//,) ; Jalapa, Mexico (Schaus cp//.). Cam.
Mus. : Bolivia, six (Steinbach coll.).
8. Paranatula vincentia Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 6, cf, paratype.
Paranatula vincentia Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 209.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M., from Cayuga, Guatemala (Schaus coll.).
Genus Micropaschia Hampson.
Micropaschia Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XVH, 1906, p. 122. (Genotype
M. orthogrammalis Hampson, 1. c., p. 123.)
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 55
9. Micropaschia orthogrammalis Hampson.
PL IV, fig. 28, d^, paratype.
Micropaschia orthogrammalis Hampson 1. c.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type in British Museum, French Guiana (Schaus coll.). Paratypes
in U. S. N. M., and one specimen in the Carnegie Museum, from
same source, which is figured.
Genus Apocera Schaus.
Apocera Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 660. (Genotype A.
costata Schaus, 1. c.)
10. Apocera costata Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 12, cf , type.
Habitat: Central America.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M., Esperanza, Costa Rica (Schaus coll.).
II. Apocera colorata (Dyar). PI. VII, fig. 22, 9 , type.
Arnatula^ (sic) colorata Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 122.
Habitat: Panama.
Type, female, in U. S. N, M., Canal Zone (Busck coll.).
^ The generic name, Anartula, (Cf. Staudinger, Iris, VI, 1893, p. 78) genotype
Anartula (Noctuides) melanophia Staudinger, 1. c., was chosen, as its author in-
forms us, because of a fancied resemblance to the genus Anarta. With specimens
of Anartula melanophia before me, I am quite certain that none of the American
forms, which have been by authors referred to this Asiatic genus, belong to it, and
Dr. Dyar did well in setting up his genera Anarnatula and Paranatula for the
reception of some of these forms.
Sir George F. Hampson in his fine paper upon the Classification of the Pyralidoe
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 451-550), has by an odd transposition of letters
misspelled the name Anartula, writing it Arnatula (sic), and he has almost in-
variably been followed by others, who have failed to detect the error, which is
perpetuated by Dr. Dyar in the composite name Anarnatula. The latter name,
however, according to the rules must stand.
While calling attention to this inadvertence, it may be worth while to note that
in this same paper Hampson has consistently given the journal Iris as the place
of the publication of Zeller’s species, whereas Isis, a much earlier publication,
should have been cited. W. J. Holland.
56
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Oneida Hulst.
Oneida Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 63. (Genotype Toripalpus lunulalis
Hulst.)
12. Oneida lunulalis (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 13, 9.
Toripalpus lunulalis Hulst, Entom. Amer., Ill, 1887, p. 130.
Oneida lunulalis Hulst, ibidem, V, 1889, p. 63; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull.
U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 415. — Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917,
p. 145. — Forbes, Lep. of N. Y., etc., 1924, p. 606.
Tioga lunulalis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 456.
Habitat: Eastern United States.
Type in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, and in Brooklyn Museum ;
A. M. N. H., one specimen from New York; Carnegie Museum,
several specimens from western Pennsylvania; U. S. N. M., several.
13. Oneida luniferella Hulst. PI. V, fig. 26, 9 .
Oneida luniferella Hulst, Canadian Entomologist, XXVII, 1895, p. 53.
Habitat: Colorado and southwestern United States.
Type and paratypes in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, and in
Brooklyn Museum. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
14. Oneida pallidalis^ Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 29, (T, paratype.
Oneida pallidalis Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V, 1924,
p. 199.
Habitat: Stockton, Utah.
Type in Barnes Collection.
Described as a local race of 0, luniferella Hulst.
15. Oneida diploa Dyar. PI. VH, fig. 34, cf , type.
Oneida diploa Dyar, Insec. Insc. Menst., VIII, 1920, p. 198.
Habitat: Alexico.
Type and allotype, male and female, in U. S. N. M., Mexico
(Muller coll.).
^ Dr. Barnes (/. c.) has referred this species to the Phycitince, but I am informed
by his associate, Mr. F. H. Benjamin, that this reference is now recognized as
having been made in error, and that it is the intention to correct it in a future
number of the “Contributions to the Nat. Hist, of the Lep. N. A.’’
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American EpiPASCHiiNiE. 57
i6. Oneida mejona Schaus. PI. IV, fig. i6, cf, paratype.
Oneida mejona Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 209.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, from Guatemala, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
Genus Tioga Hulst.
Tioga Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 113. — Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 543. (Genotype Tioga aplastella Hulst, 1. c.)
Tallula Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 114.
Hemimatia {partim), Lederer, Wien, Ent. Monatschr., 1863, p. 347.
17. Tioga aplastella Hulst. PI. V, fig. 22, d' .
Tioga aplastella Hulst, 1. c.\ ibidem, V, 1889, p. 69; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A.,
Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 415. — Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896,
p. 456.
Tetralopha aplastella Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A.,
Ill, 1916, p. 193; Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M.
N. H., XXXVII, I9i7> P- 128.
Habitat: Canada, Colorado, Texas, Florida.
Type, a unique female, in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, labelled
“Colorado.” Represented in U. S. N. M. The specimen we figure
has been compared with Hulst’s type, with which it exactly agrees,
so far as the maculation and general appearance of the wings are
concerned.
18. Tioga atrifascialis (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 18, cf.
Tallula atrifascialis Hulst, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XIII, 1886, p. 160; in Dyar’s
Cat. Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 415. — Barnes and McDun-
nough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., Ill, 1917, p. 220, pi. XVIII, fig 7: Check-
list, 1917, p. 142.
Tioga atrifascialis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 456, figure.
Habitat: Texas, Colorado.
Type, Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, and in Brooklyn Museum.
A. M. N. H., one specimen, also labelled “type.” Represented in
U. S. N. M. The specimen we figure has been compared with Hulst’s
type, with which it closely agrees, but the apical and subterminal lines
in this specimen are not as well defined as in the “type” at New
Brunswick, N. J., in the Brooklyn Museum, and in the A. M. N. H.
58
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
The senior author therefore gives in text-figure i a drawing which he
has made of the ‘Type” in the Brooklyn Museum, which agrees with
the '“type” at Rutgers College.
Fig. 1. Tioga atrifascialis (Hulst). Type in Brooklyn Museum. Natural
size.
19. Tioga fieldi (Barnes and McDunnough). PL IV, fig. 8, d' .
T allula fieldi Barnes and McDunnough, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIX, 1913, p. 163.
Habitat: Southern California, vicinity of San Diego.
Type and paratypes in Barnes Collection. Several specimens in
A. M. N. H.; one specimen in Holland Collection, which we figure.
It agrees with the type in the Barnes Collection. Represented in
U. S. N. M,
20. Tioga watsoni (Barnes and McDunnough).
PI. V, fig. 33, cf , paratype. (See also text-fig. 2.)
Tallula atrifascialis Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917,
p. 128 inec Hulst).
Tallula watsoni Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., Ill,
1917, p. 220, PL XVIII, fig. 6.
Habitat: Florida.
Type, Barnes Collection, from Florida. U. S. N. M., several.
Represented in Carnegie Museum by example from Stemper, Florida.
21. Tioga olivescens (Druce). PL IV, fig. i, cT (typical).
Stericta olivescens Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 326,
Habitat: Colombia, Guiana.
Type, male, from Valparaiso, Colombia (H. H. Smith coll.) in
Collection Herbert Druce at time of description, but in hands (1924)
of Mr. Janse, who reports it to be a species of the genus Tioga. We
figure a specimen in the Schaus Collection in the U. S. N. M., which
has been compared and agrees with the type.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 59
22. Tioga beroella (Schaus). PI. I, fig. i, cT.
Pococera beroella Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), IX, 1912, p. 657.
Tioga bunniotis Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLIV, 1913. P- 321.
Habitat: Central America to Bolivia.
The types of both P. beroella Schaus and T. bunniotis Dyar are in
the U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus. : Costa Rica, one (Schaus co//.) ; Bolivia,
one (Steinbach coll.) ; we figure the former.
23. Tioga melazonalis Hampson. PI. I, fig. 22, 9 •
(See also text-fig. 2)
Tioga atrifascialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XIV, p. 132, {nec Hulst).
Tioga melazonalis Hampson, ibidem, XVII, 1906, p. 123.
Habitat: Bahamas, Bolivia.
Type in British Museum from Bahamas. Cam. Mus.: seven,
Bolivia (Steinbach coll.). Represented in U. S. N. M.
24. Tioga juanalis Schaus. PI. I, fig. 23, d^, paratype.
(See also text-fig. 2.)
Tioga juanalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 9.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.; a small series of paratypes in the
Carnegie Museum from the Mana River (S. M. Klages coll.).
This species is quite small and closely related to T. melazonalis
Hampson, as well as to T. watsoni Barnes and McDunnough, and to
T. fovealis Hampson. In the accompanying cut we have endeavored
to show the distinctions which separate these species, which may
best be discriminated from each other by means of the dark trans-
verse median, and also the subterminal, bands of the fore wings.
12 3 4
Fig. 2. Diagrammatic outline of wings of: i. T. melazonalis; 2. T. juanalis;
3. T. fovealis; 4. T. watsoni.
60
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
25. Tioga fovealis Hampson.
PI. IV, fig. 15, 9 , paratype (See also text-fig. 2.)
Tioga fovealis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XVII, 1906, p. 124.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, male, in British Museum, from French Guiana (Schaus coll.)
U. S. N. M., paratypes, same source. Carnegie Museum, one (Klages
coll.) Oyapok River, French Guiana. The specimen figured on our
plate is a paratype in the Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
26. Tioga tersilla Dyar. PI. VII, fig. 17, d^, type.
Tioga tersilla Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVH, i 14, p. 322.
Habitat: Panama.
U. S. N. M. type and paratype, males. Canal Zone (Busck coll.).
27. Tioga egvina Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 13, 9 , type.
Tioga egvina Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 210.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, French Guiana, U. S. N. M. (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
28. Tioga rigualis (Lederer).
Hemimatia rigualis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 347, PI. VII,
fig. 13.
Habitat: Venezuela.
Type in National Museum of Zoology, Berlin(?)
Genus Tetralopha Zeller.
Tetralopha Zeller, Isis, XI, 1848, p. 879. (Genotype T. militella Zeller, Isis, 1. c.,
p. 880.
Lanthaphe Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, p. 207.
Benia Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXVII, 1863, p. 112.
Saluda Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 113.
Katona Hulst, ibidem.
Loma Hulst, ibidem, p. 114.
Wanda Hulst, ibidem.,.
\
Attacapa Hulst, ibidem, V, 1889, p. 71.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 61
29. Tetralopha militella Zeller. PI. V, fig. 4, ; fig. 5, 9 .
Tetralopha militella Zeller, Isis, XI, 1848, p. 880. — Grote, Bull. Geol. Surv.
Terr., IV, 1878, p. 689; N. A. Ent., I, 1879, p. 10, PI. II, fig. 5. — Hulst, Entom.
Amer., V, 1889, p. 71; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902,
p. 416.— Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II, 1914,
pp. 217, 220; Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., 1924, p. 607.
Lanthaphe platanella Clemens, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., i860, p. 207. — Grote,
Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., IV, 1878, p. 691. — Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888,
p. 114; ibidem-, V, 1889, p. 66; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII,
1902, p. 416.
Pococera militella Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457.
Habitat: Eastern and southern United States.
The types, male and female, of T. militella Zeller, are in the National
Museum of Zoology in Berlin, as stated by Barnes and McDun-
nough, /. c.
30. Tetralopha asperatella (Clemens). PI. V, fig. 7, ; fig. 8, 9 •
Lanthaphe asperatella Clemens, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., XII, i860, p. 207.
Benta expandens Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., XXVII, 1863, p. 112. — Hulst, Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc., XVII, 1890, p. 221; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M.,
LII, 1902, p. 415.
Tetralopha asperatella Grote, Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull. IV, 1878, p. 591. — Barnes
and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., p. 607.
Saluda asperatella Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 113; ibidem, V, 1889, p. 67.
Pococera asperatella Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457.
Form nepheh)tella Hulst.
Lom-a nephelotella Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 114.
Tetralopha clemensalis Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VH, 1905, p. 31. — Barnes
and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II, 1914, p. 220.
Habitat: Eastern and southern United States.
The type of T. asperatella Clemens is in the Academy of Natural
Sciences in Philadelphia; the type of T. nephelotella is in the Hulst
Collection. There is a considerable series of specimens in the Carnegie
Museum, collected in western Pennsylvania. The species is also
well represented in the U. S. N. M.
31. Tetralopha fuscolotella Ragonot. PI. V, fig. 31, cf ; fig. 32, 9-
Tetralopha fuscolotella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VHI, 1888, Seance,
Oct. 10, p. cli. — Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., H,
1914, pp. 219-20; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Benta asperatella Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902,
P- 415-
62
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Habitat: Arizona, Ragonot.
Type, male, in Collection Ragonot, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris. We give on our plate figures of a male and a female kindly
lent us by Dr. Barnes. “The male agrees well with a specimen com-
pared with Ragonot’s type by Dr. McDunnough.” Foster H. Benjamin.
32. Tetralopha tiltella (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 44, cf ; fig. 45, 9-
Wanda tiltella Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 114; ibidem, V, p. 70; in Dyar’s
List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 416.
Tetralopha melanogrammos Dyar, Trans. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 1905, p. 31.
Tetralopha tiltella Barnes and McDunnough, Cent. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A.,
II, pp. 219-220; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Texas.
Type and paratypes in Hulst Collection; also in Brooklyn Museum.
We figure a male and a female from the Barnes Collection; the male
agreeing closely with the type in the Hulst Collection, as Mr. Benjamin
writes me, and as I know by personal inspection; the female agreeing
perfectly with a specimen of that sex in the Hulst Collection, which
has been sent me by Professor Headlee for comparison and study.
This species is the genotype of the genus Wanda Hulst. A careful
examination does not reveal any characteristics, which should cause
the species to be separated from others, which are referred to Tetralopha
{sensii latiore). The genus Wanda sinks into the synonymy, as do
numerous other genera proposed by Dr. Hulst.
In quite recent times Dr. Schaus has allocated to the genus Wanda
a number of neotropical species, which upon study do not appear to
me to be referable to Tetralopha nor to Pococera. Since Wanda,
which has served as a receptacle for these forms, sinks as a synonym,
I have elsewhere erected for their reception a genus under the name
Nouanda. ( Cf. p. 79) W. J. Holland.
33. Tetralopha robustella Zeller. PI. V, fig. 12, 9 •
Tetralopha robustella Zeller, Isis, XI, 1848, p. 881. — Grote, Geol. Surv. Terr.,
Bull. IV, 1878, p. 690 (transcribes the original description o’f Zeller). — Hulst,
Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 71; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M.,
LII, 1902, p. 416. — Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A.,
II, 1914, p. 219; Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., 1924.
p, 608.
Pococera robustella Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 63
Tetralopha diluculella Grote, No. Am. Ent., I, 1880, pp. 60 and 68, PL V, fig. 10;
Report U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 263. — Barnes and McDunnough, Check-
list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., pp. 607, 608.
Pococera diluculella, as synonym of P. rohustella, Hampson, 1. c.
Benta diluculella Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LIT, 1902,
p. 415 (Cited as form of B. melanogrammos Zeller).
Toripalpus talleolalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XIII, 1886, p. 160; Entom.
Amer., Ill, 1887, p. 22.
Saluda talleolalis Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 67 (Cited by Hulst as being
a synonym of Saluda melanogrammos Zeller).
Habitat: New England to the Gulf States and westward.
The types of T. rohustella Zeller and T. luculella Grote are in the
British Museum. A series in the U. S. N. M. In the A. M. N. H.,
four examples, labelled diluculella. Cam. Mus., several.
Barnes and McDunnough have followed Hampson in identifying
T. diluculella with T. rohustella Zeller. Hulst regarded diluculella as
a variant of the species named melanogrammos by Zeller. In its
proper place we give a figure of the type of melanogrammos and by
reference to this it may be seen that there is no close resemblance
between the present species and melanogrammos. Hulst’s view is
still reflected in his collection, where dilucullela is placed under
melanogrammos. Hampson had in the Zeller Collection, which is in
the British Museum, the type of rohustella Zeller, and the type of
diluculella Grote, and sank the latter as a synonym of the former.
We follow Hampson rather than Hulst.
Fig. 3. Type of Tetralopha talleolalis (Hulst) from photograph supplied by
Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin.
Hulst sank the name talleolalis as a synonym of melanogrammos.
Through the kindness of Dr. Barnes and his associate, Mr. F. H.
Benjamin, we are able to here reproduce a photograph of a type-
specimen of talleolalis labelled in the hand-writing of Hulst. The
“type” talleolalis shown in fig. 3 is unmistakably a male of the insect
to which Zeller gave the specific name rohustella. It does not differ
in any essential respect from males contained in the series
labelled “ T. rohustella var. diluculella Grote,” bred from larvae feeding
64
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
upon pine, which are contained in the U. S. N. M. Mr. Benjamin in
letters has- suggested that Hulst’s talleolalis may possibly be a valid
species. The writer of these lines cannot agree with this view. We
have not figured a male of rohustella Zeller, but a comparison of the
figure of the type of Hulst’s talleolalis with the figure of the female
diluculella, which we give on PI. V, fig. 12, will serve to show that in
all essential features the two, rohustella = diluculella and talleolalis, are
the same.
Before concluding this brief discussion of the synonymy of this
species it may be proper to point out that Forbes in his recent work,
entitled “The Lepidoptera of New York and Adjacent States,” cites
diluculella as a variety under both T. rohustella and T. melanogrammos.
It cannot well be a variety of both species. W. J. Holland.
34. Tetralopha subcanalis (Walker).
PI. V, fig. 6, (T ; fig. 37, 9 , paratype (querciella).
Nephopteryx subcanalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXVII, 1863, p. 56.
Pococera subcanalis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457. — Hulst, in
Dyar’s List, Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 417.
Tetralopha subcanalis Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. —
Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., p. 607. — Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XXXVII, 1917, p. 128.
Tetralopha militella Hulst, {nec Zeller) Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 71; in Dyar’s
List, Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 416 {fide Forbes, 1. c.).
Tetralopha querciella Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II,
1913, p. 180, PI. 11, figs. 7, 8. — Dyar, Insec. Insc. Menst., I, 1913. P- 106. —
Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 128.
Habitat: New England to Florida and westward.
Type of T. subcanalis in British Museum; of T. querciella in
Barnes Collection. Cam. Mus., Holland Collection, males from Texas.
U. S. N M.: a considerable series from various localities ranging from
North Carolina southward and westward. We figure a male from
the Holland Collection and a female from the Barnes Collection.
35. Tetralopha melanogrammos Zeller.
Tetralopha melanogrammos Zeller, Verb. Z06I. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1872, p. 546,
PI. Ill, figs. 24a, 24b. — Grote, Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull. IV, 1877, p. 689. —
Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., 1914, p. 218; Check-
list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., 1824, p. 67.
Saluda m-elanogram.m.os Hulst, Ent. Amer., V, 1889, p. 67.
Pococera melanogrammos Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457.
Holland & ScHAUS: Catalog of American EpiPAscHiiNi®. 65
Benta melanogrammos Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII,
1902, p. 413. — Grossbeck, Ins. Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 128.
Habitat: Said to range from New England to Colorado and south-
ward to Central America.
Type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
Through the kindness of Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin, we are
permitted to here reproduce in text-figure 4 an enlarged photograph
of Zeller’s type. The specimen was originally sent to Zeller by Dr.
Packard and was later returned to Dr. Packard with the type-label
attached. In the Barnes Collection there is a series of specimens
from Kerrville, Texas, identified as this species. It is not represented
in the U. S. N. M. nor the Cam. Mus. The senior author is strongly
inclined to regard the species as identical with T. texanella Ragonot.
Should this suspicion be confirmed, texanella will sink as a synonym
of melanogrammos.
Fig. 4, Type of T. melanogrammos Zeller. (Enlarged)
35. Tetralopha scortealis (Lederer). PI. V, fig. 34, d' ; fig. 35, 9 •
Hemimatia scortealis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 347, Pl.VII,
fig. 12.
Pococera scortealis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 457.
Tetralopha scortealis Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Said to range from the Carolinas southward to Central
America.
The location of the type is not known to us, but it probably is
either in the Natural History Museum in Vienna, or in Berlin.
Through the kindness of Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin we are
permitted to figure a male and a female, which agree with specimens
in the British Museum, which are labelled scortealis^ and were originally
examined carefully by Dr. McDunnough. The species is not found
in either the U. S. N. M. or the Cam. Mus.
66
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
37. Tetralopha slossoni (Hulst). PL V, fig. 46, $ .
Benia slossonii Hulst, Can. Ent., XXVII, 1895, p. 56.
Tetralopha slossonii Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII,
1902, p. 416. — Barnes and McDunnough, Cent. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., HI,
1917, p. 220; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Tetralopha robustella Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVH, 1917,
p. 128.
Habitat: Florida.
Type, female, in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, and in Brooklyn
Museum. Through the great kindness of Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin
we are able to give upon our plate a figure of a female, which agrees
with Hulst’s type. It was reared from larva at Lakeland, Florida.
The species is not represented in the U. S. N. M., the A. AI. N. H.,
or the Cam. Altis.
38. Tetralopha texanella (Ragonot). PI. V, fig. 21, d' .
, Pococera texanella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VHI, 1888, Seance Oct. 10,
p. clii.
Pococera subcanalis Hulst (nee Walker) in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N.
M., LII, 1902, p. 457.
Tetralopha texanella Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II,
1914, p. 220; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Texas.
Types, male and female, in Ragonot Collection, Aluseum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. There is a small series in the U. S. N. M.,
one of which we figure. It agrees completely with specimens in the
Collection of Dr. Barnes, which have been compared with Ragonot’s
types.
39. Tetralopha callipeplella Hulst. PI. V, figs. 20 and 23, 9 9 .
Tetralopha callipeplella Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 114. — Barnes and
McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II, 1914, p. 220; Check-list,
1917, p. 142.
Attacapa callipeplella Hulst, ibidem, V, 1889, p. 71; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A.,
Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 417.
Habitat: Texas, Arizona.
Type in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College, and in Brooklyn Mus-
eum. There is a small series in the U. S. N. AT from Texas and
Arizona. Air. Foster H. Benjamin points out in his correspondence
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 67
that there is a near relationship between T. texanella and T. calli-
peplella Hulst, though he is upon the whole inclined to regard the two
forms as distinct. There are six examples in the Hulst Collection, only
one of which is designated as the “type.” The specimen we figure is
contained in the U. S. N. M., and was determined by Dr. Dyar after
comparison with the specimens in the Hulst Collection, which determin-
ation has been verified by the senior author of this paper. The “type”
in the Brooklyn Museum has the median area of the fore wing paler
than in other specimens, but the markings are the same.
40. Tetralopha speciosella (Hulst).
Benta speciosella Hulst, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VIII, 1901, p. 222; in Dyar’s
List, Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 415. — (?) Grossbeck, Ins. of
Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 128.
Tetralopha speciosella Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Santa Rita Mts,, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida.
Type in U. S. N. M., (E. A. Schwarz coll.). The national collection
contains a series from New Mexico and Arizona. Grossbeck lists
the species from Florida.
Fig. 5. Tetralopha speciosella (Hulst). Drawing (natural size) of paratype in
U. S. N. M., compared and agreeing with type.
41. Tetralopha floridella (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 25, 9.
Benta floridella Hulst, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VHI, 1901, p. 221; in Dyar’s List,
1. c. supra. — Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 128.
Tetralopha floridella Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, p. 142.
Habitat: Florida.
Type in U. S. N. M., (Dyar coll.)] a large series from Palm Beach,
Florida.
42. Tetralopha humerella Ragonot. PI. V, fig. 9, 9 .
Tetralopha humerella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VHI, 1888, Seance
Oct. 10, 1888, p. cli.— Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII.
1902, p. 416. — Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes,
Lep. N. Y., etc., p. 608.
68
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Tetralopha formosella Hulst, Can. Ent., XXXII, 1900, p. 169. — Barnes and
McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, 1. c., p. 608.
Habitat: Pennsylvania, Missouri, Texas.
Type, male, of T. humerella in Ragonot Collection, Museum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; of T. formosella in U. S. N. M.
The specimen figured on the plate was taken in Pittsburgh at light.
43- Tetralopha tertiella (Dyar). PI. VII, fig. 21, cf, paratype.
Pococera tertiella Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 1905, p. 32.
Tetralopha tertiella Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Texas.
T^^pe, male, in U. S. N. M. (H. S. Barber coll.).
44. Tetralopha baptisiella Fernald. PI. V, fig. 16, cf.
Tetralopha baptisiella Fernald, Entom. Amer., Ill, 1887, p. 128. — Barnes and
McDunnough, Cent. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II, 1914, p. 220; Check-list,
1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y., etc., 1924, p. 608.
Wanda baptisiella Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LH, 1902,
p. 416.
Habitat: New York to Missouri and southward.
Types, two males and two females in the Fernald Collection. We
figure a male in the Engel Collection in the Cam. Mus., which was
taken at Decatur, Macon County, Illinois. The species is represented
by a small series in the U. S. N. M., the A. M. N. H., and other
collections.
45. Tetralopha euphemella (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 10, fig. ii, 9.
Katona euphemella Hulst, Entom. Amer., IV, 1888, p. 113.
Tetralopha euphemella Hulst, ibidem, V, 1889, p. 71; in Dyar’s List, p. 416. —
Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Forbes, Lep. N. Y.,
etc., p. 608.
Pococera variella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VHI, 1888, Seance Oct. 10,
1888, p. cli. — Hulst, in Dyar’s List, p. 416 (C/. Barnes and McDunnough,
Check-list, 1917, p. 142, No. 5497).
Pococera melanographella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VIH, 1888, Seance
Oct. 10, 1888, p. clii. — Hulst, in Dyar’s List, p. 416 (C/. Barnes and McDun-
nough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142, No. 5497).
Habitat: Missouri, Texas, and southwestern States.
‘‘Type” of T. euphemella in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College;
also in Brooklyn Museum. Represented in U. S. N. M.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 69
46. Tetralopha thoracicella Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 36, cf , paratype.
Tetralopha thoracicella Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V,
1924, p. 197.
Habitat: Pima County, Arizona.
Type and paratypes in Barnes Collection. We are permitted to
figure one of the paratypes, which agrees exactly with the type, a
photograph of which has been kindly sent us by Mr. Benjamin.
47. Tetralopha griseella Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 42, ; fig. 43, 9 , paratypes.
Tetralopha griseella Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V, 1924,
p. 198.
Habitat: Arizona.
Type, male; allotype, female; and paratypes in Collection Barnes.
Mr. Benjamin writes that the specimens we are allowed to figure
agree exactly with the types, and proves the assertion by sending us
excellent photographs of the types.
48. Tetralopha arizonella Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 40, (T ; fig. 41, 9 , paratypes.
Tetralopha arizonella Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V, 1924,
p. 196.
Habitat: White Mountains, Arizona.
Type, male; allotype, female; and paratypes in Collection Barnes.
The specimens we are permitted to figure on PI. V agree exactly
with the types, as shown by photographs of the same, which are
before us.
49. Tetralopha dolorosella Barnes and Benjamin.
Tetralopha dolorosella Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V,
1924, p. 195.
Habitat: Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The type is a unique male in the Collection of Dr. Barnes. Through
70
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the kindness of Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin we are permitted to
reproduce herewith a photograph of this specimen.
Fig. 6. T. dolorosella Barnes and Benjamin, d^, type.
50. Tetralopha provoella Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 28, cf’, paratype.
Tetralopha provoella Barnes and Benjamin, Cent. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V, 1924,
P- 195-
Habitat: Provo Canyon, Utah.
Type, male, and paratypes in Collection Barnes. The male para-
type, which we give upon the plate, agrees exactly with the type.
51. Tetralopha spaldingella Barnes and Benjamin.
PI. V, fig. 30, cT, paratype.
Tetralopha spaldingella Barnes and Benjamin, Cent. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V,
1924, p. 194.
Habitat: Utah.
Type, male; allotype, female; and paratypes in Collection Barnes.
The paratype we show on our plate is in perfect agreement with the
type.
52. Tetralopha notabilis (Schaus). PI. I, fig. 2, d^, paratype.
Pococera notabilis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 659.
Habitat: Central America.
Types in Schaus Collection in U. S. N. M., from Costa Rica. Two
males in Cam. Mus. from Guatemala, (Schaus coll.).
53, Tetralopha vandella (Dyar). PI. IV, fig. 39, cf’, type.
Pococera vandella Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 403.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, allotype, and paratypes in U. S. N. M.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin.e:. 71
54. Tetralopha vanenga Schaus. PI. I, fig. 27, cf.
Tetralopha vanenga Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 210.
Habitat: Central America.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Cayuga, Guatemala. Cam. Mus. :
one male from Bolivia, (Steinbach colL)\ one female from French
Guiana, (S. M. Klages coll.).
55. Tetralopha aelredella Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 43, cf, type.
Tetralopha aelredella Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 21 1.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
56. Tetralopha sabbasa Schaus. PL IV, fig. 47, cf , type.
Tetralopha sabbasa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 21 1.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
57. Tetralopha nigribasalis (Hampson). PL IV, fig. 48, 9.
Pococera nigribasalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 124.
Pococera robustella Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep. Het., H, p. 199 (partim) (nec
Zeller) .
Habitat: Central America.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus., from Guatemala. In U. S. N. M.
58. Tetralopha hemimelas (Hampson). PL IV, fig. 29, 9 •
Pococera hemimelas Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 125.
Pococera basigera Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 322.
Habitat: Panama.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. from Panama; type of P. basigera Dyar
in U. S. N. M. from same region.
59. Tetralopha rufitinctalis (Hampson).
Pococera rufitinctalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 125,
Habitat: Paraguay.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. Thus far not recognized in any collec-
tion in the United States.
72
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
6o. Tetralopha cataldusa Schaus. PI. I, fig. 28, cf, type.
Tetralopha cataldusa Schaus, Ann. Car. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 10.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, unique, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
61. Tetralopha hermasalis Schaus.
PI. I, fig. 18, cf , type] fig. 19, 9 , allotype.
Tetralopha hermasalis Schaus, Ann. Car. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 10.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male; allotype, female; and two paratypes in Cam. Mus.;
two paratypes in U. S. N. M.
62. Tetralopha mediosinalis (Hampson).
Pococera mediosinalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVHI, 1916, p. 126.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Thus far not identified in any collection
in the United States.
63. Tetralopha basilissa Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 44, cf', type.
Tetralopha basilissa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 212.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
64. Tetralopha cuthmana Schaus. PI. IV, fig. ii, 9 , type.
Tetralopha cuthmana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 212.
Habitat: Tucuman, Argentina.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.; paratype in
Dognin Collection.
\
65. Tetralopha irrorata Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 20, 9 , type.
Tetralopha irrorata Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 657.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection in U. S. N. M.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 73
66. Tetralopha agnesa Schaus. PL IV, fig. lo, 9 , type.
Tetralopha agnesa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 213.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
67. Tetralopha polialis (Hampson).
Pococera polialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 126.
Habitat: Jamaica.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. So far does not appear to be repre-
sented in any collection in the United States.
68. Tetralopha gybriana Schaus. PI. I, fig. 26, 9 , type.
Tetralopha gybriana Schaus, Ann. Car. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. ii.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
69. Tetralopha scabridella Ragonot. PI. IV, fig. 46, d^.
Tetralopha scabridella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VI H, Seance Sept. 12,
1888, p. cxxxviii.
Habitat: Porto Rico.
Types, male and female in Ragonot Collection, Museum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. One example in the U. S. N. M., which
is figured on our plate.
70. Tetralopha iogalis Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 35, 9 , paratype.'
Tetralopha iogalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 213.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
71. Tetralopha jovita Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 18, cT, type.
Tetralopha jovita Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 214.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
72. Tetralopha albiceps (Hampson).
Pococera albiceps Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVI I, 1906, p. 126.
Habitat: Argentina.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Thus far apparently not contained in
any of the collections in the United States.
74
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
73- Tetralopha cyrilla Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 21, 9 ,
Tetralopha cyrilla Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 214.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
74. Tetralopha internigralis (Dognin).
Pococera internigralis Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LIII, 1909, p. 91.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Collection Dognin.
Not identified in any of the material studied.
75. Tetralopha pallidifusa (Dognin).
Pococera pallidifusa Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LVII, 1913, p. 416.
Habitat: Santo Domingo, Curabaya, southeastern Peru.
Type, female, in Collection Dognin.
76. Tetralopha arciferalis (Hampson).
Pococera arciferalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIH, 1916, p. 127.
Habitat: San Antonio, western Colombia.
Type, male, and male paratype, in British Museum.
Genus Auradisa Walker.
Auradisa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXXIV, 1865, p. 1504. (Genotype
A. gelidalis Walker, ibidem, p. 1505). Hampson includes as a section under
Pococera, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 497.
77. Auradisa gelidalis Walker.
Auradisa gelidalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het.- B. M., XXXIV, 1865, p. 1505. —
Hampson, 1. c.
Myelois subalbalis Walker, ibidem, XXXV, 1866, p. 1714. — Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Honduras.
Type in British Museum. We do not seem to possess this species
in any of the North American collections which have been consulted.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 75
78. Auradisa(?) pemphusalis (Druce).
Pococera pemphusalis Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., II, 1899, p. 548,
pL 100, fig. 9.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in Godman Collection in the British Museum. Thus
far no specimen agreeing with the description and figure given by
Druce has turned up in the material we have examined.
79. Auradisa nigriitinalis (Dognin). PI. I, fig. 5, cP.
Pococera nigrilunalis Dognin, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXII, 1913, p. 53.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, from the Maroni River, in Collection Dognin. A
male specimen, belonging to the U. S. N. M., identified by Dr. Schaus
as belonging to this species, has been figured upon our plate.
80. Auradisa adolescens (Dyar). PL I, fig. 3,
Auradisa adolescens Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 323.
Habitat: Panama, Guiana.
Types, male and female, in U. S. N. M. from Panama. The Cam.
Mus. has one male specimen, collected in French Guiana by Klages,
which has been compared by Dr. Schaus with the types and found to
agree. This specimen is figured upon our plate.
81. Auradisa fechina Schaus. PL VII, fig. 31, 9 , type.
Auradisa fechina Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 214.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
82. Auradisa stenipteralis (Hampson). PL I, fig. 33, H.
Pococera stenipteralis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 127.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus., from French Guiana, (Schaus coll.).
Paratypes in U. S. N. M. from same source. Cam. Mus.: twenty-
three specimens, (S. M. Klages coll.) on Oyapok River, French Guiana.
76
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
83. Auradisa marmorata (Schaus). PL VI, fig. i, cT, type.
Pococera marmorata Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1913, p. 659.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, male, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
84. Auradisa olivescens (Schaus). PI. I, fig. 25, cT.
Pococera olivescens Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 659.
Habitat: Central America and northern South America.
Type, male, Costa Rica, Schaus Collection in U. S. N. M., and
also paratypes. Cam. Mus. ; seven, French Guiana (S. M. Klages
coll.). We figure a specimen which agrees with the type.
85. Auradisa soteris Schaus. PI. I, fig. 3T d".
Auradisa soteris Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p.215.
Habitat: Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from French Guiana. Cam. Mus.;
one male from Hyutanahan, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.), which agrees
with the type, and is shown on our plate.
86. Auradisa tresaina Schaus. PI. I, fig. 35, cT*.
Auradisa tresaina Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 215.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.; one male, Oyapok River,
French Guiana (S. M. Klages coll.). This specimen, which agrees
with the type, is shown on our plate,
87. Auradisa remberta Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 26, cT, type.
Auradisa remberta Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 216.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Maroni River, French Guiana,
(Schaus coll.). Paratype in Collection Dognin.
88. Auradisa brendana Schaus. PL I, fig. 36, 9 , type.
Auradisa brendana Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 12.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus, from Oyapok River, French Guiana
(S. M. Klages coll.).
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 77
89. Auradisa guianica Schaus. PL I, fig. 34, 9 , type.
Auradisa guianica Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 12.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. (S. M. Klages colL); paratype, female,
in U. S. N. M., lacking abdomen, removed for dissection.
90. Auradisa chrysoderas (Dyar). PI. VII, fig. 27, 9 , type.
Pococera chrysoderas Dyar, Insec. Insc. Menst., V, 1917, p. 90.
Habitat: British Guiana.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. (H. W. B. Moore coll.).
91. Auradisa albimedium (Schaus). PI. VI, fig. 2, 9 , type.
Pococera albimedium Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IX, 1912, p. 656.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
92. Auradisa corumba Schaus. PI. I, fig. 29, d^.
Auradisa corumba Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 216.
Habitat: Brazil, Bolivia.
Types, male and female, from Corumba, Brazil, Cornell University
Mus. (Forbes coll.). Paratypes in U. S. N. M.; Cam. Mus.: six, from
Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
93. Auradisa corumbina Schaus. PI. I, fig. 32, 9 , type.
Auradisa corumbina Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. ii.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
Genus Tancoa Schaus.
Tancoa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 217. (Genotype Deuter-
ollyta calitas Druce= Pococera sphcerophora Dyar.)
94. Tancoa calitas (Druce). PL IV, fig. 17, d' .
Deuterollyta calitas Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep. Het., II, 1899, p. 647, PI. 100,
fig. 8.
Pococera sphcerophora Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 323.
Habitat: Mexico, Panama.
The type of calitas is in the Godman Collection in the British
78
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Museum; the type of sphcerophora Dyar is in the U. S. N. M. The
specimen figured on our plate was taken by Townsend in southern
Mexico and is in the Holland Collection in the Carnegie Museum.
95. Tancoa nigriplaga (Dognin). PI. I, fig. 10, cT.
Auradisa nigriplaga Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LIV, 1910, p. 118.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in Collection Dognin; one example in U. S. N. M.;
two in Cam. Mus. (S. M. Klages coll.).
96. Tancoa quiriguana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 6, cf, paratype.
Tancoa quiriguana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 218.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
97. Tancoa attenualis (Hampson). PI. I, fig. 14, cf.
Macalla attenualis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVH, 1906, p. 138.
Habitat: Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
Types, male and female, in Brit. ]Mus., the male from Bahia, the
female from British Guiana. Cam. Mus.: a pair from Bolivia (Stein-
bach coll.). Represented in U. S. N. M.
98. Tancoa erlupha Schaus. PI. I, fig. 12, 9 .
Tancoa erlupha Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 217.
Habitat: Guiana, Bolivia.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. from French Guiana. A pair in
Cam. Mus. from Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
99. Tancoa crinita (Schaus). PI. I, fig. 9, cT.
Pococera crinita Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 657.
Tancoa crinita Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 217.
Habitat: Costa Rica, Guatemala.
Type, female, from Costa Rica, in U. S. N. M. (Schaus coll.). Cam.
Mus.: one specimen from Guatemala (Schaus coll.).
100. Tancoa brachypalpia (Dognin).
Pococera brachypalpia Dognin, Het. Nouv. Amer. Sud: fasc. I, 1910, p. 43.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Collection Dognin from St. Laurent du Maroni. Up
to date not recognized in any material in North American collections.
Holland & ScHAUS: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 79
1 01. Tancoa ubalda Schaus. PL I, fig. ii, 9 , type.
Tancoa ubalda Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 13.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, from Bolivia, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
102. Tancoa silavia Schaus. PL I, fig. 13, type.
Tancoa silavia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 13-
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
103. Tancoa metaxanthalis (Hampson). PL I, fig. 15,
Pococera metaxanthalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 127.
Habitat: Colombia, Brazil.
Type, female, from Colombia in Brit. Mus. One example, male, in
Cam. Mus. from Rio Purus, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.).
Genus Nouanda* nov.
(Genotype, Wanda agatha Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 220.)
(T . Labial palpi having the second joint greatly elongated, upturned,
produced far beyond the frons. Maxillary palpi slender, elongated, and
in the typical species, agatha, with the brush-like extremity protruding
beyond the third joint, in nocturna reaching to, but not beyond, the
third joint. The appendage of the antenna in the male is leaf-like
when viewed laterally, with a well-marked central shaft, resembling
the mid-rib of a leaf, the scales diverging from this on either side, the
two appendages being flat and closely appressed, and directed upward
and backward. Veins 4 and 5 in both fore and hind wings stalked
Vein 6 on the under side of the forewing near the cell clothed with
long setose scales directed outwardly. Tufts of raised scales on the
upper side of the forewing on the discocellulars and near the base.
9 . Unknown.
Type, Wanda agatha Schaus, /. c.
The genus Wanda Hulst, being a synonym of Tetralopha, the
senior author has been constrained to set up the genus Nouanda for
the reception of three species recently described by Mr. Schaus from
* Nouanda: N, negative; ouanda, latinization of Wanda.
80
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
South America. Two of these, N. agatha (Schaus) and N. nocturna
(Schaus) agree fairly well in the neuration (although not in the
outline) of their wings and in the structure of the palpi and the
antenna. The third species N. sadotha (Schaus) is provisionally
referred to the new genus, but it does not agree so well with the
others, and upon a final revision of the group will probably have to
be placed in another genus.
104. Nouanda agatha (Schaus). PL VI, fig. 8, d' , type.
Wanda agatha Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p, 220.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
Fig. 7. Neuration of wings and lateral view of head of N. agatha (Schaus).
105. Nouanda nocturna (Schaus). PL VI, fig. 9, d, type.
Wanda nocturna Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash,, XXIV, 1922, p, 219.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, U. S. N. M., from French Guiana; also a pair from
Manaos, Brazil, presented by Cornell University.
Fig, 8. Neuration of wings and lateral view of head of N. nocturna (Schaus).
(The neuration of the apical part of the fore wing may not be quite correctly
shown in the figure. The specimen being the type, it did not seem wise to the
senior author to denude the wing).
Holland &Schaus; Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 81
io6. Nouanda(?) sadotha (Schaus). PL VI, fig. 7, cT, type.
Wanda sadotha Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 219.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, male, from French Guiana, in U. S. N. M.
Genus Pocopaschia Dyar.
Pocopaschia Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M,, XLVII, 1914, p. 324. (Genotype Jocara
noctuina Schaus, Cf. infra).
107. Pocopaschia noctuina Schaus. PL VII, fig. 32, 9 , paratype.
Jocara noctuina Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 668.
Habitat: Sixola, Costa Rica, Panama.
Type and paratypes in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
108. Pocopaschia accelerans Dyar. PL I, fig. 24, c^ .
Pocopaschia accelerans Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 325.
Habitat: Panama, French Guiana, Brazil.
Two males, U. S. N. M., No. 16345. Cam. Mus.: two typical
examples of P. accelerans irom Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French
Guiana, and one less typical example, characterized by the pre-
valently darker color, while the markings are identical. The latter
specimen was taken by S. M. Klages on the Rio Purus, Brazil.
109. Pocopaschia bellangula Dyar. PL VI, fig. 10, cf, paratype.
Pocopaschia bellangula Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 325.
Habitat: Panama.
Type, male, in the U. S. N. M.
Genus Calybitia Schaus.
Calybitia Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 220. (Genotype C.
picata Schaus, 1. c. )
no. Calybitia picata Schaus. PL I, fig. 30, cf , paratype.
Calybitia picata Schaus, 1. c.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: two examples from
Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
82
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Pococera Zeller.
Pococera Zeller, Isis, XI, 1848, p. 874. (Genotype P. gibbella Zeller, 1. c.)
III. Pococera atramentalis Lederer. PI. I, fig. 6, cf.
Pococera atramentalis Lederer, Wien, Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 347, pi. 7,
fig. 14.
Phidotricha erigens Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VIII, 1888, Seance Sept.
12, 1888, p. cxxxix.
Habitat: Central and South America.
Originally described by Lederer from Venezuela. The types of
P. erigens in Ragonot’s Collection from Colombia and Peru; Cam.
Mus. : numerous specimens from Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Bolivia.
One from Rio de Janeiro in Holland Collection taken by H. H. Smith.
1 12. Pococera insularella (Ragonot). PI. VI, fig. 5, 9.
Tetralopha insularella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VIII, 1888, Seance
Sept. 12, 1888, p. cxxxviii.
Habitat: Porto Rico, Cuba.
Type from Porto Rico in Ragonot’s Collection. Represented in
the U. S. N. M. by specimens from Porto Rico and Cuba. The speci-
men we figure is from the latter island.
1 13. Pococera limalis Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 4, 9, paratype.
Pococera limalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 221.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, female, in Cornell University Mus., from Lima, Peru. Para-
type in U. S. N. M. (Forbes coll.).
1 14. Pococera gibbella Zeller.
Pococera gibbella Zeller, Isis, XI, 1848, p. 874. — Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1896, p. 458.
Habitat: Brazil (Zeller).
So far as is known, this species, the genotype, is not represented in
any collection in the United States, nor does Hampson (/, c.) indicate
that the type at the time he wrote was in the British Museum.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 83
1 1 5. Pococera subviolascens Hampson.
Pococera subviolascens Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 128.
Habitat: Argentina, Gran Chaco.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. (Wagner colL).
1 16. Pococera seminigralis Hampson.
Pococera seminigralis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 128.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Thus far not recognized in any material
in the United States.
1 1 7. Pococera nepomuca Schaus. PI. I, fig. 4, cf , type.
Pococera nepomuca Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 16.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, and five paratypes in Cam. Mus. Paratypes in U. S.
N. M. (Steinbach coll.).
1 1 8. Pococera albulella Hampson.
Pococera albulella Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 458.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus.
1 19. Pococera strigidiscalis Hampson. PL I, fig. 8, cf .
Pococera strigidiscalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 126.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: twenty-three examples
of both sexes from French Guiana, eleven from the Rio Purus, Brazil
(S. M. Klages coll.). A series has been presented to the U. S. N. M.
120. Pococera fuscifusalis Hampson.
Pococera fuscifusalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 128.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus.
84
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
I2I. Pococera vedastella Schaus. PI. VI, fig. ii, cT, paratype.
Pococera vedastella Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 221.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
122. Pococera baradata Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 12, cf , type.
Pococera baradata Schaus, ibidem, p. 222.
Habitat: Trinidad.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. (Busck coll.).
123. Pococera brunnapex Kaye.
Pococera brunnapex Kaye, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1922, p. 996, pi. I, fig. i.
Habitat: Trinidad.
Type, (sex ?) in Collection of Sir Norman Lamont,
124. Pococera lamonti Schaus. PL I, fig. 7, cT.
Pococera lamonti Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 222.
Habitat: Guatemala to Bolivia.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Guatemala (Schaus coll.). Cam.
Mus. : Bolivia, twelve specimens (Steinbach coll.)] Mana River,
French Guiana, three (S. M. Klages coll.)] Rio de Janeiro, one (H. H.
Smith coll.) in Holland Collection.
«
125. Pococera fabianalis Schaus. PI. I, fig. 16, 9 •
Pococera fabianalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 223.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: ten specimens (S. M.
Klages coll.).
126. Pococera(?) flavomarginata (Druce).
Stericta flavomarginata Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 325.
Habitat: British Guiana.
Type in Collection Herbert Druce, now in the hands of Mr. A. J.
T. Janse. We have failed to recognize the species in any of the material
before us.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 85
127. Pococera capnodon Dyar. PI. IV, fig. 32, d'.
Pococera capnodon Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1916, p. 323,
Habitat: Central America.
Types, male and female, in U. S. N. M., from Panama. One speci-
men in Cam. Mus, from Guatemala, (Schaus and Barnes coll.) which
is figured on plate.
128. Pococera narthusa Schaus. PL VI, fig. 3, 9 , type.
Pococera narthusa Schaus, Anri. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XI, 1913, p. 253.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
129. Pococera(?) viridis (Druce).
Macalla viridis Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VI, 1910, p. 182.
Habitat: Peru.
Type in Collection Herbert Druce. The species is placed under
Pococera in the British Museum. Thus far not detected in any
collection in the United States.
Genus Lepidogma Meyrick.
Lepidogma Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1890, p. 472. — Hampson, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 459,
Asopina Christoph, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1894, p. 36.
(Genotype Hypotia tamaricalis Mann., Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XXIH,
1873, p. 124. Hab. Italy, Spain, Morocco.)
130. Lepidogma modana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 13, 9 , type.
Lepidogma modana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 223.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
13 1. Lepidogma violescens Dyar.
Lepidogma violescens Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1914, p. 323.
Habitat: Panama-
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. (Busck coll.).
86
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Ajacania Schaus.
Ajacania Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 14.
(Genotype A. steinbachalis Schaus, 1. c.)
132. Ajacania steinbachalis Schaus. PI. II, fig. 22, type.
Ajacania steinbachalis Schaus, 1. c.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
Genus Ajocara Schaus.
Ajocara Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 15.
133. Ajocara amazona Schaus. PI. II, fig. 25, cT, paratype.
Ajocara amazona Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 15.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.; paratypes in Cam. Mus. (S. M. Klages
coll.); paratype in Collection Dognin.
134. Ajocara phileasalis Schaus. PI. II, fig. 24, d^, type.
Ajocara phileasalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 15.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus.; paratype in U. S. N. M. (S. M. Klages
coll.).
135. Ajocara oediperalis (Hampson).
Jocara (ediperalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XVH, p, 133.
Habitat: Panama.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
Genus Jocara Walker.
Jocara Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXVH, 1863, p. 115. — Hampson, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 460.
Deuterollyta Lederer, Wien, Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 358.
Toripalpus Grote, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 265.
Titanoceras Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 62.
Winona Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 62.
Tetralopha (auctorum) partim.
(Genotype J . fragilis Walker, Z. c.)
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiinas. 87
136. Jocara incrustalis (Hulst). PI. V, fig. 15, 9.
Toripalpjus incrustalis Hulst, Entom, Amer., Ill, 1887, p. 130.
Stericta incrustalis Hulst, ibidem, V, p. 62.
Jocara incrustalis Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S, N. M,, LH, 1903,
p, 414. — Grossbeck, Insects of Florida, Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917,
p. 127. — Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., II, 1914,
p. 217; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Gulf States.
Type, female, in Hulst Collection, Rutgers College. A series in the
U. S. N. M. A small series in the Cam, Mus. from Stemper, Fla, one
of the females of which is shown in fig. 15 on our plate. Text-figure 10
represents a male in the U. S. N. M., bred from larva and a female.
The two sexes agree in the location and trend of the spots and lines
on the wings. This female (text-fig. ii) has been compared with
Hulst’s type, with which it agrees. They differ decidedly from the
type of J. perseella.
Fig. 9. Type of J. perseella Barnes and McDunnough, cf’.
Fig. 10. Male of J. incrustalis Hulst, cf , in U. S. N. M.
Fig. II. Female of J. incrustalis Hulst, agreeing with type.
137. Jocara perseella Barnes and McDunnough.
Jocara perseella Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. N. H. Lep. N. A., II, 1913,
p. 180, pi. II, fig. 6; ibidem, 1914, p. 217; Check-List, 1917, p. 142. (C/. Dyar,
Insec. Insc. Menst., I, 1913, p. 105, who regards J. perseella as a synonym of
J. incrustalis Hulst.) — Grossbeck, Insects of Florida, Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XXXVII, 1917, p. 127.
Habitat: Florida.
Type, a unique male in the collection of Dr. William Barnes,
through whose kindness we are permitted to here reproduce a photo-
graph of it (text-figure 9). Mr. F. H. Benjamin has sent us a female
88
Annals of the Carnegie Museum. •
which he thinks may be conspecific with J. perseella. It closely agrees,
however, with the type of J. incrustalis. It appears that J. perseella
is a valid species, represented thus far by the unique type^ in the
collection of Dr. Barnes, and we are compelled to differ from Dr.
Dyar, who has suggested that J. perseella may be a synonym of J.
incrustalis.
138. Jocara breviornatalis (Grote). PI. V, fig. 19, 9.
Toripalpus breviornatalis Grote, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 265;
Geol. Surv. Terr. Bull. IV, 1878, p. 688; No. Am. Ent. I, 1879, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 4.
Stericta breviornatalis Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 63.
Jocara breviornatalis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 461, fig. —
Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LH, 1902, p. 414. — Barnes
and McDunnough, Check-List, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Southern United States.
Grote’s type is in the Brit. Mus. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
139. Jocara trabalis (Grote). PI. V, fig. 14, cT.
Toripalpus trabalis Grote, Papilio, I, 1881, p. 18.
Stericta trabalis Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 63.
Toripalpus trabalis Ragonot, Mon. Phyc., 1893, pi. 3, fig. 23, venation only.
Yuma trabalis Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., p. 415. — Holland, Moth Book,
1903, p. 407, pi. XLVIII, fig. 14, 9.
Jocara trabalis Barnes and McDunnough, Check-List, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Southwestern United States.
Grote’s type is in the Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus., Holland Collection,
numerous examples from Arizona. A series in the U. S. N. M.
140. Jocara interruptella (Ragonot). PI. V, fig. 24, d^.
Epipaschia interruptella Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (6) VIII, 1888, Seance
Oct. 10, 1888, p. cl. — Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII,
1902, p. 414. — Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 127.
Jocara dentilineella Hulst, Journ. N. Y., Ent. Soc., VIII, 1900, p. 221.
Jocara interruptella Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., Ill,
1916, p. 191, PI. XIV, fig. 15; Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
Habitat: Southwestern United States.
Type of E. interruptella formerly in Ragonot’s Collection is said to
be lost ( C/. Barnes and McDunnough, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A.,
Ill, 1916, p. 192); the type of dentilineella is in Hulst’s Collection,
Rutgers College. We figure a specimen in the U. S. N. M., which
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 89
agrees with others sent to us by Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough,
which in turn agree with Hulst’s type of dentilineella, a sketch of
which, made by the senior author, is here given.
Fig. 12. Sketch of type of J. dentilineella Hulst.
(One-fourth larger than natural size.)
141. Jocara argentilinea (Druce). PL II, fig. 12, cf .
Macalla argentilinea Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), VI, 1910, p. 181.
Incarcha aporalis Dyar, Zoologica, New York, I, 1920, p. 136, fig. 42, no. 20.
Habitat: Central America to Bolivia.
Type of M. argentilinea in Collection Herbert Druce. Type of
1. aporalis in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus. : numerous examples ranging
from Guatemala (Schaus coll.) to Ecuador, (Parish coll.) French
Guiana, Brazil (Klages coll.) Bolivia (Steinbach coll.). U. S. N. M.
142. Jocara ragonoti (Moeschler). PI. IV, fig. 24, cf.
Deuterollyta ragonoti Mceschler, Abh, Senck. Nat. Ges., 1890, p. 280.
Habitat: West Indies.
Type in Moeschler’s Collection, National Museum of Zoology, Berlin
(?). Cam. Mus.: one example from Cuba (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
A small series in U. S. N. M.
143. Jocara ansberti Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 16, cT, type.
Jocara ansberti Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 224.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
144. Jocara elegans (Schaus). PI. II, fig. 27, 9 •
Pococera elegans Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), IX, 1912, p. 658.
Jocara elegans Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., V, 1924, p. 194.
Habitat: Texas, Central America, French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, Schaus Collection in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: one from
90
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.) ; one from French Guiana, six
from Hyutanahan, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.) and one from Rio de
Janeiro, Holland Collection.
145. Jocara trilinealis Hampson.
Jocara trilinealis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 131.
Habitat: Bahamas.
Type in Brit. Mus. Not so far detected in any collection in the
United States.
146. Jocara albiferalis Hampson. PI. H, fig. 15, (T.
Jocara albiferalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 130.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: two males and one female
(S. M. Klages colL). Represented in U. S. N. M.
147. Jocara suiferens Dyar. PI. VI, fig. 14, cf', type.
Jocara suiferens Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLV, 1913, p. 649.
Habitat: Valley of Pampaconas River, Peru,
Type, male, in U. S. N. M., taken by Yale Peruvian Expedition.
148. Jocara prudentia Schaus. PL H, fig. 13, d^, type.
Jocara prudentia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 21.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus.; paratype in U. S. N. M. (S. M. Klages
coll.).
149. Jocara hemizonalis Hampson.
Jocara hemizonalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 13 1.
Habitat: Peru.
Type in British Museum.
150. Jocara sara Schaus. PL H, fig. 33, cf , type.
Jocara sara Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 21.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus., also thirty paratypes; paratypes in
U. S. N. M.; all collected by Jose Steinbach.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 91
150a. Jocara yva Schaus. PL II, fig. 32, 9, type.
Jocara yva Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 22.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, Carnegie Museum.
151. Jocara lactiferalis Ham pson.
Jocara lactiferalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p, 131.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type in Brit. Mus. Thus far not recognized in any collection in
the United States.
152. Jocara thilloa Schaus. PL VI, fig. 15, d^, type.
Jocara thilloa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 224.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
153. Jocara oduvalda Schaus. PL II, fig. 26, d^, type.
Jocara oduvalda Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 17.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, and paratypes in Cam. Mus.; paratypes presented to
U. S. N, M.; all collected by S. M. Klages.
154. Jocara thermo chroalis Hampson.
Jocara thermochroalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 131.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. Not identified in any material which
we have examined.
155- Jocara rufiapicalis Hampson.
Jocara rufiapicalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 132.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, female, in British Museum.
156. Jocara albimedialis Hampson. PL VI, fig. 18, cT.
■Jocara albimedialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 132,
Habitat: Peru.
Type, male, in the Brit. Mus. Represented in the U. S. N. M.
92
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
157, Jocara medusa (Druce). PL VI, fig. 17,
Stericta medusa Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 326.
Habitat: Colombia, Peru.
Type, male, in Collection Herbert Druce. Represented in U. S.
N. M. by a specimen in the Schaus Collection from southeastern Peru,
which we figure.
158. Jocara daudalis (Moeschler). PL II, fig. 19, d'.
Hemimatia daudalis Mceschler, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., XIV, 1866, p. 75.
Pococera daudalis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 459.
Habitat: West Indies, South America.
Type, in Moeschler Collection, National Museum of Zoology, Berlin.
Cam. Mus. : French Guiana, one male; Rio Purus, Brazil, four (S. M.
Klages coll.)] Bolivia, three females (Steinbach coll.)] Chapada,
Brazil, one (H. H. Smith coll.) the latter in the Holland Collection.
159- Jocara martinia Schaus. PL H, fig. 10, d .
Jocara martinia Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p, 225.
Habitat: Guatemala to French Guiana.
Type, female, from Guatemala, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: one,
Mana River, French Guiana (S. M. Klages coll.).
160. Jocara mava Schaus. PL II, fig. 29, 9 , type.
Jocara mava Schaus, Ann. Cam, Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 17,
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus., Rio Japacani, Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
1 61, Jocara theodota Schaus. PL 1 1, fig. 7, 9 , type.
Jocara theodota Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 18.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus., from Hyutanahan, Brazil (S. M.
Klages coll.).
162. Jocara parallelalis Hampson.
Jocara parallelalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 133.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 93
163. Jocara chlorisalis Schaus. PL II, fig. 9,
Jocara chlorisalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IX, 1912, p. 661.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
The types, male and female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
Cam. Mus., three, Costa Rica (Schaus coll.).
164. Jocara ferrifusalis Hampson. PL II, fig. 14, 9 .
Jocara f errif us alis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 132.
Jocara obscuralis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), IX, 1912, p. 663.
Habitat: Jamaica, Central America to Paraguay.
Type, female, of J. ferrifusalis Hampson, from Jamaica, male from
Paraguay in Brit. Mus.; type, female, of J. obscuralis Schaus, from
Costa Rica, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: two
from Costa Rica (Schaus coll.) ; one from Guatemala (Schaus and
Barnes coll.); four from French Guiana (S. M. Klages coll.); nine
from Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
165. Jocara subcurvalis Schaus. PL II, fig. 37, H.
Jocara subcurvalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 663.
Habitat: Mexico, Guatemala.
Type, male and female, from Guatemala in Schaus Collection, U. S.
N. M. Cam. Mus.: two, Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
166. Jocara cantianilla Schaus. PL II, fig. 21, cf’, type.
Jocara cantianilla Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 20.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, and paratypes in Cam. Mus. from Rio Purus, Brazil;
paratypes in U. S. N. M.
167. Jocara anastasia Schaus. PL VI, fig. 21, 9 , paratype.
Jocara anastasia Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 225.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
94
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
1 68. Jocara translinea Schaus. PL II, fig. 23,
Jocara translinea Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 666.
Habitat: Costa Rica, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, female, from Costa Rica, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.;
Brit. Mus. : one male, from French Guiana; Cam. Mus. ; one female
from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.); three males from Bolivia
(Steinbach coll.).
169. Jocara desideria Schaus. PI. II, fig. 16, cf, type.
Jocara desideria Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 18.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Klages coll.). Paratypes communicated
to the U. S. N. M.
170. Jocara abachuma Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 22, cf , type.
Jocara abachuma Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 226.
Habitat: Castro, Parana, Brazil.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
17 1. Jocara conrana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 23, d^, type.
Jocara conrana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 226.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
172. Jocara luciana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 24, 9 , type.
Jocara luciana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 227.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
173- Jocara aidana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 25, 9 , type.
Jocara aidana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 227.
Habitat: Castro, Parana, southern Brazil.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 95
174. Jocara theliana Schaus. PL VI, fig. 19, cf, type.
Jocara theliana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 228.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
175* Jocara amazonalis Schaus. PL II, fig. 46, paratype.
Jocara amazonalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p.’ 26.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, from Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Amazons, in U. S. N. M.;
five paratypes from Hyutanahan, Brazil, in the Cam. Mus.
176. Jocara hospitia Schaus. PI. II, fig. 28, cf, type.
Jocara hospitia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus,, XVI, 1925, p. 20.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, from Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil, in Cam. Mus., also
three paratypes from Hyutanahan, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.). Para™
types in U. S. N. M.
177. Jocara pictalis Hampson. PL II, fig. 17, c^.
Jocara pictalis Hampson, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 132.
Habitat: Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, female, from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Brit, Mus. Cam. Mus.:
Chapada, Brazil, one (H. H. Smith coll.) in Holland Collection;
eleven from Bolivia (Steinbach coll.). Represented in U. S. N. M.
178. Jocara zetila (Druce). PL VI, fig. 20, d^.
Stericta zetila Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 326,
Habitat: Costa Rica, Colombia.
Type, male, in Collection Herbert Druce, from Colombia. Repre-
sented in U. S. N. M. by specimens from Costa Rica.
179. Jocara multicolor (Dognin). PL VI, fig. 26,
Stericta multicolor Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIII, 1904, p. 124.
Habitat: Southeastern Peru.
Type in Collection Dognin. Represented in the U. S. N. M. by a
specimen which has been compared and agrees with the type, which
specimen we have figured.
96
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
i8o. Jocara conspicualis (Lederer).
Deuterollyta conspicualis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 137, pi. V,
fig. 16, cf; 17, 9. (Type of genus Deuterollyta.)
Habitat: Brazil.
Only known to us by the description and figures given by Lederer.
181. Jocara extensa (Walker). PI. II, fig. 3L cf*.
Nephopteryx extensa Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXVII, 1863, p, 61.
Stericta extensa Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 472.
Homura granitalis Felder and Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, Lep., pi. CXXVI,
fig. 15.
Deuterollyta variegata Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VII, 1891, p. 433.
Habitat: Guiana to Bolivia.
Cam. Mus. : one, Province del Sara, Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
U. S. N. M., several.
182. Jocara nigrisquama (Dognin).
Stericta nigrisquama Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIII, 1904, p. 124.
Habitat: Tucuman, Argentina.
Type, male, in Collection Dognin. Not thus far recognized in any
of the material studied by us.
183. Jocara albulatalis (Dognin).
Macalla albulatalis Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIII, 1904, p. 123.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, female, in Collection Dognin. Not known to us in nature,
and here placed provisionally.
184. Jocara fragilis Walker.
Jocara fragilis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XXVII, '1863, p. 115. — Hampson,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 461.
Habitat: Santo Domingo.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. This specimen is the type of the
genus Jocara. Not represented in either the U. S. N. M. or the Cam.
Mus.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 97
185. Jocara noloides Hampson.
Jocara noloides Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 133.
Habitat: Bahamas.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus.
186. Jocara nana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 27, d^, type.
Jocara nana Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 661.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, male, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
187. Jocara anacita Schaus. PI. II, fig. 36, cf , type.
Jocara anacita Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 25.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus., from Mana River, French Guiana
(Klages coll.).
188. Jocara monosemia (Zeller).
Myelois monosemia Zeller, Horse Soc. Ent. Ross., XVI, 1881, p. 203, pi. XI,
fig. 23.
Jocara monosemia Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 461.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, female, in British Museum.
189. Jocara rubralis Hampson. PI. VI, fig. 28, 9.
Jocara rubralis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 134.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in British Museum. U. S. N. M. one specimen, which
we figure, is referred to this species, with the description of which it
seems to agree.
190. Jocara agathoa Schaus. PI. H, fig. 30, d' .
Jocara agathoa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 228.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.; one male, Oyapok River,
French Guiana (Klages coll.).
98
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
191. Jocara subfusca Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 29, cf , paratype.
Jocara subfusca Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 664.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, from Sixola, Costa Rica, in Schaus Collection,
U. S. N. M.
192. Jocara andeola Schaus. PI. II, fig. i, 9 , type.
Jocara andeola Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 25.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus., from Hyutanahan, Brazil (S. M.
Klages coll.).
193- Jocara discalis Hampson. PI. II, fig. 18, cT.
Jocara discalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, p. 133.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus.; allotype, female, in Schaus Collection,
U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: four from French Guiana, two from Rio
Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.).
194. Jocara longistriga Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 27, cT, paratype.
Jocara longistriga Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p, 229.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: paratype (Schaus and
Barnes coll.).
195- Jocara majuscula (Fterrich-Schseffer). PI. IV, fig. 2, cf.
Deuterollyta majuscula H.-S., Corr.-Blatt. Regensb., XXV, 1871, p. 17.
Deuterollyta infectalis Mceschler, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., 1890, p. 279.
Habitat: Porto Rico, Cuba.
Type in National Museum of Zoology, Berlin. Specimens from
Cuba in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: one, from Cuba (Schaus and
Barnes coll.) which we figure.
196. Jocara maroa Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 30, c?’, type.
Jocara maroa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 230.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type, male, in U. S, N. M.
I
Holland & Schaus; Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 99
197. Jocara marchiana Schaus. PI. II, fig. 39, 9 •
Jocara marchiana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 230.
Habitat: Guatemala, Bolivia.
Type, female, from Guatemala, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus. ; three
females from Province del Sara, Bolivia (Steinbach colL).
198. Jocara nigripuncta Schaus. PI. II, fig. 6, d' .
Jocara nigripuncta Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 662.
Habitat: Costa Rica, Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, Costa Rica, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M. Cam.
Mus.: one from French Guiana, and one from Hyutanahan, Brazil,
collected by S. M. Klages.
199. Jocara tenebrosa Schaus. PI. II, fig. 4, cf.
Jocara tenebrosa Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 664.
Habitat: Costa Rica, French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, from Costa Rica, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
Cam. Mus.: one from French Guiana; two from Hyutanahan,
Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.).
200. Jocara dapha (Druce).
Macalla dapha Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep. Het., II, 1895, P- 198, ph 60, fig. 3.
Stericta nigripunctata Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 327.
Habitat: Panama, Colombia.
Types in Godman Collection, Brit. Mus., and Collection of Herbert
Druce.
201. Jocara raymonda Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 31, 9 , type.
Jocara raymonda Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 229.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
202. Jocara pagiroa Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 32, c?, type.
Deuterollyta pagiroa Schaus, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1906, p. 141.
Habitat: Panama, Brazil.
Type in U. S. N. M.
100
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
203. Jocara cononalis Schaus. PL II, fig. 43,
Jocara cononalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 231.
Habitat: Guatemala, Guiana, Bolivia.
Type, male, from Guatemala, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus. : one
from French Guiana (Klages coll.)] three from Bolivia (Steinbach
coll.).
204. Jocara vimina Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 23, cf, type.
Jocara vimina Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 231.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
205. Jocara cacalis (Felder and Rogenhofer).
Hemimatia cacalis Felder and Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, pi. CXXXVI, fig. 15.
{Fide Hampson = J. extensa Walker, sed nonl)
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type in Felder Collection in Tring Museum. U. S. N. M. The
specimens of J. extensa, which are in the U. S. N. M., some of which
have been compared with specimens so labelled in the British Museum,
do not agree with the figure given in Felder’s work.
206. Jocara sisinnia Schaus. PL II, fig. 20, cf, type.
Jocara sisinnia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 19.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.).
207. Jocara ban Dyar. PL IV, fig. 30, 9 .
Jocara ban Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., LI, 1916, p. 37.
Habitat: Mexico, Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: one example from
Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
208. Jocara athanasia Schaus. PL II, fig. 8, 9 , type.
Jocara athanasia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 24.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 101
209. Jocara gillalis Schaus. PL II, fig. 38, d', type.
Jocara gillalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 23.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
210. Jocara maurontia Schaus. PI. II, fig. 42, cT, type.
Jocara maurontia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 23.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
21 1. Jocara acheola Schaus. PI. II, fig. 34, 9 , type.
Jocara acheola Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 24.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. (Steinbach coll.).
212. Jocara terrenalis Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 33, 9, type.
Jocara terrenalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 665.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
213. Jocara basilata (Schaus). PI. VII, fig. 10, 9, type.
Isolopha basilata Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 670.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
214. Jocara mira (Druce). PI. VII, fig. 20, 9 .
Macalla mira Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 324.
Oxyalois ovifera Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLIX, 1905, p. 65.
(Cf. Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 224.)
Habitat: Ecuador.
Type, male, in Collection Herbert Druce. A female specimen in the
U. S. N. M., which we figure.
215. Jocara crinitalis Schaus. PL VH, fig. 13, 9, type.
Jocara crinitalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 232.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
102
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Ar^opaschia Hampson.
ArcBOpaschia Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVI H, 1916, p. 134. (Genotype
A. grisealis Hampson, L c.)
216. Araeopaschia grisealis Hampson.
ArcBopaschia grisealis Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in British Museum.
217. Araeopaschia goanta (Schaus). PI. II, fig. 2, 6^ ; fig. 3, 9 .
Tancoa goanta Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 218.
Habitat: Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. The male and female figured on our
plate are from Bolivia, collected by Jose Steinbach. We also possess
in the Carnegie Museum a female, collected at Hyutanahan, Brazil, by
S. M. Klages, and another female has been communicated to the
U. S. N. M.
Dr. Schaus was at first inclined to think that the specimens in the
Carnegie Museum represented a new species, but a close comparison
with the type of T. goanta reveals specific identity, as well as the fact
that the species should be transferred to the genus ArcBopaschia
Hampson.
Genus Epipaschia Clemens.
Epipaschia Clemens, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., XII, i860, p. 14. — Grote, Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 262; Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull. IV, 1878,
p. 685; N. Am. Ent., I, 1879, p. 9. — Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 50; in
Dyar’s List Lep. N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 414. — Hampson, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 463, 465. (Genotype E. superatalis Clemens, 1. c.)
As stated before ( Cf. p. 49) we do not sink Epipaschia Clemens
as a synonym of Macalla Walker, the type of which is M. thyrsisalis.
A minute examination of the two insects, which are the types of the
two genera, shows, of course, general resemblances, but marked
differences. In addition to the differences in the neuration of the
wings already pointed out in Footnote i ( Cf. p. 49) the structure of
the palpi and of the antennae is quite unlike. In Macalla the labial
palpi are robust, deeply hollowed out to receive the maxillary palpi,
which are long, with their brush-like extremities extruding near the
upper end of the second joint of the labial palpi; in Epipaschia the
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 103
labial palpi are slender, the maxillary palpi very short, their brush-
like extremities extruding near the base of the second joint of the
maxillary palpi. In Macalla thyrsisalis the appendage of the basal
joint of the antenna is large, coriaceous, more or less upright in
position, broadly expanded distally, and not very densely scaled; in
Epipaschia superatalis this appendage is ligulate, narrow, directed
strongly backward parallel to the thorax, and densely covered with
long scales. (See fig. 13.) These differences in the structure of the
oral and antennal parts warrant our maintaining the generic distinct-
ness of the two forms and their congeners.
Fig. 13. I. Lateral view of head of Macalla thyrsisalis] 2. lateral view of head
of Epipaschia superatalis.
218. Epipaschia superatalis Clemens. PL V, fig. i, ; fig. 2, 9 •
(See also text-figure 13).
Epipaschia superatalis Clemens, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., XII, i860, p. 14. —
Grote, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 262; Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull.
IV, 1878, p. 685. — Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 50; in Dyar’s List Lep.
N. A., Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 414. — Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 465. — Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142. — Gross-
beck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H., XXXVII, 1917, p. 127. — Forbes, Lep.
N. Y., etc., p. 606.
Deuterollyta borealis Grote, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1870, p. 177.
Tetralopha olivalis Hulst, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XIII, 1886, p. 160,
Habitat: Widely distributed over the eastern temperate regions of
the continent from Ontario southward and westward to the eastern
uplift of the Rocky Mountains.
The type of E. superatalis is in the Academy of Natural Sciences
in Philadelphia; of D. borealis Grote in the British Museum; of T.
olivalis Hulst in Rutgers College. Cam. Mus. : several specimens
from western Pennsylvania. U. S. N. M.: a small series. The speci-
mens on our plate were kindly loaned by the A. M. N. H. to be
figured, they being better preserved than those in the Cam. Mus.
104
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
219. Epipaschia zelleri (Grote). PI. V, fig. 3, 9.
Mochlocera zelleri Grote, Can. Ent., VIII, 1876, p. 157; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 264; Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull. IV, 1878, p. 686; No. Am.
Ent., I, 1879, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Epipaschia zelleri Hulst, Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 52; in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A.,
Bull. U. S. N. M., LII, 1902, p. 414. — Grossbeck, Ins. of Fla., Bull. A. M. N. H.,
XXXVII, 1917, p. 127. — Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list, 1917, p. 142.
— Forbes, Lep, N. Y., etc., 1924, p. 606.
Habitat: Eastern United States to Florida and westward to the
Rocky Mountains.
Type, male, in Grote’s Collection in the Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus. :
Western Pennsylvania, Engel Collection; Texas, several in the
Holland Collection. The U. S. N. M. contains a series.
220. Epipaschia albomedialis Barnes and Benjamin.
PL V, fig. 38, d" ; fig. 39. 9 . paratypes.
Epipaschia albomedialis Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist, N. A. Lep., V,
1924, p. 193.
Habitat: Texas.
Type, male, allotype, female, and paratypes in Collection Barnes.
We figure a male and female which agree perfectly with the type and
allotype.
Genus Macalla Walker.
Macalla Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XVI, 1858, p. 155.
Homura Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 339.
(Genotype M. thyrsisalis Walker, 1. c.)
221. Macalla thyrsisalis Walker. PL II, fig. 35, 9 •
(See also text-figure 13).
Macalla thyrsisalis Walker, L c. — Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 465.
Aradrapha mixtalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het, B. M., XXXIV, 1865, p. 1257;
Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Florida, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Brazil.
Types, male and female, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: male from
Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.)\ Costa Rica, three females from
the same collectors; Hyutanahan, Brazil, one female (Klages coll.). A
series in the U. S. N. M.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 105
222. Macalla phaeobasalis Hampson. PI. IV, fig. 25, cf ; fig. 26, 9 •
Macalla phceobasalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 144.
Habitat: Cuba.
Type in Brit. Mus. A series in the U. S. N. M. (Schaus and Barnes
coll.). The Carnegie Museum possesses a male and a female kindly
presented'by Dr. Schaus, which specimens we figure.
223. Macalla sinualis Jones.
Macalla sinualis Jones, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 443.
Habitat: Parana, Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus.(?)
This species has thus far not been recognized in any of the material
which is contained in North American collections, which we have
examined.
224. Macalla nebulosa Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 7, 9 , type.
Macalla nebulosa Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 667.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. (Schaus and Barnes coll.).
225. Macalla euryleuca Hampson. PI. II, fig. 40, cT.
Macalla euryleuca Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 140.
Habitat: Peru, French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. from Peru. Cam. Mus.: six from French
Guiana, two from Rio Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.)] two from Chapada,
Brazil, in Holland Collection (H. H. Smith coll.). A series in the
U. S. N. M.
226. Macalla pallidomedia Dyar. PI. II, fig. 44, cJ’.
Macalla pallidomedia Dyar, Zoologica, New York, I, 4, 1910, p. 136, fig. 42, no. 21.
Habitat: British and French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M., from Hoorie, British Guiana (C. W.
Beebe coll.). Cam. Mus.: eleven from French Guiana, twelve from
Rio Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.). Represented in the U. S. N. M.
by the type and a male specimen in the Schaus Collection taken at
Omai, British Guiana.
106
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
227. Macalla finstanalis Schaus. PL VII, fig. i, d' , type.
Macalla finstanalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p, 232.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, U. S. N. M.
228. Macalla regalis Jones.
/
Macalla regalis Jones, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 443.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, from Parana, Brazil, in Brit. Mus.(?) Thus far not
recognized as being in any North American collection.
229. Macalla glastianalis Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 18, d^, type.
Macalla glastianalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 233.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
230. Macalla hyutanahana Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. i, 9 , type.
Macalla hyutanahana Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 27.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, female, in Cam. Mus. from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.).
231. Macalla ochrotalis Hampson. PI. IV, fig. 31, cf paratype.
Macalla ochrotalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 139.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. Allotype, male, in Schaus Collection,
U. S. N. M. Paratype, male, in Cam. Mus., Schaus don.
232. Macalla niveoruf a Hampson. PI. II, fig. 5, cT.
Macalla niveorufa Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 139.
Habitat: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Guiana, Brazil.
Type, female, from Panama, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: three
from Costa Rica and three from Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.);
three from Rio Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.). A series in the U. S. N. M.
233. Macalla fur seyalis Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 15, cf, paratype.
Macalla furseyalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 233.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, from Guatemala, in U. S. N. M.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 107
234. Macalla mesoleucalis (Hampson). PL II, fig. 41, d^.
Pococera mesoleucalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 129.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus. : eight from Oyapok
River, French Guiana; two from Rio Purus, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.).
Represented in the U. S. N. M.
235. Macalla marginata Schaus. PL VII,‘ fig. 12, 9, type.
Macalla marginata Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 667.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
236. Macalla pegalis Schaus. PL VII, fig. 8, 9 , paratype.
Macalla pegalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 234.
Habitat: Guatemala.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
237. Macalla termenipuncta Schaus. PL III, fig. 2, 9, type.
Macalla termenipuncta Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 26.
Habitat: Bolivia, Brazil.
Type, female, from Bolivia, in Cam. Mus., also twelve paratypes
from same country (Steinbach coll.). Twelve in Holland Collection,
from Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith coll.). Four paratypes have been
presented to U. S. N. M.
238. Macalla aciusa Schaus. PL II, fig. 45, 9 , type.
Macalla aciusa Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 28.
Habitat: Brazil, French Guiana.
Type, female, and two males, paratypes, from Arima, Rio Purus,
Brazil, in the Carnegie Museum together with two male paratypes
from French Guiana. Paratype in U. S. N. M.
239. Macalla boliviana Schaus. PL III, fig. 3, 9 , type.
Macalla boliviana Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 28.
Habitat: Bolivia.
Type, female, and paratype in Cam. Mus.; paratype presented to
U. S. N. M.
108
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
240. Macalla nocturnalis (Lederer).
Homura nocturnalis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 340, pi. 7,
fig. 7.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, National Zoological Museum, Vienna.
241. Macalla grisealis Hampson. PI. Ill, fig. 4, d^.
Macalla grisealis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVH, 1906, p. 140.
Habitat: Guiana.
Type, male, from British Guiana, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus. : one
male from French Guiana. A series in the U. S. N. M.
242. Macalla vulstana Schaus. PI. VI, fig. 34, 9, type.
Macalla vulstana Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 234.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
243. Macalla selecta Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 6, 9, paratype.
Macalla selecta Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 668.
Habitdit: Costa Rica.
Type, female, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M,
244. Macalla admotalis Dognin.
Macalla admotalis Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIH, 1904, p. 122.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, female, in Dognin Collection.
Genus Pseudomacalla Dognin.
Pseudomacalla Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LH, 1908, p. 26. (Genotype P.
noctuipalpis Dognin, 1. c.)
245. Pseudomacalla noctuipalpis Dognin.
Pseudomacalla noctuipalpis Dognin, 1. c.
Habitat: Tucuman, Argentina.
Type, female, in Collection Dognin. Thus far not recognized in any
collection in the United States.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 109
Genus Cecidipta Berg.
Cecidipta Berg, Stett, Ent. Zeit., XXXIX, 1878, p, 232.
Cecidiptera Druce (errore) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 325. (Geno-
type C. exccBcarice Berg, 1. c.)
246. Cecidipta excsecariae Berg. PI. Ill, fig. 5, d’.
Cecidipta exccecarice Berg, 1. c.
Locastra phyalis Druce, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lep. Het. II, 1899, p. 547, pL 100,
fig. 7.
Macalla albescens Schaus, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1916, p. 140.
Habitat: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Central America.
Types, male and female, of C. exccecarice in Collection Berg, Buenos
Aires (?); of. L. phyalis Druce in Godman Collection, Brit. Mus. ; of
M. albescens Schaus in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: male and female
from Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.). A large series in U. S. N. M.
247. Cecidipta abnormalis Dognin.
Cecidipta abnormalis Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLVIII, 1904, p. 123.
Habitat: Andean foot-hills in Province La Paz, Bolivia.
Type, female, in Collection Dognin.
248. Cecidipta arctata Druce.
Cecidiptera {errore) arctata Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 325.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, male, in Collection Herbert Druce.
Genus Locastra Walker.
Lpcastra Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XVI, 1858, p. 158. (Genotype Eurois?
crassipennis Walker, ibidem, XI, 1857, p. 558, from Silhet.)
249. Locastra trisulcata (Warren). PI. Ill, fig. 8, cf.
Homura trisulcata Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VII, 1891, p. 434 {nec
Homura nocturnalis Lederer, as stated by Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1896, p. 470).
Locastra viriditincta Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 668.
Habitat: Brazil, Costa Rica.
Type of H. trisulcata Warren from Rio de Janeiro in Brit Mus.;
type of L. viriditincta Schaus in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M. Cam.
Mus.: two specimens from Costa Rica (Schaus coll.).
no
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
250. Locastra erythea (Druce). PL VII, fig. 2, 9 •
Homura erythea Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) V, 1900, p. 527.
Macalla paranensis Schaus, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1906, p. 140.
Habitat: Colombia, Brazil.
Type, male, of H. erythea Druce in Collection Herbert Druce;
type of M. paranensis Schaus, male, in U. S. N. M. We figure a
typical specimen of this species kindly loaned for this purpose by Dr.
Schaus.
251. Locastra funerea Warren.
Locastra funerea Warren, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend , 1889, p. 257.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male and female, in Brit. Mus.
252. Locastra pilosa Warrem
Locastra pilosa Warren, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 258.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. So far as we know, not as yet repre-
sented in any North American collection.
Genus Cacozelia Grote.
Cacozelia Grote, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1877, p. 264; Geol. Surv. Terr.,
Bull. IV, 1878, p. 687; No. Am. Ent.,^ I, 1879, p. 10, pi. H, fig. 3. — Hulst,
Entom. Amer., V, 1889, p. 61. (Genotype C. basiochrealis Grote, 1. c.)
253. Cacozelia basiochrealis Grote. PI. V, fig. 17, 9.
Cacozelia basiochrealis Grote and Hulst, ll. cc. — Hulst, in Dyar’s List Lep. N. A.,
Bull. U. S. N. M., LH, 1902, p. 414; Barnes and McDunnough, Check-list,
p. 142.
Habitat: Colorado, Texas, Arizona, Mexico.
Type, male, in British Museum. Cam. Mus.: from Texas, Engel
Collection, and a good series of both sexes from Arizona (Poling coll.).
A good series in U. S. N. M., including specimens from Mexico.
254. Cacozelia alboplagialis Dyar. PI. V, fig. 27, d' , paratype.
Cacozelia alboplagialis Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VH, 1905, p. 30.
Habitat: Huachuca Mts., Arizona.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. This species seems to be doubtfully
congeneric with C. basiochrealis Grote, the genotype.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. Ill
Genus Chloropaschia Hampson.
Chloropaschia Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (A XVII, 1906, p. 141. (Genotype
C. tkermalis Hampson, L c.) '
255. Chloropaschia thermalis, Hampson. PL III, fig. 15, cf.
Chloropaschia thermalis Hampson, L c.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Types, male and female, in Schaus Collection, Til.- S'. N. M. Cam.
Mus. : thirty-seven specimens from French Guiana (Klages coll.).
256. Chloropaschia afflicta Schaus. PL III, fig. 9, cL*.
Chloropaschia afflicta Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 235.
Habitat: Guatemala to Bolivia.
Type, male, -from Guatemala, in U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: two
from Guatemala (Schaus and Barnes coll.)] forty-three from French
Guiana, and fourteen from Rio Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.)] two from
Teffe, Brazil (Parish coll.)] one from Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
257, Chloropaschia rufilinea (Druce). PL III, fig. 10, c^.
Macalla rufilinea Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VI, 1910, p. 182.
Stericta contortilinealis Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LII, 1908, p. 26.
Habitat: Costa Rica, Peru, Bolivia.
Type, male, in Collection Herbert Druce. Cam. Mus.: two females,
from Costa Rica (Schaus coll.)] one male from Bolivia (Steinbach
coll.). A series in the U. S. N. M.
258. Chloropaschia venantia Schaus. PL III, fig. 19, cf’, type.
Chloropaschia venantia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 30.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type and four paratypes from French Guiana in the Carnegie
Museum, and also two paratypes from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages
coll.). Paratypes have been presented to the U. S. N. M.
259. Chloropaschia zenoa Schaus. PL III, fig. ii, c^, type.
Chloropaschia zenoa Schaus, Ann, Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 29.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in the Cam. Mus. A paratype has been communicated
to the U. S. N. M.
112
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
260. Chloropaschia consimilis (Dognin). PL III, fig. 17, cf .
Epipaschia consimilis Dognin, Het. Nouv., 3, 1911, p. 63.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, in Collection Dognin. Cam. Mus. : three from
French Guiana, three from Rio Purus, Brazil (Klages coll.). Repre-
sented in the U. S. N. M.
261. Chloropaschia aedesia Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 20, d', type.
Chloropaschia cedesia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 32.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus.
262. Chloropaschia hollandalis Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 18, c^, type.
Chloropaschia hollandalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 33.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. (Klages coll.).
263. Chloropaschia mennusalis Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 12, d.
Chloropaschia mennusalis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash,, XXIV, 1922, p. 236,
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, male, from French Guiana (Schaus coll.) in U. S. N. M. Cam.
Mus.: thirteen specimens from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.);
eleven from Bolivia (Steinbach coll.). U. S. N. M., a small series.
264. Chloropaschia fiachnalis Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 13, d, paratype.
Chloropaschia fiachnalis Schaus, Ann. Cam, Mus,, XVI, 1925, p. 32.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Manaos, Brazil. Four paratypes
from French Guiana (Klages coll.); one paratype from Bolivia (Stein-
bach coll.). A small series in U. S. N. M.
265. Chloropaschia brithvalda Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 9, d, paratype.
Chloropaschia brithvalda Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p, 236.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
Note. Chloropaschia letharda Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1900, p.
237, has been transferred by the author to the Phycitince.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 113
266. Chloropaschia epipodia Schaus. PL III, fig. 16, d' , type.
Chloropaschia epipodia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 30.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, and one paratype from French Guiana, and one para-
type from Hyutanahan, Brazil, in the Cam. Mus. A paratype has
been communicated to the U. S, N. M.
267. Chloropaschia aniana Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 14, d, type.
Chloropaschia aniana Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 31.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, male, from French Guiana, and male paratype from Hyu-
tanahan, Brazil, in the Cam. Mus.; a paratype from French Guiana
presented to the U. S. N. M.
268. Chloropaschia canities Schaus. PL VII, fig. 4, d, type.
Chloropaschia canities Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 666.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, male, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
269. Chloropaschia rufibasis (Druce). PL VII, fig. 3, d.
Macalla rufibasis Druce, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) VI, 1910, p, 183.
Macalla claphealis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 667.
Habitat: Peru, Costa Rica.
Type of M. rufibasis Druce, from Peru, in Collection Herbert
Druce; type of M. claphealis Schaus, in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
(‘Tt is possible that Pococera brunnapex Kaye is a synonym of this
species.” William Schaus).
270. Chloropaschia cristalis (Felder and Rogenhofer).
Deuterollyta cristalis Felder and Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, 1874, pi. CXXXVI,
fig. 17.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Felder Collection in the Zoological Museum at
Tring, England.
Genus Rceseliodes Warren.
Roeseliodes Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VII, 1891, p. 435. (Genotype R.
ochreosticta Warren, 1. c.)
114
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
271. Roeseliodes ochreosticta Warren.
Rceseliodes chreosticta Warren, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VII, 1891, p. 435.
Habitat: Eastern Brazil.
Type, male, from Rio de Janeiro.
272. Rceseliodes dissimilis Warren.
Roeseliodes dissimilis Warren, ibidem.
Habitat: ' Eastern Brazil.
Type, male, from Rio Janeiro.
Genus Stericta Lederer.
Stericta Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., VII, 1863, p. 340. — Hampson, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 470.* (Genotype Glossina divitalis Guenee, Spec.
Gener., VIII, Delt. et Pyral., I, 1851, p, 124. Hah.: Central India.)
273. Stericta albifasciata (Druce). PI. Ill, fig. 23, cf .
Cecidiptera albifasciata Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, 1902, p. 325.
Habitat: Guatemala, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, French Guiana,
Brazil, Bolivia.
Types, males, in Collection Herbert Druce. Cam. Mus. : Guate-
mala, two, Costa Rica, two (Schaus and Barnes coll.); French Guiana,
seven, Hyutanahan, Brazil, two (Klages coll.); Bolivia, sixteen (Stein-
bach coll.). U. S. N. M.: a series.
274, Stericta obliqualis Hampson. PI. IV, fig. 3, cf , near type; fig. 4,
c?’, var. griseobasis, Holl. & Schaus; fig. 7, var. menoralis Schaus.
Stericta obliqualis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVH, 1906, p. 145.
Habitat: Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana.
Type, male, in British Museum, from the Andean foot-hills, not far
from La Paz. A typical specimen, which has been compared with the
type, is in the U. S. N. M. Cam. Mus.: two from French Guiana,
two from Hyutanahan, Brazil, nearly agree with the type, though
somewhat darker.
* The generic synonymy given by Hampson has not been followed by us in
several particulars. We recognize Cacozelia Grote and Roeseliodes Warren as valid
genera, although Hampson sinks them as synonyms of Stericta together with many
other genera of other authors.
Holland & Schaus: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 115
This seems to be a very variable species. The Carnegie Museum,
as well as the United States National Museum, possesses a long series
of specimens, which reveal considerable differences in the intensity of
the coloration and the distribution of the shades on the fore-wings,
although all are alike in the form and disposition of the transverse
lines and spots. Some of these forms might be worthy of varietal
names. We show three of them. The one given on PI. IV, fig. 3,
most nearly resembles typical 5. obliqualis Hampson, but is a trifle
darker on the fore-wings and the thorax, thus throwing the pale
'collar into relief; another form, PI. IV, fig. 7, is prevalently paler,
with the middle area of the fore wing clouded with dark; the third
form, PI. IV, fig. 4, has the basal area of the fore wing quite pale
gray, contrasting with the darker color of the middle third of the
fore-wing. To the form shown on PI. IV, fig. 7, Dr. Schaus has
applied the name 5. menoralis; the form shown on the same plate,
fig. 4, may be called var. griseohasis Holland and Schaus.
275. Stericta chionopheralis Hampson. PI. Ill, fig. 24, cT.
Stericta chionopheralis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 143.
Habitat: Guatemala, Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay.
Types, male and female, from near Rio de Janeiro and from Para-
guay, in Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus. : three from Guatemala (Schaus and
Barnes coll.)] from French Guiana, sixteen; from Rio Purus, Brazil,
seven (Klages coll.)] from Bolivia, nine (Steinbach coll.). A series in
the U. S. N. M.
276. Stericta hemileuca Dognin.
Stericta hemileuca Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LIV, 1910, p. 117.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Types, male and female, in Collection Dognin. We have thus far
failed to recognize this species in any of the material we have examined
in North American collections.
277. Stericta leucoplagialis Hampson.
PL III, fig. 25, typical d’ ; fig. 27, var. purusalis, (d, Holl. & Schaus.
Stericta leucoplagialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 143.
Habitat: Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia.
Types, male and female, in Brit. Mus., from British Guiana and
116
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Bolivia. A specimen from Chapada, Brazil, in the Holland Collection
is in the Carnegie Museum and agrees with the type, with which it
has been compared. The species is further represented in the Carnegie
Museum by one specimen from French Guiana, and fifteen from
Bolivia (Steinbach coll.).
The species is also represented in the Carnegie Museum by a
varietal form (PI. Ill, fig. 27) in which the white on the fore-wing is
greatly reduced in extent. Of this form there are in the Holland
Collection ten specimens collected at Chapada, Brazil, by H. H.
Smith; and in the general collection of the Carnegie Museum one from
Bolivia (Steinbach coll.) and seven from Hyutanahan, Brazil, on the
Rio Purus (Klages coll.). This dark form is well worthy of a varietal
name and the senior author proposes for it the name purusalis, in
allusion to the Rio Purus.
278. Stericta cecidiptoides Schaus. PI. HI, fig. 6, 9 , type.
Stericta cecidiptoides Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 40.
Habitat: Bolivia.
The type, a unique female, in Cam. Mus., Puerto Suarez, Bolivia
(Steinbach coll.).
279. Stericta olivenca Schaus. PI. HI, fig. 7, 9 , allotype.
Stericta olivenca Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 41.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. from Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Brazil;
allotype, female, from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.). We figure
the allotype.
280. Stericta apicalis (Schaus). PI. HI, fig. 26,
Jocara apicalis Schaus, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1906, p. 141.
Stericta apicalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 669.
Habitat: Mexico, Costa Rica.
The type of Jocara apicalis Schaus from Orizaba, Mexico, is in the
U. S. N. M.; of Stericta apicalis Schaus (redescribed) in the Schaus
Collection, U. S. N. M. The Carnegie Museum possesses two examples
from Costa Rica (Schaus coll.) one of which is figured on the plate
above cited.
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American EpiPASCHiiNiE. 117
281. Stericta paschasia Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 22, cT*, type.
Stericta paschasia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 37.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, and allotype, female, and one paratype, all from the
Rio Purus, Brazil, in the Carnegie Museum. A paratype has been
presented to the U. S. N. M.
282. Stericta pontealis Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 37, d' , type.
Stericta pontealis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 39.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, and three paratypes in the Carnegie Museum. A
paratype has been presented to the U. S. N. M.
283. Stericta hermengilda Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 42, cf , type.
Stericta hermengilda Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 37,
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in the Carnegie Museum, from Nova Olinda, Rio
Purus, Brazil.
284. Stericta comgalla Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 33, cf’, type.
Stericta comgalla Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 35.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Carnegie Museum (Klages coll.).
286. Stericta eadberti Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 41, c^, type.
Stericta eadberti Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 36.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, and two paratypes in Carnegie Museum (Klages coll.),
286. Stericta glaucinalis Hampson. PI. IV, fig. 40, d'.
Stericta glaucinalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVII, 1906, p. 142.
Habitat: French Guiana.
One example in Cam. Mus. Represented in U. S. N. M. We
figure the specimen in the Carnegie Museum.
118
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
287. Stericta possidia Schaus. PL IV, fig. 34, cT, type.
Stericta possidia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 40.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, and one paratype in Cam. Mus. A paratype, male,
presented to the U. S. N. M.
288. Stericta umbrosalis Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 33, $ , allotype.
Stericta umbrosalis Schaus, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX, 1912, p. 669.
Habitat: Costa Rica.
Type, male, and allotype in Schaus Collection, U. S. N. M.
289. Stericta maidoa Schaus. PI. VII, fig. 5, 9, paratype.
Stericta maidoa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 238.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
290. Stericta nolasca Schaus. PL VII, fig. 25, cT, type.
Stericta nolasca Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 237.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
291. Stericta canutusa Schaus. PL VII, fig. 28, cT', type.
Stericta canutusa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 238.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
292. Stericta bevnoa Schaus. PL III, fig. 29, cT, type.
Stericta bevnoa Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 35.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, and two paratypes in Carnegie Museum. A paratype
presented to the U. S. N. M.
293. Stericta anthimusalis Schaus. PL IV, fig. 45, d^, type.
Stericta anthimusalis Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 34.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus., from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.).
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 119
294. Stericta mianalis (Felder and Rogenhofer).
Homura mianalis Felder and Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, 1874, pi. CXXXVI,
fig. 18.
Type, male, in Felder Collection now in the Rothschild Collection,
Tring, England.
295. Stericta alnotha Schaus. PL VII, fig. ii, d^, type.
Stericta alnotha Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 239.
Habitat: Porto Rico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M.
296. Stericta petamona Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 38, cf, paratype.
Stericta petamona Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p. 38.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M., paratypes in the Carnegie Museum.
297. Stericta maroniensis Hampson.
Stericta maroniensis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 149.
Habitat: French Guiana.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. So far not recognized in any of the
material before us.
298. Stericta basalis Jones.
Stericta basalis Jones, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 441.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, female, in Brit. Mus.(?) Not in the U. S. N. M., nor the
Cam. Mus.
299. Stericta francesca Jones.
Stericta francesca Jones, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 442.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus.(?)
300. Stericta ildefonsa Schaus. PI. Ill, fig. 28, c/’.
Stericta ildefonsa Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 240.
Habitat: French Guiana, Brazil.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M. The Cam. Mus. has two specimens
from Hyutanahan and one from Para, Brazil.
120
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
301. Stericta emerantia Schaus. PL VII, fig. 32, 9, type.
Stericta emerantia Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 240.
Habitat: Peru.
Type, female, in U. S. N. M.
302. Stericta teffealis Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 36,
Stericta teffealis Schaus, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1922, p. 237.
Habitat: Brazil, Bolivia.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M., from the mouth of the Rio Teffe. Cam.
Mus. : one from Hyutanahan, Brazil (Klages coll.); and three from
Bolivia (Steinbach coll. ).
303. Stericta phaebadia Schaus. PI. IV, fig. 19, cf^, type.
Stericta phcebadia Schaus, Ann. Cam. Mus., XVI, 1925, p, 39.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Cam. Mus. from Nova Olinda, Rio Purus, Brazil.
304. Stericta scopipes (Felder and Rogenhofer). PI. Ill, fig. 21, cT.
Idia (?) scopipes Felder and Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, 1874, pi. XXXVI,
fig- 39-
Leptosphetta rabdina Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 67.
Pycnulia ministra Zeller, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., XVI, 1881, p. 187, pi. XI, figs.
i4a-b.
Stericta scopipes Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 474.
Habitat: Central America to Bolivia.
Type, male, from Bogota, in Felder Collection, Rothschild Collec-
tion, Tring. The types of L. rabdina Butler and P. ministra Zeller
are in the Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: Costa Rica, three, Guatemala,
one (Schaus and Barnes coll.) ; Bolivia, eleven (Steinbach coll.) ;
French Guiana, fifteen, Rio Purus, Brazil, five (Klages co//.) ; Chapada,
Brazil, two (H. H. Smith coll.), the last in the Holland Collection.
The U. S. N. M. has a good series.
305. Stericta abrupta (Zeller). PI. Ill, fig. 22, cf .
Pycnulia abrupta Zeller, Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., XVI, 1881, p. 189, pi. XL, fig. 16.
Stericta abrupta Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 474,
Habitat: Central America to Bolivia.
The types, males, in the Brit. Mus. Cam. Mus.: Guatemala, one
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 121
(Schaus and Barnes coll.)] Venezuela, one (Klages coll.)] French
Guiana, sixteen, Hyutanahan, Brazil, four (Klages coll.)] Bolivia,
thirty (Steinbach coll.)] Chapada, Brazil, one (H. H. Smith coll.)
(in Holland Collection). A good series is in the U. S. N. M.
Genus Tapinolopha Dyar.
Tapinolopha Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., LIV, 1919, p. 371. (Genotype T. variegata
Dyar, 1. c.)
306. Tapinolopha variegata Dyar. PL VI I, fig. 24, d', type.
Tapinolopha variegata Dyar, 1. c., p. 372.
Habitat: Mexico.
Type, male, in U. S. N. M. (Muller coll.).
Genus Stenopaschia Hampson.
Stenopaschia Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVH, 1906, p. 189.
Stenopaschia Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1915, p. 325 (describes as gen. nov.)
(Genotype 5. erythralis Hampson, 1. c., p. 190.)
307. Stenopaschia erythralis Hampson. PI. VII, fig. 19, 9 , allotype.
Stenopaschia erythralis Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Brit. Mus. ; allotype, female, in Schaus Collection,
U. S. N. M.
308. Stenopaschia gallerialis Hampson.
Stenopaschia gallerialis Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 153.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in British Museum.
309. Stenopaschia trichopteris Dyar. PI. VH, fig. 29, d, type.
Stenopaschia trichopteris Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1915, p. 325.
Habitat: Panama.
Types, a male and two females, in U. S. N. M.
122
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Genus Genopaschia Dyar.
Genopaschia Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1915, p. 324. (Genotype G.
protomis Dyar, L c.)
310. Genopaschia protomis Dyar. PI. VII, fig. 14, type.
Genopaschia protomis Dyar, 1. c.
Habitat: Panama.
Types, male and female, in U. S. N. M.
Genus Glossopaschia Dyar.
Glossopaschia Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVII, 1915, p. 326. (Genotype G.
ccenoses Dyar, 1. c.)
31 1. Glossopaschia caenoses Dyar. PI. VII, fig. 30, 9 , type.
Glossopaschia ccenoses Dyar, 1. c.
Habitat: Panama.
Types, females, in U. S. N. M.
Genus Isolopha Hampson.
Isolopha Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XVI, 1895, P- 347- (Genotype I.
lactealis Hampson, 1. c.)
312. Isolopha lactealis Hampson.
Isolopha lactealis Hampson, 1. c.; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 479, figure.
Habitat: West Indies.
Type, female, in British Museum.
Genus Tineopaschia Hampson.
Tineopaschia Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 153. (Genotype
T. minuta Hampson, 1. c.)
313. Tineopaschia minuta Hampson,
Tineopaschia minuta Hampson, 1. c.
Habitat: Jamaica.
Type, male, in British Museum (Walsingham coll.).
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 123
Genus Xenophasma Dognin.
Xenophasma Dognin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLIX, 1905, p. 62. (Genotype X.
notodontoides Dognin, 1. c.)
Dognin referred his genus Xenophasma to the subfamily Scheenobiince,
but Sir George Hampson has transferred it to the Epipaschiince, and
we follow him.
314. Xenophasma notodontoides Dognin.
Xenophasma notodontoides Dognin, 1. c.
Habitat: Brazil.
Type, male, in Collection Dognin. The species has not been recog-
nized by us in any of the material we have examined.
315. Xenophasma chalcochlora Hampson.
Xenophasma chalcochlora Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVHI, 1916, p. 152.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in British Museum. Not in the U. S. N. M., nor the
Cam. Mus.
Genus Proropoca Hampson.
ProYopoca Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVHI, 1916, p. 154. (Genotype
P. rubrescens Hampson, 1. c.)
316. Proropoca rubrescens Hampson.
Proropoca rubrescens Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XVIII, 1916, p. 154.
Habitat: Colombia.
Type, male, in British Museum. Not in U. S. N. M., nor the
Carnegie Museum.
SUPPLEMENTARY.
Since the foregoing list was prepared, Mr. W. J. Kaye has published
two species, which he refers to the Epipaschiince {Pococerince). They
are the following:
124
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
317. Jocara (lichfoldi)* lickfoldi Kaye.
Jocara lichfoldi Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1924, (Feb. 1925), p. 425, PI. XLV,
fig- 5.
Habitat: Trinidad.
Type, male, in Oxford Museum.
From the figure it appears that the wings somewhat resemble in
form those of certain species of Nouanda, e. g. N. nocturna Schaus,
but the description of the oral parts does not agree with what we
know of this genus. The reference to Jocara by Kaye is evidently
made with doubt, as he speaks of the insect as being “anomalous.”
318. Stericta palmistalis Kaye.
Stericta palmistalis Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1924, (Feb. 1925), p. 424, PI. XLV,
Fig. 19-
Habitat: Trinidad.
Type, (sex not given) in the Collection of Sir Norman Lamont.
* I have received a letter from Mr. W. J. Kaye in which he says “Jocara lichfoldi
certainly should have been lickfoldi and is an oversight.”
Holland & ScHAUs: Catalog of American Epipaschiin^. 125
Fig. I.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. s.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. II.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20,
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Epipaschia superatalis Clemens, cf, Chappaqua, N. Y. (A. M. N. M.)
Epipaschia superatalis Clemens, 9, Chappaqua, N, Y. (A. M. N, H.)
Epipaschia zelleri Grote, 9, Pittsburgh, Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha militella Zeller, cf , Pittsburgh, Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha militella Zeller, 9, form platanella (Clemens), Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha querciella Barnes & McDunnough, cf, Texas (Holland Coll’n.)
Tetralopha asperatella (Clemens), cf, Pittsburgh, Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha asperatella (Clemens), 9. Pittsburgh, Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha humerella Kagonot,— for mosella Hulst, 9. Pitts., Pa. (C. M.)
Tetralopha euphcmella (Hulst), d', Texas (Holland Collection.)
Tetralopha euphemella (Hulst), 9, Texas (Holland Collection.)
Tetralopha robustella Zeller, form diluculella Grote, 9 (U. S. N. M.)
Oneida lunulalis (Hulst), 9, Allegheny County, Pa. (C. M.)
Jocara trabalis (Grote), d, Redington, Arizona (Holland Collection.)
Jocara incrustalis Hulst, 9, Stemper, Florida (C. M.)
Tetralopha baptisiella Fernald, d, Illinois (C. M.)
Cacozelia basiochrealis Grote, 9 , Arizona (C. M.)
Tioga atrifascialis (Hulst), d, Kerrville, Texas (U. S. N. M.)
Jocara breviornatalis (Grote), 9, Texas (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha callipeplella Hulst, 9, Kerrville, Texas (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha texanella (Ragonot), d, Sabinal, Texas (U. S. N. M.)
Tioga aplastella Hulst, d, Aweme, Manitoba (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha callipeplella (Hulst), 9, Sabinal, Texas (U. S. N. M.)
Jocara interruptella Ragonot, d, Baboquivaria Mts., Ariz. (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha floridella (Hulst), 9, Palm Beach, Florida (U. S. N. M.)
Oneida luniferella Hulst, 9, Glenwood, Colorado (U. S. N. M.)
Cacozelia alboplagialis Dyar, d, paratype, Arizona (U. S. N. M.)
Tetralopha provoella Barnes and Benjamin, d, paratype, Provo Canyon,
Utah (Barnes Collection.)
Oneida luniferella pallidalis Barnes & Benjamin, d, paratype, Stockton,
Utah (Barnes Collection.)
126
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE Y— Continued.
Tetralopha spaldingella Barnes & Benjamin, cf, paratype, Stockton, Utah
(Barnes Collection.)
Tetra.lopha fuscolotella Ragonot, cf , Babaquivera Mts., Arizona (Barnes
Collection.)
Tetralopha fuscolotella Ragonot, 9 , Babaquivera Mts., Arizona (Barnes
Collection.)
Tioga watsoni (Barnes & McDunnough), cf, paratype, Fla. (Barnes Coll’n.)
Tetralopha scortealis (Lederer), cf, No. Carolina (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha scortealis (Lederer), 9, No. Carolina (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha thoracicella Barnes & Benjamin, cf, paratype, Babaquivera
Mts., Arizona (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha quer della Barnes & McDunnough, 9, paratype, Marco,
Florida (Barnes Collection.)
Epipaschia albomedialis Barnes & Benjamin, cf, paratype, San Benito,
Texas (Barnes Collection.)
Epipaschia albomedialis Barnes & Benjamin, 9 , paratype, San Benito,
Texas (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha arizonella Barnes & Benjamin, cf, paratype. White Mts.,
Arizona (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha arizonella Barnes & Benjamin, 9. paratype. White Mts.,
Arizona (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha griseella Barnes & Benjamin, q’, paratype, Cochise County,
Arizona (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha griseella Barnes & Benjamin, 9, paratype, Cochise County,
Arizona (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha tiltella Hulst, cf, Brownsville, Texas (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha tiltella Hulst, 9, Brownsville, Texas (Barnes Collection.)
Tetralopha slossoni (Hulst), 9, Lakeland, Florida (Barnes Collection.)
(Comnared and agreeing with Hulst’s tvpe.)
annals CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVL
Plate V.
Epipaschiina.
(All figures about natural size,)
128
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Fig. I. Auradisa marmorata Schaus, cf , type, Mt. Poas, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 2. Auradisa alhimedium Schaus, 9 , type, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 3. Pococera narthusa Schaus, 9 , type, Tuis, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 4. Pococera limalis Schaus, 9, paratype, Lima, Peru (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 5. Pococera insularella (Ragonot), 9, Santiago de Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 6. Tancoa quiriguana Schaus, d^, paratype, Guatemala (U, S. N. M.)
Fig. 7. Nouanda sadotha Schaus, cJ', type, French Guiana (U. S. N, M.)
Fig. 8. Nouanda agatha Schaus, cf , type, Cayuga, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 9. Nouanda nocturna Schaus, d^, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 10. Pocopaschia heUangulaT)y3x, cf, paratype, Cayuga, Guatemala (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. II. Pococera vedastella Schaus, cf, paratype, Santiago de Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 12. Pococera baradata Schaus, cf, type. Port of Spain, Trinidad (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 13. Lepidogma modana Schaus, 9, type, Chejel, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 14. Jocara suiferens Dyar, cf, type, Pampaconas River (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 15. Jocara thilloa Schaus, cj, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 16. Jocara ansherti Schaus, cf, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 17. Jocara medusa (Druce), cj, Santo Domingo, S. E. Peru (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 18. Jocara Hampson, cf. Eastern Peru (Ockendon co/L) (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 19. Jocara theliana Schaus, cf, type, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 20. Jocara zetila (Druce), cJ, Sixola River, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 21. Jocara anastasia Schaus, 9, paratype, Volcan Ste Maria, Guatemala
(U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 22. Jocara ahachuma Schaus, cf, type, Castro, Parana, Brazil (U. S, N. M.)
Fig. 23. Jocara conrana Schaus, (J, type, Tinguri, Carabaya, Peru (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 24. Jocara luciana Schaus, 9, type, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 25. Jocara aidana Schaus, 9, type, Castro, Parana, Brazil (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 26. Jocara multicolor Dognin, cf, comp, with type, Santo Domingo, Cara-
baya, S. E. Peru (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 27. Jocara nana Schaus, cf, type, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 28. Jocara rubralis Hampson, 9, Colombia (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 29. Jocara subfusca Schaus, (J, paratype, Cayuga, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 30. Jocara maroa Schaus, cf , type, Baracoa, Cuba (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 31. Jocara raymonda, 9, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 32. Jocara pagiroa (Schaus), cf, type, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 33. Jocara terrenalis Schaus, 9 , type, Sixola River, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 34. Macalla vulstana Schaus, 9, type, Yahuarmayo, Peru (U. S. N. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate VI
Epipaschiince.
(All figures about natural size.)
130
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL
Fig. I. Macalla finstanalis Schaus, cf, type, Castro, Parana, Brazil (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 2. Locastra erythea (Druce), 9, Castro, Parana, Brazil (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 3. Chloropaschia rufibasis (Druce), cP, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 4. Chloropaschia canities Schaus, (J' , type, SixolaKiver, CostaKica (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 5. Stericta maidoa Schaus, 9, paratype, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 6. Macalla selecta Schaus, 9, paratype, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 7. Macalla nebulosa Schaus, 9, type, Avangerez, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 8. Macalla pegalis Schaus, 9, paratype, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 9. Chloropaschia brithvalda Schaus, cf , paratype, Carabaya, Peru (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 10. Jocara basilata (Schaus), 9, type, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. II. Stericta alnotha Schaus, cf, type, Porto Rico (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 12. Macalla marginata Schaus, 9 , type, Sixola River, Costa Rica (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 13. Jocara crinitalis Schaus, 9, type, Cayuga, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 14. Genopaschia protomis Dyar, S', type, Rio Trinidad, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 15. Macalla furseyalis Schaus, (J, paratype, Quirigua, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 16. Pocopaschia noctuina Schaus, 9 , paratype, Cabima, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 17. Tioga tersilla Dyar, cf, type. La Chorrera, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 18. Macalla glastianalis Schaus, cf , type, Oaxaca, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 19. Stenopaschia erythralis Hampson, 9 , allotype, Sao Paulo, Brazil (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 20. Jocara mira (Druce), cj, Loja, Ecuador (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 21. Tetralopha tertiella Dyar, (J, paratype, Brownsville, Texas. (U. S. N.M.)
Fig. 22. Apocera colorata Dyar, 9 , type, Rio Trinidad, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 23. Jocara vimina Schaus, cf , type, Cayuga, Guatemala (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 24. Tapinolopha variegata Dyar, cj, type, Zacualpan, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 25. Stericta nolasca Schaus, S', type, Orizaba, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 26. Auradisa remberta Schaus, S', type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 27. Auradisa chrysoderas Dyar, 9, type, British Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 28. Stericta canutusa Schaus, S, type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 29. Stenopaschia trichopteris Dyar, S, type, Rio Trinidad, Panama (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 30. Glossopaschia canoses Dyar, 9 , type. La Chorrera, Panama (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 31. Auradisa fechina Schaus, 9. type, French Guiana (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 32. Stericta emerantia Schaus, 9 , type, Carabaya, Peru (U. S. N. M.)
Fig. 33. Stericta umbrosalis Schaus, 9 , allotype, Juan Vinas, Costa Rica (U.S.N.M.)
Fig. 34. Oneida diploa Dyar, cf, type, Zacualpan, Mexico (U. S. N. M.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate VII.
EpipaschiincB.
(All figures about one-tenth less than natural size.)
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE AURORA TROUT (Salvelinus
TIMAGAMIENSIS) A NEW SPECIES FROM ONTARIO.
By Arthur W. Henn and Wm. H. Rinkenbach.
(Plates VIII-IX.)
We have recently returned from the Timagami region of Ontario
with specimens of a species of charr belonging to the S. alpinus-
group, which upon examination and comparison appears to be new.
The species is locally known as “Rainbow Trout,” “Land-locked
Salmon,” and “Salmon-trout.” Since none of the local names are
truly applicable, we suggest that this beautifully colored trout be
known as the Aurora Trout. It may be described as follows:
Salvelinus timagamiensis sp. nov. (Aurora Trout).
Type: 7969 Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fishes, 10.75 inches in
total length. Paratypes: 7970^-^, Car. Mus. Cat. of Fishes, ten
specimens from 8.63 to 13.5 inches in total length; and one, head
only, of a specimen 16.0 inches in total length.
Description.
Head 4.04 to 4.33 (average, 4.20) in length to end of the lateral
line, or the base of the middle caudal rays. Snout 3.1 to 3.6 in head.
Eye in head, 5.2 (in specimen 10. inches in total length) to 7.33 (in
specimen 16 inches in total length). Vomerine teeth in a triangular
patch similar to that figured for S. perisii by Regan (Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., (8) XIH, p. 408), relatively strong, recurved, paired, and
not extending down the shaft of the vomer. Shaft of vomer depressed,
with no evidence of a raised crest. This condition is typical of the
genus Salvelinus. No evidence of basibranchial teeth in any of the
specimens examined; teeth of the tongue and dentary strong and
recurved. Pyloric coeca elongate and tubular rather than lobate,
quite similar to those of 5. fontinalis, and numbering thirty-five in
the single individual examined (7970;). Branchiostegals and gill-
rakers variable, as indicated in the appended table of measurements.
131
132
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
D., lo; A., 9; P., 13-14; V., 8-9. Scales 47 to 50 about 240 to
250 — 41 to 44; scales from adipose fin to. lateral line, 27; scales with
pores about 130 to 137. Lower jaw (distance from tip to junction
with the quadrate) in head, 1.43 to 1.60 (av., 1.50). Upper jaw
(distance from tip of snout to end of maxillary) in head, 1.57 to 1.72
(av., 1.65).
Maxillary extremely elongate. In large specimens (13.5 and 16
inches in total length) the maxillary extends beyond the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye a distance equal to the total
length of the orbit, as measured from the anterior tip of the triangular
orbital membrane to the posterior edge of the eyeball. In a specimen
of S. namaycush of about the same size (U. S. N. M., 77,866) the
maxillary extends beyond the posterior margin of the eye a distance
equal to about only three-fourths of the length of the eyeball. In
smaller specimens of the present species (8.5 to 10 inches in total
length) the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye a distance about equal to, or slightly less than, the
length of the eyeball. This proportion is similar in specimens of
S. fontinalis of the same size.
Fig. I. Outline of head of
5. timagamiensis, C. M. No.
7970k, 16 in. long. One-half
natural size.
Fig. 2. Outline of head of
5. timagamiensis, C. M. No.
7970b, 8.7s in. long. Three-
fourths natural size.
Distance from tip of snout to end of maxillary in smaller specimens
about equal to the length of the pectoral fin and to the length of the
longest caudal rays. In the larger specimens this distance is greater
than the pectoral length. In species with a short maxillary, such as
S. oquassa, this distance is much less than the pectoral length.
Henn and Rinkenbach: The Aurora Trout.
133
Body robust; profile arched; and head relatively broad and flat-
tened or depressed. Depth at origin of the dorsal, 1.04 to 1.18 (av.,
i.ii) in length of head; and this depth 4.44^0 4.90 (av., 4.65) in
length to base of caudal.
Dorsal with ten rays; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal
about equal the distance from the posterior base of the dorsal to the
base of the middle caudal rays. The origin of the dorsal is about
0.8 of the diameter of the eye anterior to the midline between the
snout and the base of the caudal. Dorsal higher than its base is
long; its base i.i to 1.3 (av., 1.23) in the length of its longest (the
second) ray, and 2. to 2.45 (av., 2.2) in head. Length of longest ray
of the dorsal 1.5 to 1.95 (av., 1.78) in head. The distance from the
posterior end of the base of the dorsal to the origin of the adipose fin
is about equal to the length of the head. The distance from the tip
of the snout to the base of the pectoral, 0.96 to 1.25 (av., i.ii) in
the distance from the dorsal to the adipose and 1.9 to 2.43 (av., 2.11)
in the distance from the tip of snout to the origin of the dorsal.
Pectoral 13-14; the pectoral is the longest of the fins, its length
being about equal to that of the longest caudal rays and 1.4 to 1.76
(av., 1.59) in head. The distance from the base of the pectoral to
the base of the ventral is 3.01 to 3.42 (av., 3.28) in the length to the
base of the caudal.
Ventral with 8-9 rays. The ventral is situated slightly anterior to
the median line from the base of the dorsal; its origin being very
slightly nearer the tip of the snout than to the base of the middle
caudal rays. The distance from the base of the ventral to the origin
of the anal is slightly less than the length of the head, being about
equal to the length of the head, less half of the total orbital diameter,
and is contained from 4.48 to 5.10 (av., 4.71) in the length to the
base of the caudal.
Anal with 9 rays. The height of the anal fin (measured from in
front of the anterior base, or origin, to the tip of the third, and
longest, ray) equals 0.6 to 0.77 (av., 0.67) of the distance from the
ventral to the anal. The length of the anal base equals 0.58 to 0.69
(av., 0.64) of the height of the anal. The height of the anal in the
younger specimens is greater than the distance from the posterior
base of the anal to the lower base of the caudal, and in the larger
specimens it is about equal to this distance. The anal fin is of about
the same length as the pectoral fin, or slightly less. The distance
134
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
from the posterior base of the anal to the lower base of the caudal
(this measurement cannot be accurately taken) is slightly greater
than the distance from the posterior base of the adipose to the upper
base of the caudal, containing the least depth of the caudal peduncle
from I. to 1.63 (av., 1.28) times. The caudal in specimens of all
sizes is slightly lunate or truncate, being very similar to that of 5.
fontinalis. It is never notched, or forked.
The coloration we record is based upon notes made in the field
from freshly captured specimens.
A small specimen, sex indeterminate, about nine inches in length,
has the dorsal surface uniformly iridescent dark olive-green^ which
has a golden glint in the sunlight. The sides become paler, below the
lateral line becoming silvery, and gradually shading into the pure
white abdomen. Alcoholic specimens, when revolved in the light,
give off a steel-blue iridescence, indicating that this coloration is
structural rather than pigmentary. Coloration uniform, i. e., without
spots, only one small specimen (7970c) showing faint traces of a
darker dorsal mottling. Iris oval and black; margin of iris greenish
golden. Belly pure white. Fins colored as in the adult, except that
their inner border is white, instead of light lemon-yellow.
A sexually mature female (7970J C. M. Cat. Fishes) 13.5 inches in
total length has the dorsal coloration similar to younger specimens,
but darker; the plumbeous color being uniform, progressively lighter
ventrally. Dorsal and caudal fins uniformly bluish or colorless. In
some cases black pigment overlies the fin-rays of the dorsal; never,
however, producing black spots, as in S. fontinalis. Pectorals, ventrals,
anal, and lower lobe of caudal margined with clear white, then a
solid ivory-black patch which tapers terminally to form a narrow
black streak, which follows the white outer margin to its tip. Balance
of all fins (except dorsal and caudal) bright crimson-madder, except
inner third, which fades to a very pale lemon-yellow. Lower jaw
and abdomen pure white; throat and branchiostegals outlined with
dusky.
Lateral spots, characteristic of most species of trout, are lacking in
all of our specimens, except C. M. Cat. Fishes No. 79707. On the
left side, just below the lateral line this specimen has two spots, the
^ Although our field-notes indicate that the dorsal region is colored dark olive-
green, no trace of this coloration is evident in the alcoholic specimens, which cause
it to appear that the coloration of this region is dark bluish-silvery, or plum-colored
Henn and Rinkenbach: The Aurora Trout.
135
anterior just above the tip of the pectorals, and the posterior
anterior to the vertical from the ventrals. These spots are quite
similar to the typical ocelli of S. fontinalis, consisting of a central
spot of crimson-madder surrounded by a very light blue aureola. It
is our belief, based on observations made by the junior author in
September, 1923, that, as the colder weather and, presumably, the
breeding season approach, faint indications of the presence of the
bicolored (red and blue) ocelli appear, and can be detected on very
close examination. After several months of preservation in alcohol,
several of our specimens show faint, irregular, colorless blotches that
are in no wise similar to the sharply defined, yellow spots of S. fon-
tinalis preserved under exactly similar conditions. There was, how-
ever, no indication of these colorless areas at the time of capture.
2
Fig. 3. Alcoholic specimens of
1. 5. timagamiensis, C. M. No. 797oj,
2. S. fontinalis, C. M. No. 7977a.
Differentiation.
Although a member of the arctic or alpine charrs, {S. alpinus-
group of Regan), having the clear, or unmottled fins, and the denti-
tion of that group, this species has many resemblances to the Brook-
trout {S. fontinalis)^ especially in the size and shape of the maxillary
and in the truncate caudal fin. As pointed out in the description of
the coloration, this similarity is enhanced by the presence in one
specimen (79709) of two of the typical crimson spots of S. fontinalis.
136
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
However, it differs markedly from this species in coloration, being
a more or less uniformly colored, bluish-silvery fish. The presence
in the same waters of specimens of the true S. fontinalis proves that
S. timagamiensis is not a lacustrine, nor a color-variety of S. fontinalis.
The Canadian Red Trout, S. marstoni (Carman), the geographic
range of which approaches most nearly that of the present species, is
the only form of the “5. alpinus-group'' which is not extremely
restricted in its habitat. It has been recorded from a number of
lakes in Quebec between Lac de Marbre or Marble Lake in Wakefield
township, Ottawa County, north of the Ottawa River, down along
the St. Lawrence River to Rimouski County on the south shore. A
full list of localities for this species is given by Evermann and Golds-
borough (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XX, 1907, p. 104). S. marstoni is
not at all closely allied to S. timagamiensis, since it has a relatively
short maxillary, sharp recurved teeth on the tongue, which are quite
feeble in S. timagamiensis, and a deeply cleft or forked tail. As
emphasized in the original description by Carman (Science, XXII,
1893, p. 23) in S. marstoni, “the caudal notch is deeper ... than in
any other of the American forms, except S. namaycush.'^ The dorsal
and anal fins are also longer, each having thirteen rays. Differences
in color would doubtless also be evident in living specimens. Color-
plates of both sexes of S. marstoni from drawings by Denton were
published in the . “Fifth Annual Report of the Commissioners of
Fisheries, Came, and Forests of the State of New York” for 1899
(1900), under the caption, “The Canadian Red Trout.” In the same
series for the following year (Sixth Ann. Rept., 1900 (1901), pp. 353-
356), Mr. John W. Titcomb gave an interesting treatise on the life-
history and habits of this trout. For purpose of direct comparison
we have received a specimen of S. marstoni, determined by Mr.
Samuel Carman, from the Museum of Comparative Zoology and
another from the U. S. National Museum (No. 72,292) from the
Laurentides National Park (Lake St. John District) of Quebec.
From the Silver Trout of Monadnock Lake {S. agassizii Carman)
5. timagamiensis differs considerably. In S. timagamiensis the maxil-
lary is much longer and, as in S. fontinalis, the form is essentially
depressed; while S. agassizii is a much slenderer fish, with a pointed
snout and slightly notched caudal, contrasting with the blunt snout
and truncate caudal of S. timagamiensis and S. fontinalis.
Henn and Rinkenbach: The Aurora Trout.
137
From the Blue-back Trout of the Rangeley Lakes (5. oquassa),
S. timagamiensis is differentiated in several important structural
details. In addition to having a longer maxillary S. timagamiensis
has the ventral fins more anterior; the distance from the tip of the
snout to the base of the ventral fins being less than that'^from this
point to the base of the caudal. In 5. oquassa these distances are
approximately equal. The fact that S. timagamiensis possesses this
extremely elongate maxillary serves to differentiate it immediately
from all other species of Salvelinus of northeastern North America
such as S. alpinus, S. alipes, and S. aureolus, without a further con-
sideration of structural and color-differences, which are numerous in
each case.
We have been enabled to make direct comparisons with most of
the above species through the loan of a nice series of North American
trouts by the U. S. National Museum, received through the courtesy
of Professor Barton A. Bean.
Fig. 4. View of White Pine Lake from Tower Hill.
Distribution.
The specimens we have studied were collected August 7th to 9th,
1924, in “White Pine Lake,” so called by the natives, located in
latitude 47° 24' N. and in longitude 80° 15' W.,in Gamble Township,
Timagami Forest Reserve, Province of Ontario, Canada. This lake
has an altitude of approximately 1300 feet above sea-level, and is
unnamed on the Gowganda Sheet (8NE) of the Standard Topo-
graphical Map issued by the Department of the Interior of Canada
(1921). It is directly east of Smoothwater Lake, and on the map
138
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
(PL IX) is shown as the long, narrow lake running from southeast to
northwest and draining into Smoothwater Lake. These lakes form
the headwaters of the East Branch of the Montreal River, an affluent
of the St. Lawrence system.
Although our specimens of this trout are all from White Pine Lake,
we saw small specimens of what were undoubtedly S. timagamiensis
in Clearwater Lake and know that specimens were caught in the
small lake to the southwest of White Pine Lake. We were informed
by Mr. Dick, of Gowganda, that this species occurs in the small
pond formed by the creek running from Clearwater to Smoothwater
Lake. Forest-rangers report its occurrence in Smith Lake, which is
west of Smoothwater Lake. These bodies of water are all small lakes
draining into Smoothwater Lake. Therefore this species may occur
also in Apex, Parent, Lulu, Okiniada, Lady Dufferin, and Kennedy
Lakes; thus constituting a total area of probable distribution of about
eighty square miles. It is not known to occur in Smoothwater Lake.
White Pine Lake (Fig. 4) is a body of clear water approximately
three miles long and one-sixth of a mile wide. The region surrounding
it is an uninhabited wilderness of forest, consisting of pine, spruce,
balsam, cedar, silver birch, and poplar, growing upon the almost bare
Huronian diabase, which is the general rock-formation of this region.
The lake-bottom is practically free of sediment, the stones being
imbedded in a coarse sand and scantily covered with a growth of
algae. There is but little growth of water-weeds, and the white and
yellow pond-lilies, common in .this region, are conspicuously absent.
From these waters we have also taken specimens of S. fontinalis and
of a sucker {Catostomus catostomus). We have been informed that
S. namaycush has been taken in Smoothwater Lake, where we have
taken a few wall-eyed pike {Stizostedion).
All of the smaller specimens of the Aurora Trout taken by us were
infested by a parasitic copepod, identified by Professor Charles
Branch Wilson as Salmincola edwardsii (Olssen). These parasites
were abundantly attached to all fins, especially to the dorsal. The
caudal fins of the larger specimens, which, when taken, were free
from this parasite, nevertheless showed scars or markings, proving
earlier infestation.
Henn and Rinkenbach; The Aurora Trout.
139
Size.
Our specimens, as previously indicated, range in size from 8.63 to
16 inches in total length. In addition, we have caught and seen
specimens of 18 inches or even greater length. From this it is evident
that S', timagamiensis approximates S. fontinalis rather than S.
namaycush in range of size.
Historical.
On September i, 1923 a party of anglers consisting of the junior
author, Messrs. Arno C. Fieldner, Wm. P. Yant, and S. H. Katz,
caught four specimens of the species herein described in White Pine
Lake, one or two specimens of S. fontinalis being taken at the same
time. On the following day, two more specimens of the Aurora Trout
were taken in the small lake to the southwest of White Pine Lake.
All of these specimens were not less than twelve inches or more than
eighteen inches in total length. Not recognizing the species, but
assuming that it was what was commonly and vaguely referred to
as “Gray Trout” apd “Salmon Trout,” no attempt was made to
preserve specimens, the salted skin of only one being brought out as
a trophy.
A search of the literature by the junior author failing to positively
identify the fish, the senior author was consulted. Upon his advice,
the matter was taken up with Dr. William C. Kendall of the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries. In commenting, Dr. Kendall wrote that he was
unable to make an identification, but said: “For several reasons, I do
not believe it to be a hybrid. It is quite possible that in those waters
there is a hitherto unrecognized species.” Acting upon this sugges-
tion, on May 15, 1924, the junior author, accompanied by Mr. Charles
O. Goulding, Jr., of Pittsburgh, made a trip to Timagami to collect
for the Carnegie Museum specimens of this and other trouts native
to the region. However, because of extremely cold weather and
consequent poor angling, it was found impossible to carry out the
plans made.
On July 31, 1924, the authors left with the same purpose in view.
After travelling to Latchford, Ontario, it was necessary for five days
to proceed by canoe and trail until White Pine Lake was reached.
We there remained in camp for four days, taking the specimens
140
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
listed on August 7, 8, and 9. These were preserved in four percent,
formaldehyde. Natural color photographs of several of the specimens,
as well as of specimens of S. fontinalis from the Lady Evelyn River
were taken. While encamped at this spot, we met Messrs. Marrit
and Bruno, government rangers, stationed on Smoothwater Lake.
They gave us general information concerning the distribution of
S. timagamiensis. Mr. Dick of Gowganda visited Smoothwater and
White Pine Lakes during our presence and gave us information
concerning methods by which other anglers had taken numbers of
this fish. These people, of course, were unaware that this was a
distinct species, referring to them as ‘‘Rainbow Trout.”
Habits.
In the short space of time at our disposal, it was not possible to
make more than the most casual observations in regard to the habits
of S. timagamiensis. In general it appears that these are similar to
those of S. fontinalis, with which they share their habitat. This
would apply to their food, times of feeding, etc. We are informed
that in the early spring they may be taken on the surface by means
of flies. We have caught them in August and September by still-
fishing with worms at a depth of about fifteen feet and by trolling
with small or medium-sized spoons and fly-spoons at depths of about
forty feet. In the stomach of one Aurora Trout caught on a troll
was found a recently swallowed Wood-mouse.
Reproduction.
No observations have been made regarding their breeding habits.
It was noted that in September the fish taken appeared much brighter
than those taken in August and that faint crimson spots similar to
those in S. fontinalis appeared to show through the characteristically
silvery sides. From this it would seem that the late fall is their
spawning period. The creeks are few, shallow, and short. It is to be
presumed that these or the shallows of the lakes form their spawning
beds.
Henn and Rinkenbach: The Aurora Trout.
141
Protection.
At present this species is but casually protected under very liberal
laws applying to S, fontinalis, under which an open season, extending
from May ist to September 30th, permits each angler to take ten
pounds per diem. In view of the rapid rate at which other rare trouts
of restricted distribution have been rendered almost extinct, it is to be
hoped that measures will be taken by either the Provincial or Do-
minion Government toward the conservation of this new species.
Perhaps the best safeguard against its extinction lies in the long and
difficult journey between the railroad and its habitat.
Data.
On the appended sheet are given the data obtained in the course
of study of the specimens listed, following the method used by Dr.
William C. Kendall in his paper, ‘'The Fishes of New England. The
Salmon Family, Part I. — The Trout or Charrs,” Memoirs of the
Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. VIII, No. I, pp. 1-103,
7 plates.
[lENSIS.
(7970a)
(7970b)
(7970c)
(7970d)
(7970e)
(7970f)
(7970g)
(7970h)
(7969)
(Type)
(7970i)
(7970j)
(7970k)
Head
only
O
U
a
CJ
a
'o
(U
a
m
a
S
8.625
8.75
9. 125
9.25
9.875
10
10
10
10.75
11.875
13.5
16
o
a
<u
X!
U
c
M
C
0)
O
190
192
205
207
220
225
222
222
241
265
300
O)
<4-1
O
-d
c
o
a
a
19
19
22
20
20
21
21
21
24
25
28
o
C
a
•d
cu
D.
T?
a
c<j
u
a
(U
^3
47
47
48
49
51
52
55
52
56
63
72
88
cti
(U
43
.a
M
a
dj
-1
16
16
17
17
18
17
19
17
20
23
25
29
26
27
30
30
31
32
29
28
37
40
43
ba
a
(U
48
46
50
51
51
52
55
53
58
66
72
.S
tt-i
<u
CO
o
.2*
"’3
cb
o
”0
a
<u
Q
o
'3
a
<u
03
a
42
43
M
a
<u
hJ
19
21
22
22
21
23
26
21
38
39
36
a
43
>1
<u
n
a
a
<u
CO
o
.3
'3
a
a
42
a
22
21
22
23
26
27
25
26
39
38
41
<D
03
a
43
OJ
o
a
42
o
G
6
o
)-<
<4-1
cu
CJ
a
B
03
12
11
12
11
10
10
12
11
11
10
9
12
<u
T3
43
M
a
O
<U
42
6
a
a
a
M
(U
4.1
CO
o
2
o
a
a
m
12
12
13
13
11
12
12
11
12
12
10
11
(U
a
o
)-r
O)
4Q
B
a
a
43
cu
a
a
»-■
CQ
7 + 12
7+9
6+8
7 + 11
7 + 11
6+11
6+11
7+7 +
6+8
7+9
6+10
7 + 11
43
cu
Vh
a
43
o
a
a
42
o
CO
a
IH
a
43
4->
o
a
o
(U
44
a
Wi
o
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
14
13
14
13
13
13
13
14
13
13
<U
G
>
<u
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43
a
a
a
CO
>.
a
tH
"a
a
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42
a
a
a
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><
a
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(U
a,
Number of specimen (C. M. Cat. Fishes)
1
■(7970a)
(7970b)
(7970c)
(7970d)
'(7970e)
(79700
(7970g)
(7970h)
(7969)
.(Type)
(79701)
(79701)
(7970k)
Head
only
Total length in inches from tip of snout to tip of tail
O O O O O -O O OC OC
! Cn00*.4 OONJ —
-kJ NJ tn NJ
^ o, o, u.
Length in mm. from tip of snout to end of lateral line 2^ I^tofot^rooO'oS
Least depth of caudal peduncle I !SS“-ooKSS
Length of head from tip of snout to margin of operculum
OOMO' (yi Cn Cn
1 O'NJOlSJi—
Length of head from tip of snout to nape
1 0000' CO O' O 0s» NJ NJ 4-
Perpendicular diameter of head through middle of eye
Co Oj t>0 to ro to NO (sO N} (N) NJ ^
1 Cn O Cn 4^ to to •-> o
Length of eye
totoo O O O O O 00 O O 00
Greatest depth of body (approximate) at origin of dorsal
! 0'(/t
1 — Oi 41^ O O' O' Cn Co Oo to
Distance from tip of snout to front of eye
00 H- O 00 O' O' Cn Cn 4k C>J 4-
Distance, tip of snout to posterior edge of preopercle
'-‘OOh- 0'i-‘Co—*i-‘000000
0Ck)0 0*^*0'0'0'00'’^iO'
Distance from tip of snout to posterior end of maxillary
Cn4kCu OoOjC^OdC/JtOtOtOtO
0'4i0 Cn N) to — o O OO O
00 >0 O' O' O' Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn 4»
•o Cn •*!
Cn C,/l
Distance from tip of snout to base of pectoral
COO'O' <yi4:kCnC/iCn4k4*4^4k
O -o to O to to Ck) Ck) O to 09
CnOi to — — — — OO'OO
too O' — 00 O' O cn O' O C,
Length of lower jaw to junction with the quadrate
0'>^>^ O0CMOdCM(>9C>9C*9C>9CA>‘
— '0 4* O Cn O' Cn 4* Oa O — —
*
— 00 >0 Cn o Cn o 4* Od C/9i
OO — OOOtOOO-OCn-Ji
Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal
4* to — OOOOOOOO
Ln 4x — Oj >0 O to O "^tO 4:k'
CAdto to to to to to to to to to
— o •o4*Cno4*OtotoO
Height of first ray of dorsal fin
OoCa) CAttOtOCMCkltOtOtOlO
ooto to o O O O O' -J 00 4*'
Length of pectoral fin
Cn4k,^ OdOdOd<A)C>9Co(A>tOCA>
Od — — 00 to 4* (Ad Od O — 'O O
Distance from base of pectoral to base of ventral
'O 00 -O o O O O O O C/1 Co'
— Ca) — Ol •>4 >0 "O Od 00 «o -O i
Length of longest upper caudal ray from scaleless base
Cn,^4A CA9C>dC>dOdCA)CAdOd(Adho|
4* 4* to 'O to O 4k (.n — to — 00
Length of ventral fin
CkiOd <A) to to to to to to to '
c« 4* — O' -j O' O' 4* 4* 4* 4* !
Distance from base of ventral to origin of anal
O'Oi
•o to O Cn 00 00 *o O' Cn — O
Length of longest lower caudal ray
Cn 4k 4k Ca) Ca) Co <>d C>9 Cdd (a) Od to '
4* 4* to -O to to 4* Cn — Co — 001
Length of base of anal fin
CoOOOO — 0-000^1
Length of middle caudal ray
KIK'K, K,— — — — — — 1
'OCnCo 0-0'0'000-sj'»-JO'0'
Length of longest (third) ray of anal fin
4k4k CototoCoCoOdCAitoto
CoO -4 00 >0 to — O O -4 O'
Distance from posterior end of dorsal to adinose fin
•o O' Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn 4k 4k
toO' 00 Co Cn to — — O O' 00
Length of base of adipose fin
O' O' t/1 Cn Cn Cn O' O Cn O' Cn
Distance from posterior base of adipose to upper base of tail.
OdCo Co to to to to to to to —
O' >0 00 — O' Ca» — to to — 'C
Distance from posterior base of anal to lower base of tail
— 00 >0 O' c« -4 O' Co to — K
Branchiostegals, number on right side
(o'®© — — toOO — to — to
Branchiostegals, number on left side
— O to to — to to — Co Co to to
Gill-rakers, on both arms of first branchial arch
-40'*0 0''00'0''0-40''-4-4
+++ +++++++++
— — >0 00 -4— — — — 00 NO —
“O +
Dorsal rays, number fullv developed
OO ooooooooo
Anal rays, number fully developed
'O 'O 'O 'O >0 *0 >0 >0 'O ■O O
Pectoral rays, number fullv developed
Co Co 4k Co Co Co Co 4* Co Co Co
Ventral rays, number fullv developed i
'O'O o 00 00 00 o 00 'O 00 00
TABLE OF PROPORTIONAL MEASUREMENTS, ETC. OF SALVELINUS TIMAGAMIENSIS.
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ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, ¥oL XVL
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
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Government, a part of which map is reproduced on this plate.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CHEIRODONTINE CHARACIN
FROM RIO DE JANEIRO^
By George S. Myers.
(Plate X.)
Spintherobolus broccae sp. nov.
Similar in form to S. papilliferus, but differing in the long anal and
the absence of papillary ridges on the head.
Dorsal 9 to 10; anal 16 to 17; lateral scales 32 to 33; transverse
scales 10. Head 3.66 to 3.8 in length to caudal base. Depth 3 to
3.33. Eye 2.75 to 3 in head. Lateral line on three scales only. Anal
and caudal naked. Predorsal area fully scaled, fourteen scales from
occipital process to dorsal fin. Suborbitals and postorbitals extremely
Living Spintherobolus broccce Myers in an aquarium.
Reprcduced by courtesy of Dr. E. Bade.
feeble, soft. Teeth as in S. papilliferus, excepting that they are less
evidently tricuspid. Even under powerful magnification, with the
teeth removed and mounted in balsam, but a very faint notch can
be seen on the side of each tooth. Upon casual examination the
dentition would unhesitatingly be pronounced conical. Dorsal fin
^ Contributions from the -Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 207.
143
144
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
originating somewhat nearer caudal base than tip of snout. Anal
originates under posterior part of dorsal base. Interhaemals normal.
Dull yellow-brown, the upper scales dark-edged. A faint humeral
blotch and a dark line down the side, ending in a hastate caudal
spot. In life there is a dark band down the side and a dark bar along
the anal base and out on the posterior part of that fin. The male
appears to have the fourth, fifth, and sixth anal rays somewhat
enlarged.
Mr. Richard Dorn, President of The Aquarium Society of New
York, who has obtained many interesting species from Rio de Janeiro,
as living aquarium fishes, tells me that it is Mr. Rolf Brocca of that
city who collects them. Mr. Dorn received a number of these little
fishes early in 1924 and turned the six specimens listed over to me
for identification.
No. 7979a C. M., Cat. of Fishes, one, holotype, 23.5 mm. to caudal
base. Hills behind Rio de Janeiro. R. Brocca.
No. 7980a C. M., Cat. of Fishes, one, paratype, same locality.
No. 56, author’s collection, five paratypes.
The definition of Spintheroholus Eigenmann^ must be altered to
include the present fish. This species is externally extremely similar
to Hasemania bilineata Ellis^, even to the minutiae of coloration,
but the double row of wide, multicuspid teeth of Hasemania are
vastly different from those of Spintheroholus.
It is interesting to compara S. hroccce with Phoxinopsis typicus
Regan"^. Possibly the fishes are generically the same, although S.
broccce lacks the typical “Phoxinus” shape of Phoxinopsis and the
maxillaries and fin positions are different.
Indiana University,
June 4, 1925.
^ Mem. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1915, p. 19.
q
Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1908, p. 150, pi. i, fig. 3.
^ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XIX, 1907, p. 262.
Sphintherobolus brocca Myers, sp. nov.
Holotype, C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7979a- Magnified three times.
:/■
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7!- ^
V7^'- .-■''/
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’ J '"'■' 'T-
CONTENTS
7 <A
, 1-8
I.
9-48
Editorial Notes
New Species of Epipaschiinae in the Carnegie and
National Museums. By William Schaus . .
II. The Epipaschiinae of the Western Hemisphere; a
Synonymic Catalog of the Species Hitherto Described,
with Figures of Many, which have Not Heretofore been
Depicted. By W. J. Holland and William Schaus . 49-130
Description of the Aurora Trout (Salvelinus tima-
gamiensis) a New Species from Ontario. By Arthur
W. Henn and Wm. H. Rinkenbach . . . 131-142
IV. Description of a New Cheirodontine Characin from
Rio de Janeiro. By George S. Myers . . . . 143--144
III.
/iS,
,v||
■'/y
J
■j
' 4
■/
Publications of the Carnegie Museum Serial No. 128
ANNALS .
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
. A, . , -
■J '/a; ,
VoL. XVI. No. 2.
■ / ■
M^rch, 1926
y For sale by Messrs. Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd., 2-41, Arthur St., New
Oxford St., London, W. C. 2, England: Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn,
II Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. ,W. 6, Germany: Maruzen Company, Ltd.,
11-16, Nihonbashi, Tori-Sanchome, Tokyo, Japan: and at the Carnegie
Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Penna., U. S. A.
. ' '' 'A'"!
4
/A
■'W
"(■
'cT
ANNALS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
VOLUME XVI, PART II
Editorial Notes
Since the appearance of the last part of the Annals early in July the
vacation period has come and gone. Vacations in the case of those
who are devoted to the work of a Museum are generally periods of
great activity. Vacations enable the student to redeem himself from
the charge of being a mere “closet naturalist.” He escapes from the
surroundings of the library and the laboratory and finds himself face
to face with nature; or he may transfer himself from his own immediate
environment and look into the environment of others. The Editor of
the Annals upon his return to his desk was kindly greeted by his asso-
ciates and has ventured in the following brief paragraphs to set down
quite informally the accounts which have come to his ears of the
activities of his associates on the Staff of the Museum.
Dr. Douglas Stewart, the Director, early in July sailed for Europe,
whence he returned to his post on September I2th. He was accom-
panied on his journey by his family. He reports that he spent much
time in visiting the museums in London, Cambridge, Paris, Brussels,
and Berlin. He was everywhere most cordially received and was
afforded full opportunity to examine and study the collections to
which he resorted. A fuller account of his experience will no doubt
be published in his Annual Report for the current year.
On May 27th Dr. Arthur W. Henn, Curator of Ichthyology, was
married to Miss M. Jean Findley, and immediately left for Europe
where they passed three months in travel, visiting England, France,
northern Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, and Belgium. Dr.
Henn made it a point to study the museums, the zoological gardens,
and the aquaria in the cities which he visited. He reports that he
145
146
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
found the museums of France, Italy, and Switzerland more or less
congested with material, which the limits of space in many cases
forbid to be displayed to advantage. However, he found the museum
in Basle to be delightfully and pleasingly arranged. In Germany he
was much impressed with the museum of the Senckenberg Society
in Frankfort, finely housed in a modern building, with excellent
exhibits, particularly in the field of paleontology. He says: “The
most striking zoological exhibit seen was the new open-air ‘monkey-
mountain’ in the Tiergarten at Cologne. The enclosure is surrounded
by a canal, but without iron bars, and houses probably sixty baboons
of various ages. The continuous activity, the charges and combats
of the adult males, the shrieks of the females, and the constant turmoil
going on, presented a spectacle of extreme human interest.” Dr.
Henn reports that in Holland and Belgium there are excellent aquaria,
in which there are now exhibited specimens of the rare South American
lung-fish. In London all three known lung-fishes are to be seen in
life, including the Australian Ceratodus. At the British Museum,
where Dr. Henn was most cordially received by Dr. C. Tate Regan,
he was especially interested in examining specimens and a cast of a
recently discovered Lophioid, or Angler-fish, the male of which is
extremely dwarfed and lives as a parasite upon the female. This
remarkable phenomenon was first made known by Dr. Regan before
the Royal Society in the spring of the present year. Dr. Henn
reports himself pleased at having encountered replicas of our own
Diplodocus carnegiei in the national museums of the countries which
he visited.
Mr. Graham Netting spent the summer in southern California,
serving as a tutor in nature-study to the son of a life-long friend of
the Editor of the Annals, who makes his home during a part of the
year in Santa Barbara. Mr. Netting was an eye-witness of the
earthquake at Santa Barbara and says: “To me the interesting part
of the ‘temblor’ was not the crashing of brick walls and the swaying
of buildings, but the behavior of the ground itself. Before the shock
was felt by me I could see the cloud of dust raised by boulders rolling
down the mountain-sides. The earth had a peculiar rippling wave-
like motion, vibrating, but not cracking, until the vibration reached
a concrete road or solid pavement, where cracking and grinding
would take place.” Mr. Netting diligently collected reptiles, as
opportunity was afforded him, both in the neighborhood of Santa
Editorial Notes.
147
Barbara and at various other localities, including the Mojave Desert
and the Grand Canyon on his return journey to Pittsburgh. He
secured specimens representing twelve genera of snakes and lizards.
He made observations alike upon the birds and the plants, and says
that Santa Barbara enjoys the reputation of having the largest
introduced flora of semi-tropical plants on the continent of North
America, its location and soil being peculiarly favorable to the growth
of trees, shrubs, and flowers, which have been brought together from
the warmer parts of the earth.
Dr. O. E. Jennings, Curator of Botany, had charge of the course of
nature-study in botany at the Nature-study Lodge of the University
of Pittsburgh in the Laurel Hill Mountains during the month of July.
The Lodge is located in the State Forest Reserve southeast of Ligonier,
Pennsylvania. He then made a trip to north-central Pennsylvania in
order to map the advance line of the white oak and associated species
of plants around the domed portion of the Allegheny plateau, which
reaches its highest point in McKean County. The advance line of
the white oak was found to run just north of Vowinckle and Ridge-
way and northwest of Emporium. Dr. Jennings also made short
collecting trips to northern Delaware, and to the neighborhood of
Cleveland, Ohio, and Moundsville, West Virginia.
Dr. Arnold E. Ortmann, Curator of Invertebrates, explored the
Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain of New Jersey and Virginia,
collecting with a view to ascertaining facts as to the geographical
distribution of freshwater animals. He reports that he was very
successful in obtaining fine material, because the season was dry and
the rivers were low. The fauna is poor, when compared with that of
the interior rivers and streams.
,Mr. Hugo Kahl spent the greater part of his vacation period in
Vermont, whither he went and whence he returned in his automobile.
He collected insects in Vermont, New Hampshire, the region of the
Adirondacks, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, along the Tioga River,
and near Corry, Penna. ; also at Lake LeBoeuf, Sandy Lake, and
some of the higher points on the Laurel Ridge. He phid especial
attention to collecting the minuter forms of Hemiptera, Homoptera,
Diptera, and Coleoptera, doing a good deal of ‘‘sweeping.”
Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Curator of Ornithology, did not absent
himself from the Museum, but devoted himself to intensive work
upon the collections of birds recently received from South America.
148
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Mr. Todd, as those of us, who know him familiarly, understand, is in
the habit, like the Buddhists, of “making merit” for himself. His
abnegation of brief vacations is generally represented in the long run
by a request for a long absence, representing accumulated vacation
periods. On these longer vacations he does fine work, it may be in
Canada, or some other distant region.
Dr. I. Tolmachoff, owing to illness in his family, did not wander
far from home, but did a good deal of collecting in the vicinity of
Pittsburgh in the Pennsylvanian, which he reports 3delded to him a
good deal of material of interest.
Mr. Henry Klages reports that he spent his vacation “at home” in
the society of his pipe, his books, and his beetles.
Mr. O. A. Peterson emulated the example of Mr. Klages. Mr.
Peterson has acquired a beautiful home among the hills about ten
miles from Pittsburgh, and while the strata in that neighborhood
yield little to a vertebrate paleontologist, he has made the soil about
his tree-embowered home bring forth during the past summer some
of the most beautiful dahlias and asters which have been grown in
western Pennsylvania. A delightful experience shared by the entire
Staff was a picnic at his home about the middle of September, when
the dahlias were in all their glory.
Mr. Bernard Krautwurm made a trip into eastern Ohio, where he
spent some time visiting friends. Later he took a trip to Armstrong
County, where he collected along Crooked Creek. Mr. Ernest G.
Holt spent his vacation in Edgewood, doing little field-work. He,
however, visited three camps for boys, where he endeavored to create
in them a love for the things of nature.
Mr. Gustave Link, Jr., accompanied Mr. William H. Rinkenbach
on a trip to the headwaters of the Montreal River, where they were
very successful in obtaining a long and beautiful series of the new
species of trout {Salvelinus timagamiensis) which was described in the
last number of the Annals. The journey to these distant woodlands
was one which involved a large degree of physical exertion, if not
hardship; but the two explorers returned greatly pleased with the
results, and it is the hope of Mr. Link to be able to prepare a group
representing the newly discovered trout in its natural environment.
In this connection Mr. Rinkenbach is to be felicitated upon the fact
of his recovery from the severe injuries which he sustained in the
chemical laboratory of the United States Bureau of Mines, where
Editorial Notes.
149
early in the spring he was the victim of an accidental explosion,
which might have resulted in permanent loss of his eyesight.
Mr. Sidney Prentice went to Lawrence, Kansas, on the occasion of
the twenty-fifth anniversary of his graduation at the University of
Kansas, and came back sunbrowned and delighted at having renewed
his acquaintance with old and valued friends.
Mr. Arthur S. Coggeshall and his brother Mr. Louis S. Coggeshall,
spent the summer, as they have often done in former years, on the
borders of Lake Erie, enjoying the calmness of their rural surround-
ings, but, true to their instincts, collecting a number of slabs containing
invertebrate fossils which are believed to be of interest.
Mr. Hughes, following the custom of former years, resorted to his
summer home among the mountains at Rector, Pennsylvania. It
passes without saying that he did not discover any archeological
material in that vicinity.
Mr. J. LeRoy Kay in April went to western Colorado to continue
the investigation of the little known Brown’s Park Formation and to
make collections in the Washakie and Bridger sediments in the same
region. Little or no work has previously been done by field-collectors
in this part of the country, and we have reason to hope for a successful
period of reconnaisance in preparation for work to be carried on more
extensively in coming years. Mr. Kay has not yet returned to the
Museum.
Mr. Santens was invited, as in former years, to visit the boys’
camps in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. He is a favorite with the boys.
He spent some time at Slippery Rock, at the Sarah Heinz Camp, and
at the Boy Scout Camp at Rector, Pa. He found attentive and
appreciative audiences at all of these gatherings. Accompanied by
Mr. Fuehrer he made a trip to Westmoreland County to make sketches
for the background of the Raccoon Group, now in process of construc-
tion. With Mr. Jeffries he went to Neelytown, Huntingdon County,
where they captured two live foxes, which were shipped to the Mu-
seum. Mr. Fuehrer is at present in Florida.
The record thus far relates to the masculine members of the Staff.
The story would be incomplete if there were no reference to the ladies
(God bless them!) who do so much in connection with the various
activities of the Museum.
Miss Maud J. Gittings, who is our Librarian, spent the summer at
Sparrow Lake in Canada in the society of her sister, Mrs. Luigi von
150
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Kunitz and her husband, who was the Concert-master of the Pitts-
burgh Orchestra under Victor Herbert and Emil Paur, and is now the
Director of the Toronto Symphonic Orchestra. It is needless to say
that in such an environment
‘The nights were filled with music,
And the cares which infest the day
Folded their tents like the Arabs
And silently stole away.’
Miss Gittings caught two pickerel, each two feet in length. This is
the first time that the Librarian of the Carnegie Museum has invaded
the field of ichthyology.
Miss Elizabeth D. Gill divided her vacation between Atlantic City
and her home near Gibsonia on the outskirts of Pittsburgh. Mrs.
Elizabeth D. Courtney, following the custom of former years, spent
her summer at Chautauqua Lake, where she reports she had an en-
joyable time. Miss Ramsey enjoyed the cool airs of the beautiful
mountain region in the neighborhood of Bedford, Pa. Miss Dierdorf
did not take a vacation this season, being busy in making flowers and
plants for the Raccoon Group. Mrs. Clayton did not go far from
home. ,
In conclusion, the Editor injects himself into the narrative. He
spent two months at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, where he has been in
the habit of spending some time every summer for more than a quarter
of a century. During his stay he spent a couple of evenings every
week in “sugaring” for moths in the forests which still exist in that
part of Rhode Island. The standard bait in the old days before the
enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment used to be “three pounds
of cheap brown sugar and one pint of beer.” Beer being contraband
I resolved to follow the footsteps of the late William Jennings Bryan
and substituted grape-juice. The mixture was found to be attractive,
and the result was a collection of nearly nine hundred specimens
representing several hundreds of species, among them a few rarities
and some which will fill gaps in our collections.
Miss Rhea S. Beck has loaned the Museum several important
collections belonging to her. The largest is an archeological collection
begun by her father, the late John A. Beck, consisting of artefacts
representing the culture of the Indian tribes living in the eastern part
Editorial Notes.
151
of the United States. The collection contains over fifteen hundred
Indian pipes and among many other treasures the famous quartzite
spearhead over fourteen inches in length which was discovered some
years ago at Carpentersville, Illinois. She has also deposited in the
Museum her collection of venomous snakes. This is a large collection
representing numerous exotic species, all of them well preserved in
alcohol.
Reference was made in these Editorial Notes in the last number of
the Annals to the fact that Mr. B. Preston Clark of Boston has de-
posited in the Carnegie Museum as a loan the Sphingidse (exclusive
of types), which formed a portion of the collection of the late M.
Charles Oberthiir. He has since also deposited in the Museum as a
loan the collection of Sphingidse made by Messrs. Adolph Huwe and
Adolph Mell, containing several thousands of specimens, which they
collected.
The present number of the Annals contains the fifth part of the
series of papers which are being prepared by Professor Herbert Osborn
upon the Hemiptera-homoptera of the neotropical regions in the
possession of the Carnegie Museum. Dr. Osborn enumerates in this,
paper one hundred and sixty-six species belonging to the sub-family
Cicadellince of which sixty-three are new to science, and the types of
almost all of which are contained in the Carnegie Museum.
152
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
IN MEMORIAM
The hand of death has again removed one of the members of the
Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute. On July 28, 1925, Mr.
William McConway died as the result of an operation, in St. Francis
Hospital, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. His home was at
No. 220 S. Lexington Avenue, Pittsburgh.
Mr. McConway was born in Ireland on February 14, 1842. He
came in 1849 with his parents to Pittsburgh. As a boy he attended
a school located on Grant’s Hill near Diamond Street and Cherry
Way, which was taught by an Irishman, under whose instruction he
made rapid progress. At the age of thirteen he found employment in
the Novelty Iron Works, and then secured a position with the firm
of Ohnhausen & Crawford, a pioneer steel-manufacturing. company,
where he remained until the outbreak of the Civil War. He entered
the service of his country as a private in the One Hundred and Second
Pennsylvania Volunteers and was gradually promoted until he
reached the grade of Second Lieutenant, receiving his honorable
discharge on September 3, 1864. After returning to Pittsburgh he
resumed his position with the firm which had previously employed
him, and in 1866 he was made a junior partner. In 1869 he organized
the firm of Lewis & Company, now the McConway & Torley Com-
pany, of which he was the President at the time of his death.
Mr. McConway rose rapidly to affluence and influence. He was
well known in manufacturing and financial circles. He was for many
years closely associated with the late George Westinghouse, Jr., and
was a Director of the Union Switch & Signal Company, the Westing-
house Machine Company, and the Westinghouse Electric & Manu-
facturing Company.
Mr. McConway took a keen interest in civic affairs. He was
public-spirited and ready to aid in all efforts looking toward the
welfare of the municipality, the state, and the nation. He served for
some years as a member of the Councils of the city of Pittsburgh; he
was long a member of the Board of Education of the city; he was a
Presidential Elector in the year 1905, and with his colleagues cast
the vote of the State of Pennsylvania for Theodore Roosevelt; he was
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Association formed to
In Memoriam
153
build the stately monument erected in memory of the late President
McKinley at Canton, Ohio, and was present at its dedication on
September 30, 1907. He was a member of the Pittsburgh Filtration
Commission, as the result of the labors of which Pittsburgh today
possesses an abundant supply of water at once potable and fit for
bathing purposes, which a little more than two decades ago was not
the case. (Parenthetically the writer of these lines recalls the fact
that Mr. McConway’s death leaves him the sole survivor of that
Commission).
Mr. McConway was for many years active in connection with the
affairs of St. Margaret’s Hospital and the Elizabeth Steele Magee
Memorial Hospital. He was the President of the Allegheny Cemetery
Company. He took a leading part in many of the clubs of the city,
and was one of the founders and for some time the President of the
Duquesne Club.
Mr. McConway was one of the Trustees of the Carnegie Institute
originally appointed by Mr. Carnegie. He took a leading part in the
establishment of the Technical Schools (now the Carnegie Institute
of Technology). He was the Chairman of the Committee upon the
Technical Schools (later the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of
the Carnegie Institute of Technology) from the inception of the enter-
prise until 1920. He unstintingly gave his time and his best thought
to the work. At the same time he was deeply interested in the activities
of the other Departments of the Institute, and the writer recalls
numerous occasions on which he showed genuine and helpful interest
in the affairs of the Museum.
For a short period Mr. McConway served as a member of the
Board of Trustees of the University of Pittsburgh, but in view of the
many burdens already resting upon him was led to tender his
resignation.
Although Mr. McConway did not enjoy in his youth the advan-
tages which come to so many in these later days in the way of a
liberal education, he atoned for this by study and extensive reading,
as well as by converse with cultured minds. His memory was richly
stored with valuable information gleaned in many fields. He col-
lected a large library, which is especially rich in Irish literature. He
prided himself upon being able to decipher the Ogham characters, in
which many of the ancient Gaelic inscriptions of Ireland are em-
balmed. He was a genial and companionable acquaintance, his
154
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
conversation abounding in flashes of that ready wit, which is charac-
teristic of his race. Through all the long years in which the writer of
these lines was familiarly associated with Mr. McConway he never
heard from his lips anything spoken save in kindness and appreciation
of his fellow men.
To his family, his wife, his children, and his grandchildren, he
leaves a noble inheritance in the memory of an upright life, full of
service to humanity.
V. NEOTROPICAL HOMOPTERA OF THE CARNEGIE
MUSEUM.
Part 5. Report upon the Collections in the Subfamily Cica-
DELLIN^, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NeW SpECIES.
(Plates XI-XVI)
By Herbert Osborn.
The Cicadellince. include an immense number of species, many of
them strikingly beautiful in color or peculiar in shape, having bizarre
forms. While a very fascinating group, they evidently have been the
despair of systematists on account of the great multiplicity of species
and uncertain relationships. No dependable characters have been
found for the separation of genera and the distinction of species, but
in many cases the genitalia appear to offer quite reliable characters,
especially for the separation of species.
Signoret^ was the first to attempt a monograph of the group and
he included three hundred and ninety-six species, three hundred and
eighty-eight of them being given detailed description and many of
them figured in colored plates. All were placed in the genus Tettigonia
(preoccupied in the Orthoptera) but he indicated sub-groups, some of
which were later given generic rank by Stal and others.
Of the species treated by Signoret three hundred and twenty are
recorded as South American, or Neotropical, Stal added fourteen in
his “Rio Hemiptera” (1858) and Fowler treated the group very fully
in the Biologia Centrali- Americana (1894-1899) describing one hun-
dred and thirty-eight species as new. Breddin and Jacobi also de-
scribed a number from the Andean Region, so that, with scattering
^ Revue Iconographique des Tettigonides, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France (2) vols.
I-III, 1853-1855.
155
156 Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
species described by other authors, there are more than five hundred
species heretofore recognized from the Neotropical Region. With the
species added in the present paper it is evident that we here have a
wonderful array of species, showing that this is the richest region of
the globe for this division of the Cicadellidse.
In addition to the material in the Carnegie Museum I have had in
hand a considerable number of South and Central American species,
including a number of those described by Breddin and Jacobi, repre-
senting the type localities, in some cases evidently being specimens
from the type lots, secured by purchase from European dealers. This
has aided materially in placing many of the species, which were
uncertain; and I have taken the occasion to redescribe and figure a
number of these to aid students in the further study of this group.
It is evident that there is still a rich harvest awaiting intensive
collecting in the less explored parts of the American tropics and a
monographic treatment of the group with elucidation of the affinities
of the genera must await further collections and a more exhaustive
study of its biology and ecology.
It seems quite certain that current works do not represent in any
degree the natural affinities or lines of evolution of the various sub-
divisions of the group, but it seems best for the sake of convenience
to follow the prevailing order and I have arranged the genera prac-
tically as given by VanDuzee in his Catalog of Hemiptera North of
Mexico and that given by Fowler in the Biologia Centrali- Americana
for the genera not included by VanDuzee.
Many of the species occur in enormous numbers as individuals,
and, where infesting plants of commercial value, must assume great
economic importance. Moreover some of the species are impoVtant
as possible carriers of plant-diseases, so that a knowledge of the
species is of practical as well as biologic interest.
I am indebted to Mr. J. N. Knull for the drawings given in the
plates, illustrating details of structure, which will show distinctive
characters, where a verbal description would be quite inadequate.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
157
Order HEMIPTERA Linn sens.
Suborder HOMOPTERA Latreille,
Family CICADELLID^ (Latreille).
Subfamily Cicadellin.® VanDuzee.
Genus Diestostemma Amyot et Serville.
Diestostemma Amyot et Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 572,
(Genotype Cicada albipennis Fabricius).
I. Diestostemma albipenne (Fabricius).
Cicada albipennis Fabricius, Syst, Rhyng., 1803, p. 62.
Diestostemma albipenne Walker, List of Homopt. in B. M., Pt. Ill, 1852, p. 798.
Tettigonia albipennis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 526.
Diestostemma albipennis Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Homopt., Vol. II, Dec., 1898,
p. 208.
This species is characterized by the dull yellowish body, snowy
white elytra, and the comparatively short prothorax. Length: 18 mm.
Previous records indicate its occurrence in Guatemala, Panama, and
South America as far south as Brazil. Specimens in the Carnegie
Museum are as follows: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, 450 m..
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4549 (J. Steinbach coll.)] Pied Saut, Oyapok
River, French Guiana Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6173 (S. M. Klages coll.)]
Valparaiso, Cacagualito, May, Don Amo, July, Onaca (2500 ft.)
Dec., all in the Department of Madgalena, Colombia, Cam. Mus.
No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.)] Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil, Feb.,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6993 (S. M. Klages coll.). There is also a speci-
men from Cochabamba, Bolivia, in the collection of the author.
2. Diestostemma nigropunctatum (Signoret).
Tettigonia nigropunctata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 527.
Diestostemma nigropunctatum Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homop., II, p. 208.
This species, described from “Mexico,” differs from D. albipenne in
being slenderer and in the presence of four distinct black dots on the
elytra, three of which are near the claval suture, the other near the
center of the disk. Length: 18 to 20 mm.
3. Diestostemma rugicolle (Signoret).
Tettigonia rugicollis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 525, pi. 21,
fig. 18.
Diestostemma rugicolle Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homop., II, p. 208.
This species is characterized by the prothorax being distinctly
158
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
rugose on the anterior border with the body yellow and elytra snowy
white and bearing four black dots as in D. nigropunctatum. Length:
1 6 mm. without the head appendage.
This species was described from Mexico and Fowler (/. c.) records
a number of Mexican localities and also Belize, British Honduras. No
records appear to have been made from South America.
4. Diestostemma bitub erculatum (Signoret).
Tettigonia bituberculata Signoret, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 528, pi. 21,
fig. 19.
Signoret described this species as from the Rio Negro and distin-
guished it from alhipenne and related forms by the prominent eleva-
tions on the pronotum. It is a large species, 20 mm. long. The head
and thorax are tinged with brown and the elytra snowy white, with a
small black point next the claval suture.
Genus Rhaphirhinus Laporte.
Rhaphirhinus Laporte, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. I, 1832, p. 415.
5. Rhaphirhinus phosphoreus (Linnaeus).
Fulgora phosphorea Linn^us, Syst. Nat. I, 1758, p. 704.
Fulgora phosphorea FabriciuS, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 2.
Fulgora adscendens Fabricius, Mant. Ins. II, 1787, p. 260; Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 3.
Tettigonia phosphorea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 522.
Cicada filirostris DeGeer, Memoires, III, 1773, p. 201.
Rhaphidorhinus phosphoreus Stal, Hemip. Fabr., II, 1869, p. 62.
Head as wide as pronotum, triangularly produced; vertex nearly
twice as long at middle as between the eyes, with a narrow median
furrow, and with a long curved ascendent spine the length of the
vertex; front flattened on the disk; clypeus swollen, angularly con-
tracted at tip. Pronotum slightly widened behind; anterior border
broadly rounded; hind border marginate at center; disk densely
punctate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment produced, at the
middle with a short tooth on each side; male, plates narrow, sunken
between margins of pygofer, narrowing to acute tips which extend to
the tip of pygofer.
Yellowish; vertex black with yellow borders; pronotum yellowish,
with dark punctures and a central fuscous stripe; scutellum with
polished brown basal angles, darker central disk; elytra purplish-
brown, minutely dotted with greenish yellow. Beneath dull yellow,
with lines of fuscous across front and bordering the thorax; abdomen
above brown, bordered with yellow; beneath, light yellow; legs light
yellow; hind tibiae dotted with black; tips of the tibiae, the tarsi, and
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5. 159
tarsal joints, fuscous. Length: female 15 mm. without spine; male
13 mm.
Cayenne, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5873 (Klages coll.).
Specimens in my collection from Bartica, British Guiana, June and
July, 1901.
6. Rhaphirhinus fasciatus Fabricius.
Fulgora fasciata Fabricius, Mant. Ins., II, 1787, p. 261; Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 4.
Rhaphirhinus obliquatus Laporte, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., I, 1832, p. 415.
Tettigoni a fasciata Burmeister, Ent., II, 1835, p. 120.
Tettigonia fabricii Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 521.
Rhaphidorhinus fasciatus Stal, Hemiptera Fabriciana II, 1869, p. 262.
Similar to R. phosphorous, but differing distinctly in the presence
of four yellow bands on the elytra, the first two oblique, the hinder
ones straight.
Santarem, Brazil, July 19, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6324 (Klages coll.).
The Fabrician record was from Cayenne, and Signoret records it from
Brazil.
Genus Acrocampsa Stal.
Acrocampsa Stal, Hemip. Fabr., II, 1869, p. 66.
7. Acrocampsa pallipes (Fabricius).
Fulgora pallipes Fabricius, Mant. Ins., II, 1787, p. 261.
Cicada rutilans Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 64.
Cicada pallipes Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 66.
Tettigonia rutilans Signoret, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 511, pi. 21,
fig. 6.
Acrocampsa pallipes Stal, Hemip. Fabr., II, 1869, p. 66.
Slender; head elongate, triangular; eyes protruding; vertex longer
than width between the eyes, deeply furrowed on the disk; apex
upturned; front narrow, concave; clypeus gibbous, contracted toward
tip. Pronotum quadrate, coarsely punctulate and rugose; fore tibiae
flattened and expanded toward apex; posterior angles a little elevated.
Genitalia', female, last ventral segment one-half longer than preced-
ing, the disk with converging ridges; hind border nearly truncate;
male, last ventral segment longer than preceding; plates elongate,
triangular; tips somewhat acuminate, compressed, upturned.
Dark olive-green tinged with brownish; vertex somewhat infuscate.
Pronotum, scutellum, and base of vertex tinged with yellowish; face
dark brown; pectus yellow. Abdomen above orange and yellow, with
margins of segments more or less infuscate; beneath yellow; apex of
female plate black; legs with apex of tibiae and the tarsi dusky.
Length: 12 mm.
160
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Specimens from Benevides, Para, Brazil, Oct. 1918, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 6174 (S. M. Klages coll.).
The species was originally described from Cayenne and my collec-
tion includes specimens from Bartica, British Guiana. Stal includes
it in his Hemiptera from Rio de Janeiro. It is evidently distributed
over a considerable part of northern South America.
Genus Dichrophleps StM.
Dichrophleps Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 62.
8. Dichrophleps aurea (Fabricius).
Cicada aurea Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 63.
Tettigonia aurea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 510, pi. 12, fig. 15.
Dichrophleps aurea Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 63.
Head large; eyes protuberant; vertex somewhat flattened, rounded
to front; ocelli in line with anterior border of the eyes, twice as far
from each other as from the eye; front tumid, somewhat flattened and
glaucous on the disk; clypeus swollen at base, tip contracted. Pro-
notum strongly rugose, narrowed posteriorly; hind border deeply
concave; scutellum long, acuminate; elytra long, narrow. Genitalia:
male, plates small, elongate, triangular, about one-fourth as long as
pygofer.
Dull yellowish; vertex brownish fuscous; lower part of front polished
black. Pronotum brown with oval yellowish spots, two of which are
on the middle and form a broken line with the median line of vertex;
scutellum with basal angles and a broken band toward the apex,
yellowish; elytra yellowish hyaline; the costa and the veins black;
abdomen yellowish; legs dull brownish; apex of tibiae and the tarsi
darker. Length: 15 mm.
Specimens from Pied Saut, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 61 1 1
(Klages coll.). Three males from Bartica, British Guiana, collected
April, May, and August, 1901, by H. S. Parish.
Genus Propetes Walker.
Propetes Walker, List Homopt. B. M., 1851, p. 797. (Genotype Propetes com-
pressa Walker.)
9. Propetes nigra (Signoret).
Tettigonia nigra Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p.513.
Short and broad, hairy; head vertical, front furrowed; eyes con-
spicuous, scarcely wider than pronotum; elytra hyaline, much longer
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
161
than the short broad flattened abdomen. The male plates are small,
triangular, and thick.
Black, abdomen with a yellow narrow transverse band at base and
partial band near tip, the underside yellow at base and with narrow
yellow margins to the segments. Length: 10 mm.
Specimens from Chapada, Brazil, Jan., Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966
(H. H. Smith coll.). These specimens have the bars of elytra very
faint, but otherwise agree with Signoret’s description and figure.
They have a distinct resemblance to certain bees and I think deserve
generic rank along with P. compressa Walker, the type species, and
P. limpida Signoret, with possibly other species of the tropics.
Genus Zyzza Kirkaldy.
Zyzza, The Entomologist, XXXIII, 1900, p. 243. (Genotype Tettigonia cucullata
Laporte= Tettigonia marmorata Fabricius.)
10. Zyzza marmorata (Fabricius).
Tettigonia marmorata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 61.
Tettigonia cristata Fabricius, /. c., p. 62.
Tettigonia cucullata Laporte, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., I, 1832, p. 223, pi. 6, fig. 3. —
Walker, List Homopt. B. M., Pt. Ill, 1851, p, 782.
Germaria cristata Amyot et Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 571. —
Walker, List of Homopt. B. M., Pt. Ill, 1851, p. 782.
Germaria marmorata Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 59.
The typical form of this species is black above, with orange spots
on the vertex, numerous spots on the pronotum, apical part of
scutellum and a large part of the elytra with orange spots, the latter
elongate and enclosed within the cells, or separated by the veins.
Beneath black, lateral portions of the thorax dull yellowish, abdomen
black, largely covered with pruinosity. Legs black. The crest of the
pronotum not extended forward.
Genitalia: male, valve very short, plates broad at base, narrowing
beyond the middle to slender acuminate up-turned tips, extending to
the tip of pygofer. Length 17 mm.
The variety B. of Signoret is black, with faint indications of the
elytral spots in brown, but no spots on the head or pronotum, the
crest produced slightly forward; the male plates less acuminate and
shorter, scarcely reaching the end of pygofer. Length: 17.5 mm.
The variety cristata is uniformly brown, without traces of the
orange spots, and lacking the pruinosity of the underside. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment concave behind, the margin thickened,
pygofer short, slightly exceeded by the ovipositor. Length: 18 mm.
The typical form is from Hyutanahan, Purus River, Brazil, April,
162
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
1912. Variety B. and Z. cristata both from Mana River, French
Guiana, July, 1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.)^
The species appears to be generally distributed in northern South
America, extending southward to Brazil, and the different varieties
occur together.
Signoret remarks that all specimens of his variety A. are females,
while all of his variety C. are males; but I have a female specimen
from Chanchamayo, as well as a specimen from the Mana River, a
female, which fall into variety C.
The Carnegie Museum possesses a specimen from Provincia del
Sara, Bolivia (Steinbach coll.). One specimen from Yungas, Bolivia,
and one from Callanga, Peru, males, of the typical variety are con-
tained in the author’s collection.
Genus Coleopola Stal.
Coleopola StAl, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 65. (Genotype Cicada adspersa
Fabricius.)
II. Coleopola adspersa (Fabricius).
Cicada adspersa Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 61.
Tettigonia adspersa Burmeister, Handb. Ent. II, i, 1835, p. 119. — Blanchard,
Hist. Nat. des Ins., Ill, 1840-1841, p. 192, pi. IV, fig. 6. — Signoret, Ann. Soc.
Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 767, pi. 23, fig. 2.
Ciccus adspersa Amyot et Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 572. —
Walker, List Homopt. B. M., 1851, p. 799.
Ciccus obliquus Walker, 1. c., p. 800.
Coleopola adspersa Stal, Hemipt. Fabric'., 1869, p. 65.
The general color is fulvous, the pronotum, scutellum, and clypeus
brown, the latter with numerous small ivory-yellow dots, the tip of
the abdomen black. Length: 17 mm.
Two specimens are in the author’s collection from Bartica, British
Guiana, collected by H. S. Parish, April 18 and June 29, 1901.
12. Coleopola atomaria (Walker).
Aulacizes atomaria Walker, List Homopt. B. M., Ill, 1851, p. 792.
Slenderer than adspersa, but somewhat similar in markings, the
dots on the elytra so arranged as to form three irregular bands between
scutellum and apex, and with a small basal area and the apical
part of the elytra free from spots. The pronotum is transversely
furrowed and. striate with transverse dots; the central part of the
scutellum is irregularly dotted with yellow; beneath greenish, the
hind border of the segments brownish, the central apical part of the
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
163
last ventral segment black; the last ventral segment of the female
produced and a bifid polished tooth at the center. Length: 17 mm.
A specimen from Mana River, French Guiana, May 1917, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.). There is also a specimen in
the author’s collection from Bartica, British Guiana, collected April i,
1901, by H. S. Parish. One specimen, apparently teneral, male, from
Santarem, June, 1919, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6324 (S. M. Klages coll.).
Genus Amblydisca Stab
Amhlydisca Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 61. (Genotype Tettigonia rubri-
ventris Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 52.)
This genus is characterized by having the pronotum narrowed in
front, the vertex distinctly impressed, and the scutellum flat, or some-
what depressed; the front flat or slightly concave; the clypeus pro-
duced, forming a sharp right-angled carina, the lower part nearly in
line with the rostrum.
13. Amblydisca irregularis (Signoret).
Tettigonia irregularis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 232.
This species is dull brown; the head is somewhat lighter or dull
yellowish; the surface of pronotum and elytra irregularly reticulate,
many of the depressions including pruinose spots; beneath dull
brown, the legs somewhat darker. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment rugose, about twice as long as preceding, the hind border
sharply irregular, somewhat emarginate; a small polished tooth at
the center; male, last segment carinate, margins raised, posterior
margin deeply incised, the lobes rounded. Length: female, 17 mm.;
male, 20 mm.
There is a specimen in the Carnegie Museum from Provincia del
Sara, Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064 (Steinbach coll.). I have
also in my collection a specimen from Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia,
1000 m., and two specimens, male and female, from Chanchamayo,
Peru.
14. Amblydisca sulcicollis Germar.
Tettigonia sulcicollis Germar, Mag. d. Ent. IV, 1821, p. 62, pi. 6, fig. 10. — Signoret,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 56, pi. 6, fig. 10.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment about as long as the pre-
ceding, the hind border thick, somewhat produced, and bluntly
toothed at the middle; male, last ventral segment broad, strongly
carinate at the sides, hind border sinuate, notches at the middle.
Length: female, 18 mm.; male, 18 mm. In the female the ovipositor
164
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
extends slightly beyond tip of elytra and the elytra are shorter than
in the male.
Dull brown; the face fulvous; pronotum rather deeply sulcate, and
darker brown on the front border; elytra with the veins elevated and
the costal portion rather densely punctate and lighter in color. Be-
neath brown, tibiae and tarsi darker.
In the Carnegie Museum from Minas Geraes, Brazil (Haseman
coll., 1908). Two specimens, male and female, in the author’s collec-
tion from Marcapata, Peru.
15. Amblydisca cinerea sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 5, 5a, 5b.
Slender, parallel; head broader than pronotum; eyes prominent;
vertex short, a little longer at middle than next eye, slightly concave
before; ocelli elevated; front flattened, punctate on the disk, striate
at the sides; clypeus compressed, angularly elevated, but not right-
angled, contracted at tip. Pronotum narrowed behind, twice as long
as vertex; hind border rather deeply concave, distinctly punctate;
scutellum nearly smooth, faintly punctate on the disk; elytra dis-
tinctly punctate, except toward apex. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment half longer than preceding; hind border slightly concave;
male, last ventral segment as long as preceding; plates narrowing to
near the middle, then extending as nearly parallel strap-like append-
ages, with rounded apex, slightly longer than pygofer.
Light brownish gray, faintly pruinose, giving it an ashy appear-
ance; vertex and front a little yellowish, marmorate with fuscous.
Pronotum with some small maculations on the anterior border and
the punctures, fuscous; scutellum with a basal triangle, blackish.
Abdomen above brown, borders yellowish; beneath yellowish-gray,
pruinose. Length: 10 mm.
Described from two specimens, female (type), male (allotype),
taken February and March at Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil by S.
M. Klages (C. M., Acc. No. 6963).
This species has somewhat the appearance of T. pruinosa Walker, but
is slenderer and differs in the structural details of clypeus and genitalia,
the clypeus being less angulate than in typical species of Amblydisca.
The species seems to fit better in this genus than in any other.
Genus Aulacizes Amyot et Serville.
Aulacizes Amyot et Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Hemipt., 1843, p. 571. (Haplo-
type Tettigonia quadripunctata Germar.)
16. Aulacizes bigibbosa (Signoret).
Tettigonia bigibbosa Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 510, pi. 21, fig. 5.
This very striking species is distinguished by the large disk-like
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
165
expansions of the fore tibiae and the large punctured elevations of the
hinder part of the pronotum. The head, pronotum, and scutellum
are brown, tinged with fuscous; the elytra olive-green, apical cells
blackish with tip and outer part of apical A^eins pale. Beneath,
pectus whitish, venter yellow, disk of fore tibi«, tips of middle and
hind tibia?, and tarsal claws infuscate. Length: 15 mm.
One specimen from Tonantins, Amazonas, Brazil (S. Klages coll.),
Signoret's figure is so distinctive, that I feel no hesitation in placing
the specimen in this species. The inflated tibia is probably a good
generic character, and will no doubt be used, when other species are
better known, to form a separate genus, but in other respects the
species seems to fall most nearly in Aulacizes.
17. Aulacizes sculptilis sp. nov. PL XI, fig. 2.
Head produced before the eyes, scarcely as wide as pronotum,
vertex depressed on the disk, with a shallow median line, a short
Carina outside the ocellus and two short curved carinse extending
forward on the margin before the eye, front swollen, flattened or
faintly concave on the disk; clypeus slightly swollen at base, con-
tracted at tip. Pronotum anteriorly depressed, rugose, nearly twice
as long as vertex, hind border faintly concave. Elytra broad, sides
parallel, apex broadly rounded and subtruncate. Genitalia: female,
last ventral segment deeply and broadly notched at sides, the lateral
lobes narrow and much longer than the median broad lobe (See PL XI,
fig. 2).
Head, pronotum, and most of the underside dull yellow,^ scutellum
and elytra purplish margined at tip with brown and with a submargin
of fuscous. Length: female 13 mm.
One specimen (type) from Yungas de la Paz, Bolivia, 1000 m., in
the author's collection. It differs from A. dufouri and A. amblardi
in lacking the dark hind margin of pronotum, the larger size, and
especially in the remarkable sculpture of the last ventral segment,
18. Aulacizes dufouri Signoret. PL XI, figs. 3, 3a.
Tettigonia dufourii Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 55, pi. 6, fig. 8.
Head as wide as pronotum; eyes prominent; vertex and front very
much produced; two or three strong ridges before the eyes and the
lower one overhanging antenna; front depressed along middle;
clypeus swollen at base, narrowed and rounded at tip. Pronotum
broad, coarsely striate; anterior part rugose; hind border faintly
sinuate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment nearly twice as long
as preceding, with strong carina about half-way from middle to
border, which extends into a broad obtuse tooth, on each side of which
166
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the segment is excavated, the lateral border being short; male, with a
short valve and swollen triangular plates, extending to or beyond t-p
of pygofer; the borders densely pilose.
Light yellow; the vertex with a narrow brown stripe including the
ocelli. Pronotum with a transverse row and the hind border brown;
scutellum brown; elytra brown, with the veins tinged with yellow;
abdomen deep red; clypeus red-brown; legs light yellow; tips of tibiae
and the tarsi somewhat dusky. Length: 12 mm.
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m., Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064
(Steinbach coll.)
19. Aulacizes amblardi Signoret. PI. XI, figs. 4, 4a.
Tettigonia amblardii Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 53, pi. 6, fig. 7.
Head broad, as wide as pronotum, anteriorly produced, distinct
ridge above antennae; front tumid, depressed on the disk; clypeus
tumid, carinate toward apex; prothorax one-half longer than vertex,
furrowed in front, hind border sinuate; elytra broad; apex oblique,
truncate. Genitalia: male, plates very broad at base, triangular;
outer margin somewhat curved; tips acute, upturned, reaching nearly
to tip of pygofer.
Yellow; anterior furrow and hind border of pronotum brown;
scutellum and base of elytra reddish-brown; elytra mostly brownish,
more or less banded. Beneath yellowish; lower part of face including
apex of front, all of clypeus and lorse, black. Length: ii to 12 mm.
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064 (Steinbach
colL).
20. Aulacizes intersecta (Germar).
Tettigonia intersecta Germar, Mag. der Entom., IV, 1821, p. 60.
Tettigonia intersecta Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 229, pi. 12, fig. 4. .
Head triangular, obtusely angulate; vertex depressed; front exca-
vated; clypeus angularly elevated, contracted at tip. Pronotum
strongly rugose before, striate behind, half longer than vertex; elytra
parallel. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment half longer than
preceding hind border produced, forming three blunt angles; ovi-
positor extruded, slightly passing tip of elytra.
Bluish green; a broken band across vertex, oblique stripe at sides
of front; apex of front and all of clypeus, pectus and a median line
widening on hind border of pronotum, all of scutellum and about
three oblique broken bands across elytra, black; apex of elytra deeply
fuscous. Abdominal segments margined with blackish. Length:
female, 16 mm.; male, 15 mm.
From Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, 150 m. (Steinbach coll.). Previous
records are '‘S. Paulo, Brazil” and “Brazil,” so the present record
apparently extends its distribution farther west.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
167
21. Aulacizes delicata sp. nov. PI. XI, figs, i, la, ib.
Head elongate, triangular; tip blunt; vertex depressed, slightly
upturned toward apex; front long, tumid, slightly flattened on the
disk; clypeus tumid at base, subcarinate; tip rounded. Pronotum
with sides parallel; anterior border broad, rounded; hind border slightly
concave; elytra parallel, extending beyond tip of abdomen. Genitalia:
male, last ventral segment as long as preceding; plates divergent at
base, narrow; tips compressed; sides of pygofer bearing two long
fusiform lobes extending half-way to tip, and running parallel with
the plates.
Pale yellow; pronotum and elytra and hind borders of abdominal
segments suffused with reddish-brown; vertex with a central blackish
line, some fuscous mottlings near the border, a black line at tip, con-
necting with a fuscous streak bordering the base of front and merging
into a blackish spot near the eye. Pronotum yellowish on the anterior
border with a darker brown central line; tips of pygofer suffused
with orange. Length: 12 mm.
One specimen, male (type) from Minca, Colombia, June, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 1999 (H.H. Smith coll.).
This species has a peculiarly delicate appearance, the body almost
transparent, possibly teneral, although the coloration seems to be
fully developed.
22. Aulacizes olivacea sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 7, 7a.
Head elongate, triangular, blunt at tip; vertex slightly depressed;
front elongate, somewhat flattened on the disk; clypeus elevated,
carinate; apex contracted. Pronotum quadrate; the anterior border
broadly arched; lateral borders nearly parallel; hind border angularly
emarginate; elytra parallel, extending beyond tip of abdomen. Geni-
talia: male, plates very broad, separated at base, widened toward
tips; apex broadly rounded, reaching half way to tip of pygofer.
Above dark olive-green. Beneath light yellow; scutellum with
blackish triangles at base; clypeus with a black central line, some-
times extended onto tip of front. Abdomen blackish above, margined
with yellowish. Length: male, ii mm.
Eight specimens, male (type) Villa Braga, Brazil, Dec., 1919, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 6544, and (paratypes) Santarem, April, May, June,
and July, 1919, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6324 (S. M. Klages coll.).
23. Aulacizes gracilis sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 9, 9a.
Head elongate, triangular; tip of vertex slightly upturned; front
long, faintly flattened on the disk; clypeus long, sub-carinate, slightly
swollen to base. Pronotum with sides parallel ; anterior border broadly
168 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
arched; hind border deeply, angularly emarginate; elytra with veins
prominent; inner cell of clavus with cross-nervures. Genitalia: male,
plates broad, overlapping on inner margins, divergent at tips; hind
border broadly rounded, reaching half-way to tip of pygofer.
Pale yellow below, mixed yellow-black, and with brown above;
vertex black with numerous irregular yellow spots. Pronotum with
anterior part yellow, heavily marked with black; disk dark brown
mottled with greenish; scutellum black, spotted with yellow; elytra
purplish brown; a considerable part of the disk and apex subhyaline;
veins greenish; abdomen black above, margined with yellow; the
reticulations and tip of pygofer, tinged with red. Length: ii mm.
Cacagualito, Colombia, May 19, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H.
Smith coll.),
24. Aulacizes marginula sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 8, 8a.
Slender, head slightly wider than pronotum; vertex produced,
rounded in front, slightly depressed; front swollen, slightly flattened
on the disk; clypeus swollen at base, contracted at tip; pronotum as
long as vertex, widening slightly behind; elytra long, nearly parallel.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden, plates very short, contracted abruptly
at base and extending as very slender tips half the length of the
pygofer.
Rich chocolate-brown, the margin of elytra golden yellow, with a
conspicuous sulphur-yellow spot toward the tip; a semi-transparent
area with yellow border near apex, and apex smoky hyaline; beneath
yellow, face tinged with orange; legs pale yellowish white. Length:
9 mm.
Described from one specimen. Las Juntas, Bolivia, Dec. 1913,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066 (Steinbach coll.).
25. Aulacizes splendidula sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 10, loa.
Head rather short for the genus, narrower than pronotum; vertex
broad, transversely depressed on the base, and anteriorly on middle,
with an elevated carina at apex; ocelli close to the hind border; front
flattened on the disk, striate at the sides; clypeus elevated at base,
contracted and carinate at tip; pronotum broad, strongly arched in
front; lateral border long, carinate; hind border slightly concave;
scutellum transversely depressed behind the middle with an acute
spine at tip; elytra with irregular reticulate venation; claval veins
joined by three or four cross-veins. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment elongate; hind border produced, rounded, faintly sinuate at
the middle, the disk elevated along the middle; pygofer short, tapering;
male, valve short, transverse; plates elongate, tapering nearly uni-
formly from base to acute slightly upturned tips; the disk at base
somewhat rugose; pygofers exceeding plates, compressed, setose
at tip.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
169
Rich reddish brown; the vertex with a double median yellow stripe.
Pronotum with yellow reticulations in front; three orange stripes on
the disk, bordered with fuscous, the central one extending nearly to
the anterior border; scutellum with the angles and two divergent
median bands yellow; elytra with veins broadly orange, giving a very
conspicuous, reticulate appearance on the reddish-brown ground.
Beneath reddish brown, the lateral part of abdominal segments more
or less fuscous and the legs somewhat infuscated. Length: 13.5 mm.
to tip of elytra.
Four specimens, one female (type) and three males (allotype and
paratypes) Incachaca, Bolivia, Alt. 2500 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6873
(J. Steinbach coll.).
This species is apparently somewhat similar to T. similata Signoret,
which I have not seen, but it differs from the description in some
structural details, as well as in being much darker colored below.
Genus Oncometopia Stal.
Oncometopia Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, pp. 60-62. (Logotype Cicada undata
Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 62.)
26. Oncometopia ocellata sp. nov. PI. XII, figs, ii, iia.
Slender; head large, much wider than pronotum; vertex produced,
rounded, about as long as width between ocelli; ocelli on conspicuous
elevations in the transverse furrow; front tumid; clypeus a little
swollen at base, narrowed at tip; pronotum strongly arched in front,
narrowed toward hind border, with a distinct furrow behind the
anterior edge; rather coarse transverse striae and punctures on the
disk; scutellum minutely punctate; elytra with series of punctures
along the veins and minute transverse striae in the areoles. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment, elongate, with a median carina; lateral
angles produced into broad lobes.
Dull yellowish, with irregular stripes on vertex; pronotum, scutellum,
and ocelli, black; the front with three parallel stripes, the median one
expanding to merge with the others at the apex of front; clypeus and
lorae and lower part of face, black; elytra rose-red, with the veins
bluish on the disk, fuscous toward the tip; apex smoky hyaline; wings
milky hyaline; beneath black; abdomen black above with yellowish
border; legs with coxae, femora, and tarsi mostly black; outer part of
femora and the tibiae mostly reddish-brown. Length: female, 8 to
8.5 mm.
Described from two females, one (type) Provincia del Sara, Bolivia,
December, 1912, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064, Steinbach coll., and one
(paratype) Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 6443 (J. Steinbach coll.).
170
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
The bright black ocelli standing on the little yellowish eminences
are a conspicuous feature.
27. Oncometopia marginula sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 12, 12a.
Head broad, eyes conspicuous; vertex produced, sub-angulate;
front swollen, somewhat flattened on the disc; clypeus swollen at
base, narrowed at tip; pronotum as long as vertex, sides impressed;
disk rugose; elytra narrow, margins parallel. Genitalia: male, valve
hidden, plates small, elongate triangular, two-thirds as long as pygofer.
Brownish fuscous, maculate with yellow on vertex and pronotum,
and base of scutellum, tip of scutellum yellow; elytra purplish red,
tip smoky hyaline; beneath brownish fuscous, face with irregular
spots, and arcs yellowish, pleurae and margin of abdomen yellow; the
venter brown, a lateral stripe margined with yellow, brown, last two
ventral segments with a pair of yellow spots. Length: 10 mm.
Described from three specimens, (type and paratypes) from Bahia,
Brazil, Dec. 5, 1907, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3702 (J. D. Haseman coll.).
28. Oncometopia minor sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 13, 13a.
Short, thick; head wider than pronotum, produced, rounded to
front; vertex twice as long at middle as next the eye; ocelli on elevated
disks in a transverse furrow; front tumid; disk somewhat flattened;
clypeus elongate, narrowed toward tip, subcarinate; pronotum broad,
a distinct furrow bordering the anterior margin, a callous behind each
eye; the disk transversely striate and punctate; scutellum and elytra
minutely punctate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment half
longer than preceding, deeply incised at middle and with an elevated
callous patch each side of incision; male, plates wide at base, abruptly
narrowing to before the middle and extended as narrow divergent
upturned, blunt appendages reaching nearly to tip of pygofer.
Dull brown, suffused with dark red; vertex dull yellowish-brown at
the middle with blackish lunate lines before ocelli, extending upon
the front as lateral arcs; space between ocellus and eye, also the
clypeus and border of pronotum behind the eye, orange; pronotum
dull gray-brown with anterior furrow black, and a median broken
line dark fuscous; scutellum black; the middle of face and an inter-
rupted marginal line each side, orange-yellow; elytra gray-brown
suffused with reddish-purple; wings milky hyaline; abdomen above
blackish, the sides orange with base of segments black; beneath gray-
brown; abdominal segments orange, margined with black; the last
ventral segment of female with the lateral callous black; male plates
brownish, with fuscous patches at base; legs gray-brown; the femora
with fuscous spots and lines, and the tibiae and tarsi more or less
infuscate. Length: female, 7 mm.; male, 6 mm.
One female (type) Chapada, Brazil, April, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966;
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
171
one female (paratype) and one male (allotype) Asuncion, Paraguay,
July, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
This species has somewhat the aspect of 0. lateralis, but is con-
siderably smaller and the color-pattern is distinctly different.
29. Oncometopia tartarea (Stal).
Phera tartarea Stal, Stett, Ent. Zeit., xxv., 1864, p. 78.
Oncometopia tartarea Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homop., II, 1900, p. 229.
Robust; head wider than pronotum; eyes prominent, produced and
declivous in front; vertex as long as width between the eyes; front
with median carina and strong lateral arcs; clypeus subcarinate, con-
tracted at tip; pronotum narrowing posteriorly, with depressed areas
near anterior border, minutely rugose; head, pronotum, and scutellum
minutely pilose. Genitalia: male, last ventral segment as long as
preceding; plates very short, blunt, about one-fourth length of pygofer;
pygofer with convergent margins, rounded behind.
Purplish-black; elytra and wings milky hyaline; veins blackish.
Length: ii mm.
One specimen, Santarem, Brazil, April, 1919, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 6324 (S. M. Klages coll.).
30. Oncometopia cincta (Signoret).
Tettigonia cincta Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 363.
Head broad; eyes prominent; vertex twice as long at middle as
next the eye; front much swollen; clypeus elevated at base, carinate,
contracted at tip; pronotum narrowed behind, furrowed behind
anterior border and with deep depressions at the sides; hind border
concave. Genitalia: male,- plates small, elongate, triangular; tips
narrowed, somewhat angulate, upturned, less than half as long as
pygofer; pygofers broad, divergent posteriorly; hind border obliquely
truncate.
Dark fuscous or purplish; head pale purple with two irregular
black stripes on the vertex, expanded at the ocellus; a stripe each
side of the disk on the front; apex of front, clypeus, and lorse, black;
pronotum dark fuscous or black, with some small points anteriorly
and the posterior submargin, orange ; scutellum and elytra purplish-
fuscous; apex of elytra smoky-hyaline; wings smoky-blackish; ab-
domen above black, with borders of segments and pygofer, purple;
legs dark fuscous with apex of femora, and base of tibiae, purplish.
Length: 1 1.5 mm.
One specimen, Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, 150 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 3844 (J. Steinbach coll.).
172
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
31. Oncometopia rosipennis sp. nov. PL XII, figs. 14, 14a.
Head large, wider than pronotum, distinctly angulate and sub-
conical in front; vertex nearly as long as width between the eyes;
ocelli mid-way between eyes and middle line; front swollen, flattened
on the disk; clypeus distinctly swollen near base, narrowing to apex;
tip rounded; pronotum as long as vertex; side borders short; anterior
border strongly arched; hind border slightly concave. Genitalia:
male, plates small, together only about half as wide as the last ventral
segment, narrowing rapidly to near middle and extended as slender
acute upturned points reaching two-thirds length of the pygofer;
pygofer broad; hind border obtusely angulate each side.
Yellowish-gray; basal disk of pronotum and all of elytra, except
patch on the costal base and apical cells, rose-purple, mostly covered
with a delicate pruinosity, which is absent on the apical part of ante-
apical cells; abdomen above dusky; borders yellowish with bases of
brown; below, gray-brown; abdomen ivory-yellow, with a brown
patch on the segments on each side, and another on the connexivum,
pale brown; tips of tibiae and tarsal joints, dusky. Length: male,
9.5 mm.
Described from one specimen, male (type), Cacagualito, Colombia,
May, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Genus Dilobopterus Signoret.
Dilobopterus Signoret, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 284. (Genotype Dilobopterus
decoratus Signoret, 1. c., p. 185, pi. 4, fig. 5.)
32. Dilobopterus varius sp. nov.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment about twice the length of
the preceding, truncate at tip and carinate from the middle line; male,
last ventral segment widening toward the tip, which is faintly carinate
with the plates, together about half the width of the preceding seg-
ment, tapering to a slender up-turned pointed tip, the margins with
slender cilia.
Black, the vertex faintly margined with lighter, mostly shiny deep
black. Front polished, lateral arcs black, cheeks at base white,
lorse, clypeus, pronotum, scutellum and base of elytra velvety black.
Central part of elytra a brownish hyaline; anteapical cells fuscous;
apical cells smoky hyaline, costal border dark brown, tinged with
reddish; below sides white, legs black at base. Apex of femur and
base of tibia white, margined with white, abdomen otherwise black.
The large appendage of the hind wing is of a dense velvety black,
evidently the same as in D. burmeisteri Signoret. Length: 8 mm.
Nine specimens from Bartica, British Guiana, secured from H. S.
Parish. Specimens from Mana River, French Guiana, in the Carnegie
Museum, collected by S. M. Klages.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
173
This form is close to D. burmeisteri, which is recorded from Mexico,
from which it seems to differ only in the black scutellum and lack
of orange stripes at base of wing-appendage. I should hesitate to call
it more than a variety of that species, but the specimens at hand seem
constant in the distinctive characters.
The very remarkable lobular appendage on the hind wings which
characterizes this and other species of the genus, and which is folded
over the abdomen and apparently occupies the same position when
expanded, would seem to be of practically no value in flight and its
function is a most puzzling problem.
Fig. I. Dilobopterus varius sp. nov. c. dorsal view; b. elytron; c. wing,
showing broad anal lobe ; d. female and g. male genitalia. (From original drawing
by Mrs. W. V. Balduf, magnified 6.6 diam.)
33. Dilobopterus discoidea (Fabricius).
Cicada discoidea Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng,, 1803, p. 73.
Tettigonia discoidea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 30.
Genitalia: male, valve wanting; plates very narrow, extending into
long up-turned tips reaching the end of the pygofer.
Similar to D. demissa, with pronotum black on the borders and
middle line, but with large discal areas yellow fulvous; middle line
of front and clypeus with lower part of cheeks polished black; sides
of cheeks and stripe along the sides of the body running into the
margins of abdomen ivory-white or yellowish; base of femora black;
elytra hyaline, except the veins, and a rather broad costal line.
One specimen from Chapada, Brazil, Jan. 19, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.) is referred to this species.
174
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
34. Dilobopterus myopa (Fabricius).
Cicada myopa Fabricius, Ent. Syst., IV, 1794, p. 33; Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 73.
Tettigonia myopa Signoret, (near Stolli Signoret), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I,
1853. p- 31-
Head obscure, golden yellow, with median line and lateral punc-
tures black; thorax with a yellow line before; a median stripe and
posterior margins black; body fuscous, hind femora yellow (Fabricius).
This species does not seem to have been recognized by Signoret as
belonging to his genus Dilobopterus, but it is evidently closely related
to D. stolli, as Signoret points out, and also to D. discoidea.
35. Dilobopterus klugi Signoret.
Dilobopterus klugi Signoret, Rev. et Mag. Zo51., 1850, p. 287, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Tettigonia klugi Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 31, pi. 2, fig. 5,
Yellow; black above with numerous yellow spots; a scutellar stripe
golden-yellow; elytra hyaline at base with brown at apex, including a
yellow band. Length: 9 mm.
Originally described from specimens from Cayenne and Brazil.
Not seen.
36. Dilobopterus stolli Signoret.
Dilobopterus stolli Signoret, Rev. et Mag. Z06I., 1850, p. 287, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Tettigonia stolli Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 33.
Yellow; margin of thorax and a middle stripe brown; the elytra
hyaline with brown bands, a large yellow-white fascia, and a hyaline
fascia with the apex brown. Length: 10 mm.
Signoret describes this from “Colombia,” but I have not seen
specimens which seem to fit his description.
37. Dilobopterus fervens Walker.
Dilobopterus fervens Walker, List. Homopt. B. M., pi. 3, 1851, p. 809.
Tettigonia fervens Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 35.
Yellow; black above; the head, apical and lateral spots, the thorax
and scutellum, and the transverse bands, yellow; elytra hyaline, with
a brown band behind the middle, striped with yellow-white. Length:
14 mm.
Described from Para, Brazil.
%
38. Dilobopterus vicina (Signoret).
Tettigonia vicina Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 35, pi. 2, fig. 9.
Yellow; fulvous above, the head with two longitudinal stripes; the
pro-thorax with three transverse bands, and the apex of scutellum
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
175
black; elytra brown with three hyaline yellow stripes; the apex
fuscous, preceded by a hyaline yellow band.
Originally described from Brazil.
39. Dilobopterus bimaculatus Signoret.
Dilobopterus bimaculatus Signoret, Rev. et Mag. ZooL, 1850, p. 286.
Tettigonia bimaculata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 26.
Head rounded, broad; body yellow with a pair of black spots near
the anterior border of vertex, on the pronotum and base of scutellum;
elytra whitish hyaline at base, smoky on outer third; beneath yellowish
above, brown below with the lateral border yellow; feet entirely
yellow. Length: 6 mm.
Described by Signoret as from Rio Janeiro.
40. Dilobopterus dispar (Germar).
Tettigonia dispar Germar, Mag. d. Ent., IV, 1821, p. 71.
Dilobopterus decoratus Signoret, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 285.
Tettigonia dispar Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 27.
Head considerably produced before the eyes; yellow above, brown
varied with yellow below; elytra yellowish hyaline on basal two-thirds;
apical one-third fuscous with a cross-band of yellow hyaline toward
apex; feet yellow. Length: 8 to 9 mm.
Originally described from Bahia, Brazil.
41. Dilobopterus demissa (Fabricius).
Cicada demissa Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1869, p. 73.
Tettigonia cephalotes Walker, List Homopt. Ins. B. M., Pt. 2, 1851, p. 759.
Tettigonia multicolor Walker, 1. c,, p. 760.
Tettigonia demissa Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 4.
Tettigonia demissa Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., 1869, p. 70.
Head broad, much wider than thorax, rounded in front, somewhat
produced, black; face white at the sides with numerous black arcs;
vertex black with small fulvous spots at base. Pronotum black, two
round fulvous spots on the disk; scutellum black with lateral spots
and apex yellow or fulvous; elytra hyaline; costa brown; beneath
blackish with sides yellow; abdomen above black. Length: 7 mm.
Specimens from Rioja, Peru, and Bartica, British Guiana, April 18,
1901, in author’s collection.
One specimen referred to this species is from Chapada, Brazil,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
176
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
42. Dilobopterus exaltatus (Fabricius).
Cicada exaltata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 71.
Tettigonia exaltata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 32.
A handsome golden-yellow species, with fuscous arcs on the head
extending from front part of vertex down on the face, separated by
a broad unmarked space; ocelli black; pronotum golden-yellow, with
a broad brown border at sides and behind; elytra with a broad yellowish
hyaline area extending to tip of clavus, a broad dark brown area in-
cluding bright yellow bands; apex smoky hyaline; beneath yellow;
tibiae embrowned; abdomen brown above, yellow below; last ventral
segment longer than the preceding, the middle portion produced,
slightly sinuate.
Numerous specimens from Santarem, April 19, and July, 1919,
collected by S. M. Klages, Cam. Mus. Ace. No. 6324; Los Ojos,
Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Ace. No. 5063; Las Juntas, Bolivia, December,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066 (Steinbach coll.). A specimen in the
author’s collection, slightly slenderer, has the yellow bar and brown
area reduced to an oval spot. This species was described from
“America meridionali,” and Signoret specifies Para as a locality.
43. Dilobopterus hexapterus (Burmeister).
Tettigonia hexaptera Burmeister, Handb. der Ent., II, pt, i, 1835, p. 118. (Stoll.
fig. 162.) — Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 33.
This species is described as luteous with the hind margin of the
pronotum and the margin of elytra and behind the middle ferruginous,
punctate with yellow. Signoret suggests that it may be the same
as T. exaltata Fabricius. It is credited to Para by its author.
44. Dilobopterus syrphoidula (Jacobi).
Tettigoniella syrphoidula Jacobi, Sitzb. d, Gesel. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1905*-
p. 170.
Head much wider than pronotum, rounded in front; pronotum half
longer than vertex, narrowing slightly behind, hind border concave.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates small, narrow, contracted before
the middle, and extending in long slender tips to end of pygofer.
Black, with yellow markings and yellow beneath, elytra hyaline,
costa brown, legs yellow. Length: 9 mm.
One specimen in the Carnegie Museum from Chapada, Brazil,
March, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.) is referred to
this species, although the pronotum has more yellow than is present
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
177
on specimens presumed to be from the Jacobi material in my collec-
tion. It is also represented from Asuncion, Paraguay, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 3773 (Haseman coll.). I have in addition several specimens
from Bolivia, which agree with the Chapada specimen. The Jacobi
specimens are labeled Rioja, Peru.
Genus Cicad'Ella Latreille.
Cicadella Latreille, in Cuvier, Regne Animal, III, 1817, p. 406. (Orthotype
Cicada viridis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, p. 438.)
45. Cicadella oculata (Signoret).
Tettigonia oculata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 344.
Broad, head as wide as pronotum, rounded anteriorly.
Yellow; head with two black spots at front; the hinder border and
submarginal band on pronotum, black; elytra brown with numerous
yellow dots interrupted beyond the tip of clypeus, forming a blackish
arc within which is a conspicuous brown-yellow spot; tips brownish;
abdomen rose-color; feet yellowish red. Length: 9 mm.
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064
(Steinbach coll.) and Don Amo, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999
(H. H. Smith coll.).
46. Cicadella gratiosa (Blanchard).
Tettigonia gratiosa Blanchard, Hist. Nat., HI, 1840-1841, p. 191.
Tettigonia gratiosa Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 343.
Head as wide as pronotum, angulate; vertex about half as long as
pronotum. Genitalia: female, segment acuminate.
Orange yellow; vertex with three black lines bifurcate anteriorly;
prothorax with two lines near the middle and two at each side, forked
in front; elytra brown with numerous minute dots of yellow, greenish,
or bluish, arranged in series; a distinct round yellow spot beyond
clavus; apex brownish; below yellowish. Length: 9 mm.
Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.)]
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064 (Stein-
bach coll.).
47. Cicadella inspergata (Signoret).
Tettigonia inspergata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 770.
Very similar to gratiosa, but differing in the absence of the apical
spot on the elytra, and by blackish lines on the head and prothorax.
178 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
which in this species are replaced by a basal band, on the prothorax
by a transverse band as in C. oculata. Length: ii mm.
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064
(Steinbach colL).
48. Cicadella nebulosa (Signoret). PI. XII, figs. 19, 19a, 19b.
Tettigonia nebulosa Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 343.
Head wider than pronotum, subangulate in front, rounded; vertex
twice as long at middle as next the eye, sloping to front; front convex;
clypeus obtusely angulate and profile with a contracted, elevated
area toward the apex; pronotum strongly arched before, hind border
nearly straight; head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra, except at
extreme tip, minutely punctate. Genitalia: female, last ventral seg-
ment a little longer than preceding, narrowed toward tip, with a
median, blunt tooth, on each side of which is a slight notch; male,
valve distinct, obtusely angulate behind, plates short, broad at base,
acutely angulate and upturned at apex, one-half as long as pygofer.
Dark brown, with minute yellowish dots on vertex, pronotum and
basal and apical part of elytra with apex of scutellum and a large
round spot at base of clavus, another on disk of corium, surrounded
by a broad brown border unmarked with yellow; the apex subhyaline.
Length: 6.5 mm. to 6.7 mm.
Eight specimens, seven from Taperina, Brazil, one from Santarem,
Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
In Signoret’s description the locality is given as “Fernanbouc,” no_
doubt Pernambuco.
49. Cicadella discoidula sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 15, 15a, 15b.
Head broad, distinctly angulate; vertex twice as long at middle as
next the eye, more flattened than in C. nebulosa', front slightly
flattened; clypeus scarcely angulate in profile, contracted and carinate
toward the apex; pronotum a little longer than vertex, broadly arched
in front, hind border nearly straight; scutellum small, acuminate;
head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra, minutely punctate, as in C.
nebulosa. Genitalia: male, valve small, broadly angulate behind;
plates very small, as wide as the valve at base, narrowing to acute
upturned points, scarcely one-fourth as long as pygofer.
Dark brown, minutely dotted or irrorate with yellowish, with a
large whitish spot on disk of elytra and a transverse band toward
apex, extending from costa to the claval areole, .near tip of clavus;
the legs are brown, maculate with yellowish. Length: 7 mm.
Described from one specimen, male (type) from Chapada, Brazil,
January, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
179
This species is very similar to C. nehulosa in color and the minute
puncturing of the surface, but does not have the yellowish dots
distributed so uniformly and the spot at the middle of elytra and the
transverse band are whiter; it lacks, also, the yellowish apex of scu-
tellum and basal spot on clavus which appear to be characteristic
of C. nebulosa.
50. Cicadella notulatula sp. nov. PL XII, figs. 16, i6a, i6b.
Head wider than pronotum, strongly angled in front; vertex twice
as long at middle as next the eye, rounded to front; apex more acute;
front striate at sides; clypeus rounded, contracted and carinate at
tip; pronotum a little longer than vertex, sub-striate; head, pronotum,
scutellum, and elytra minutely punctured, as in C. nehulosa. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment produced, obtusely angulate, minutely
notched at tip; pygofers tumid at base, compressed at apex.
Dark brownish fuscous, densely spotted with yellowish, with a
small spot at base of clavus, another at base of corium, a distinct spot
near the middle and a group of small spots near the costa toward
apex, dull white. Beneath fuscous, irregularly maculate with whitish.
Length: 7 mm.
Described from one specimen, female (type) Provincia del Sara,
Bolivia, 450 m. (J. Steinbach coll.).
This species very closely resembles C. nehulosa and C. discoidula,
especially in the puncturing of the surface, but differs in the color-
markings. The three species evidently are derivatives from a common
stock, and must be associated with C. mucidula Jacobi.
51. Cicadella callosa sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 17, 17a, 17b.
Head wider than pronotum, distinctly angulate in the female, sub-
angulate in the male, in female nearly twice as long at middle as next
the eye, shorter than the male; ocelli large, about half way from base
to apex, very wide apart; front tumid, slightly flattened on the disk;
clypeus large, elevated, but not distinctly gibbous; pronotum one-half
longer than vertex, transversely striate; hind border sinuate; elytral
veins conspicuous, forking of outer sector callous. Genitalia: female,
last ventral segment twice as long as preceding, truncate behind;
male, last ventral segment one-half longer than preceding, hind
border rounded, plates small, triangular, tips acute, about one-fourth
as long as pygofer.
Gray-fuscous; vertex with a black dot on each side on hind border,
two converging dots at apex; a transverse brown band interrupted by
ocellar margins; front with conspicuous lateral arcs, a yellow discal
patch margined with fuscous; pronotum with fuscous lineate spots on
anterior border, disk irrorate; scutellum with black triangles at base
180
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
and a yellow apex; elytra brownish fuscous with yellowish veins, with
a broad yellow callous at the forking of outer sector. Beneath gray;
tarsal claws black. Length: 4 mm.
Female (type) from Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, 150 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 3844; female (paratype) Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.,
Nov., 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4549 (J. Steinbach coll.). Male
(allotype) Bom Fin, Bahia, Brazil, Nov. 3, 1907, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 3420 (J. D. Haseman coll.).
52. Cicadella interstitialis (Signoret).
Tettigonia interstitialis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 789, pi. 24,
fig. 8.
Head obtusely angulate, shorter than pronotum.
Brown, vertex lineate and pronotum dotted with yellow. Length:
10 mm.
A specimen from Provincia del Sara, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. i\cc.
No. 5064, 1913 (Steinbach coll.) is referred to this species.
53. Cicadella lituriceps sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 18, i8a, i8b.
Head large, wider than pronotum, subangulate; vertex about as
long at middle as next the eye; front tumid, slightly flattened on the
disk; clypeus large, but scarcely tumid at base, sloping gradually to
the narrow tip; pronotum one-half longer than vertex, hind margin
nearly straight; scutellum large. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment long, more than twice as long as preceding; hind border
produced, but not angulate; male, valve very small, short, not as wide
as base of plates, plates rather broad, outer border rounded to near
the short, acuminate, upturned tips, which reach about half the
length of the pygofer.
Light yellowish, with head, pronotum, and scutellum rather densely
inscribed with broken lines and dots, which, especially at side of front,
are arranged in fairly definite arcs; elytra brown-fuscous, thickly
spotted with ivory-yellow or whitish, except at apex, which is smoky
hyaline. Beneath pale yellowish; legs with spines of hind tibiae and
the tips of tarsi, dusky. Length: female, 7 mm.; male, 6 mm.
Described from four specimens, two females (type and paratype)
and two males (allotype and paratype) from Minca, Colombia, May
and June, 1898, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
54. Cicadella tinctorula sp. nov. PI. XI I, figs. 20, 20a.
Head large, much wider than pronotum, produced before the eyes,
rounded; vertex three times as wide as long; front tumid, somewhat
flattened on the disk; clypeus swollen at base, contracted at tip;
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
181
pronotum twice as long as vertex, hind border nearly straight. Geni-
talia: female, last ventral segment mutilated, apparently produced
into a long, blunt tooth; male, last ventral segment equal to preceding;
plates very short, angular at tip, about one-fourth as long as pygofer.
Light yellowish; vertex, pronotum, and scutellum with irregular
brown-fuscous markings connecting in such manner as to produce
numerous irregular reticulations; elytra reddish brown, closely macu-
late with greenish yellow; front with fuscous stripes at the margin of
the disk, uniting on base of clypeus; tip of clypeus and margin of
cheek beneath the eye fuscous. Abdomen above reddish; legs light
yellow; tips of tarsi dusky. Length: female, 7 mm.; male, 6 mm.
Two specimens, one female (type) Minca, Colombia, May, 1898;
one male (allotype) Bonda, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999
(H. H. Smith coll.).
This species has much of the pattern of T. diihia Signoret, and a
similar female segment, but the picture of the face is very different
and the size somewhat larger.
55. Cicadella intermptula sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 21, 21a.
Head slightly wider than pronotum, rounded, subangulate in front ;
vertex twice as long at middle as next the eye, distinctly convex;
front tumid, scarcely flattened on the disk; clypeus swollen at base,
contracted, narrow at tip; pronotum nearly half longer than vertex,
hind border faintly sinuate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment
long, slightly produced, and subangulate on the hind border; male,
plates round at base, contracted beyond the middle, extended as
slender upturned tips, reaching three-fourths length of the pygofer.
Testaceous yellowish; vertex with fuscous lines uniting before the
eyes and extended down each side of front, with a distinct dot at tip
and a fuscous ring around each ocellus; pronotum greenish olive, the
anterior border somewhat yellowish and a blackish irregular band on
each side connected by a narrow band on anterior border; scutellum
yellowish with lateral angles and discal spot black; elytra fuscous, or
blackish, with interrupted greenish and yellowish stripes on clavus,
and an uninterrupted stripe on base of apical cells; costa hyaline; apex
smok^L Beneath testaceous; abdomen above blackish with margins
yellowish; tips of tarsi dusky. Length: female, 5 mm.; male, 4.5 mm.
Described from two specimens, one female (type), male (allotype)
from Chapada, Brazil, November, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H.
Smith coll.).
The male has the coloration much more distinct and the stripes
distinctly greenish, while the female appears to be faded, or to have
been immersed in alcohol, but the color-pattern agrees very per-
fectly, so there seems no question as to the connection.
182
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
56. Cicadella dorsifascia sp. nov. PI. XII, figs. 22, 22a.
Head large, wider than pronotum, produced, rounded; vertex
nearly as long as width between the eyes; front tumid, slightly
flattened; clypeus enlarged at base, subcarinate, contracted toward
tip; pronotum a little longer than vertex, strongly arched in front,
side margins short; hind border straight. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment long; hind border produced, truncate, or broadly
notched on hind border.
A broad reddish brown stripe on each side extending before the
eyes and meeting on the front and including sides of pronotum, outer
angle of scutellum, and most of elytra, except clavus; a broad stripe
bifid at tip of vertex extending across pronotum, occupying all except
minute base of scutellum, and all of clavus except an irregular patch
at base, and an oblique extension from tip of clavus onto anteapical
cell, light yellow, also a white or hyaline spot beyond middle of costa;
apex smoky; veins toward apex bright red; front with short yellow
arcs in the brown stripe on base; the lower part of clypeus and cheeks,
yellow, tinged with orange. Abdomen above red, beneath yellow;
legs light yellow, slightly tinged with orange. Length: 6 mm.
One specimen, female (type) from Chapada, Brazil, October, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
57. Cicadella hyalinatula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 23, 23a.
Slender, parallel; head large; eyes prominent; vertex roundingly
produced, about twice as long at middle as next the eye; front tumid;
vertex swollen near the base, contracted toward tip; pronotum with
sides parallel, anterior border strongly arched, hind border slightly
concave. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment slightly longer than
preceding, weakly carinate, and slightly produced at middle on hind
border.
Pale yellowish, tinged with orange; a spot at apex, one on each side
above antennse, a narrow hind border at middle, two transverse spots
on disk of pronotum, a spot at border behind the eyes and the hind
margin, blackish; scutellum yellow; elytra dark honey-yellow, sub-
hyaline, with a reddish brown transverse band on base of clavus, a
triangular spot mid-way on inner border of clavus and a transverse
band behind tip of clavus; wings a little more obscure than elytra;
legs nearly concolorous. Abdomen above yellow, with orange bands;
beneath pale yellow; the last ventral segment on the disk and the
pygofer at apex tinged with orange; ovipositor brownish; apex
fuscous; tarsal claws dusky. Length: 9 mm.
One specimen, female (type) from Minca, Colombia, June, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Osborn; Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
183
58. Cicadella longicornis sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 24, 24a.
Head scarcely wider than pronotum, rounded and subtruncate
before; vertex nearly twice as wide as length at middle; front broad,
broadly flattened on the disk, tumid toward the tips; clypeus tumid
at base, subcarinate toward tip; apex narrowed and rounded; antennae
very long, extending nearly to the genital segment; pronotum nearly
twice as long as vertex, depressed, somewhat sulcate anteriorly, hind
border rounded, slightly convex at middle; scutellum acuminate; tips
spinose. Genitalia: male, last ventral segment equal to preceding;
plates nearly as wide at base as hind segment, tapering into long,
acute, upturned, compressed tips, reaching beyond tip of pygofer.
Bright orange; the large subtriangular patch, anterior part of vertex,
ocelli, a patch at the lower part of front on each side, eyes, antennae,
except at base, a double patch on hind border of pronotum and
scutellum, black; elytra dark purplish, with a blackish base and two
bands beyond the clavus; the tip whitish hyaline; legs orange at base;
outer tarsi blackish. Abdomen entirely purplish black. Length: 14 mm.
Described from one specimen (type) Hyutanahan, Rio Purus,
Brazil, Feb., 1922, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6993 (S. M. Klages coll.).
This very handsome species does not seem to appear among the
descriptions of the tropical Cicadellids, although it is such a con-
spicuous form that it could hardly be overlooked if occurring in any
wide distribution.
59. Cicadella terminalis sp. nov. PL XIII, figs. 25, 25a.
Head very broad, rounded before; vertex scarcely longer at middle
than next the eye; ocelli near the base; front tumid, polished, with
distinct striae at the sides; clypeus tumid near the base; apex con-
tracted; pronotum broadly arched in front, lateral margin long,
posterolateral angle rounded, hind border convex; scutellum large;
abdomen slender, tapering; elytra narrow, tips round. Genitalia:
male, plates narrow, elongate, contracted beyond the middle; tips
conically acute, slightly upturned, reaching three-fourths length of
the pygofer; pygofer elongate, somewhat compressed toward the
tip, densely set with short, stiff hairs.
Golden-yellow, paler beneath; vertex with a round black spot
anteriorly, extending down upon the front; ocelli and eyes black;
pronotum with anterior and posterior borders black; a broad central
band orange-red; scutellum black, with a basal patch on the disk
and a lunate transverse band before the apex, orange-red; elytra
subhyaline, honey-yellow with broad inner border of clavus and sub-
claval stripe widening behind and the costal border and nervures,
fuscous; apex smoky; an orange-red oblique stripe crossing the ante-
apical cells; abdomen above black; pygofer orange-yellow; tips of
tarsi blackish. Length: 9 mm.; to tip of elytra, 9.5 mm.
184
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
One specimen, male (holotype), Mana River, French Guiana, May,
1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.).
This species falls in the group with obliquatula Jacobi, with which
it agrees closely in size, but from which it differs distinctly in the
pattern of coloration on pronotum, scutellum, and elytra.
60. Cicadella subhyalina sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 27, 27a, 27b.
Elongate, parallel; head broad; eyes prominent; vertex nearly
twice as long at middle as next the eye, subangulate; front tumid;
clypeus a little swollen at base, narrowed to tip; pronotum with
sides parallel, anterior border strongly arched; hind border slightly
concave; scutellum acuminate; elytra long, narrowed. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment half longer than preceding; hind border
slightly concave.
Pale yellow, tinged with orange; vertex with anterior border, a
transverse line before ocelli, pronotum with anterior and posterior
borders, scutellum with discal and apical bands and elytra with four
transverse bands, reddish-brown; disk of pronotum orange-red;
elytra reddish hyaline; a more transparent area between the two
apical bands and the tips, smoky-hyaline; beneath pale yellow; tarsi
dusky; abdomen above red; beneath pale yellow with basal segments
brown; ovipositor black. Length: 12 mm.
Described from three female specimens (type and paratypes) ; one
from Valparaiso, 2500 ft.. Department Magdalena, Colombia, May,
1898; two from Cacagualito, Colombia, May, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999
(H. H. Smith coll.).
This species quite closely resembles T. hracteatula Jacobi, male
specimens of which I have from Riojo, Peru. It may be possible
that the specimens before me are the females of that species, but they
are so different in some details that they cannot be placed there with
certainty.
61. Cicadella nubicula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 30, 30a.
Head broad, eyes conspicuous, vertex short, with a transverse
furrow, pronotum twice as long as vertex. Genitalia: male, valve
short; plates elongate, contracted before the middle, the slender tip
extending to end of pygofer.
Purplish, minutely dotted with yellow and green spots; face brown,
with numerous yellow dots, the latter ones arranged in arcs; abdomen
beneath ochreous. Length: 10 mm.
Four specimens, Archidona, Ecuador, in the author’s collection.
These specimens, secured from a German dealer, are labelled Tetti-
go?iia nubicula Breddin, but I have been unable to find any reference
to such a species in the literature and conclude it must be a manu-
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
185
script name. I retain the name, however, and if a description has
been published the species should be credited to Breddin.
62. Cicadella brunneatula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 33, 33a.
Head rather narrow, scarcely as wide as pronotum; vertex about
half as long as width between eyes, somewhat produced before the
eyes; front distinctly flattened on the disk; scutellum large, somewhat
swollen at base, narrowed, obtusely carinate toward tip; pronotum
widening behind, twice as long as vertex; hind border nearly straight;
elytra with cross-veins very few or obsolete. Genitalia: male, last
ventral segment somewhat elongate; plates narrow, elongate, acute;
tips reaching nearly to end of pygofer, rather densely set with marginal
hairs and a number of short bristles.
Brown, somewhat infuscate; an elongate spot extended from tip
of vertex on to front; a transverse spot back of and between ocelli;
ocelli, eyes, seta of antenna, two large semicircular spots on pronotal
disk, black; the elytra with broad fuscous or blackish stripes between
the veins, which are rather broadly brown or coppery; the tips smoky;
wings smoky black; tibia and tarsi infuscate. Length: 9.5 mm.
One specimen, male (type) Incachaca, Bolivia, 2500 m.. Cam. Mus,
Acc. No. 6873 (J. Steinbach coll.).
63. Cicadella clitellaria sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 70, 70a.
Head wider than pronotum, subangulate; vertex produced, half
longer at middle than next the eye; front tumid; clypeus rounded,
subcarinate; apex rather broadly rounded; pronotum half longer than
vertex, strongly arched in front; hind border truncate, or faintly
concave. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment twice as long as
preceding; hind border produced into a broad rounded, scarcely
angulate lobe.
Whitish and dark fuscous; the vertex broadly fuscous at base, with
indented white margin; front mostly white, lower border and broad
stripe across clypeus, lorse and cheeks, fuscous; a narrow border of
clypeus and cheek, white; pronotum fuscous, with a median line
widening at base, white; a broad stripe across scutellum widening and
then contracted on the clavus, white, with central line of scutellum
and commissural line, yellow; angles of scutellum and outer base of
clavus, all of corium, except a narrow costal margin, fuscous; costa
with broken whitish-hemline margin. Beneath, with legs, whitish;
abdomen above and the pygofer below, fuscous. Length: 4.5 mm.
Described from two females (type and paratype) Chapada, Brazil,
November, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
This species has somewhat the picture of variegata (Fabricius), but
is much smaller and the details of pattern as well as shape of vertex,
are quite different.
186
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
64. Cicadella apicula sp. nov. PL XVI, figs. 67, 67a.
Head wider than pronotum, rounded in front; vertex produced,
twice as long at middle as next the eye; front tumid; clypeus obtusely
carinate; pronotum scarcely longer than vertex, hind border slightly
concave. Genitalia: male, plates narrow, small, sunken between
pygofers; tips acute, about half as long as pygofer.
Above mostly purple-black; anterior border of vertex striate with
whitish; tip of scutellum yellowish white; a broad sulphur yellow
band near base of clavus, extending from middle of scutellum to about
the middle of clavus; another yellow band across tip of clavus, ex-
tending half-way down to costa; a small whitish triangle near the
apex; wings smoky; beneath face light yellow, with darker striae at
the sides; a black stripe running from antennal pits to base of clypeus;
mesosternum and pleural pieces blackish. Abdomen whitish below,
dark above; basal part of pygofer and male plates more or less in-
fuscate; legs testaceous white; tarsi dusky. Length: 5.5 mm.
Described from one specimen, male (type) from Provincia del Sara,
Bolivia, 450 m., Nov. 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4549 (J. Stein-
bach coll.).
65. Cicadella cruenta (Fabricius).
Cicada cruenta Fabricius, Ent. Syst., V, Supplement, 1798, p. 521; Syst. Rhyng.,
1803, p. 67.
Tettigonia cruenta Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p, 7, pi. i, fig. 3. —
Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 73.
Head scarcely wider than pronotum, produced, subangulate,
rounded before; vertex nearly as long at middle as between the eyes;
front tumid, slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus elevated at base,
narrowed, subcarinate toward tip; pronotum slightly longer than
vertex; hind border faintly emarginate. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment produced at the lateral angles into a blunt tooth
and at the middle into a somewhat longer, angular tooth, strongly
carinate.
Dull yellowish, the vertex, hind part of pronotum, most of clavus,
broad costal border and an oblique stripe from tip of clavus to mem-
brane, orange-red; legs tinged with reddish; base of vertex between
ocelli, a spot on each side at apex, a transverse band across middle
of pronotum, hind border next to scutellum, all of scutellum and a
narrow marginal base of clavus, a triangular patch at middle of
clavus, and a broad discal stripe on corium, black; costa yellow-
hyaline. Abdomen above black, margined with orange; tip of pygofer
orange beneath. Length: 6 mm.
Specimens from Santarem, June, 1919; Villa Braga, Brazil, July,
1919; Benevides, Brazil, Oct. 18, 1919, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6174;
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
187
Mana River, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6173, (S. M. Klages
coll.). Provincia del Sara, 450 m., and Rio Guapore (J. Steinbach
coll.). There are also specimens from Bartica, British Guiana, in the
author’s collection. The original record was from Cayenne. Signoret
and Stal have listed the species from Rio de Janeiro.
66. Cicadella rufipes (Fabricius.)
Cicada rufipes Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 68.
Tettigonia decora Walker, List Homopt. B. M., 1851, p. 744.
Tettigonia rufipes Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I,, 1853, p. 336, pi. 9, fig. 3. —
Stal, Hemipt, Fabric., II. 1869, p. 72.
Head broad, short; borders of vertex nearly parallel; disk de-
pressed; front flattened on disk, striate at the sides; clypeus long,
elevated on the middle, subcarinate with about four depressions near
the anterior border. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment large,
nearly twice as long as the preceding; disk roughened with converging
Carina toward the hind border and a slightly produced broad emar-
ginate tooth at the middle.
Black above, orange-red below; vertex with a large spot at base
between ocelli, a large spot on either side of pronotum, a spot at
each side of scutellum continued as a broad spot at base of clavus,
another beyond middle of clavus and four on the corium, greenish
white; front with a yellowish spot at base; clypeus, lorae, cheeks, and
legs, except tarsi, orange-red. Abdomen above black, beneath
orange; the last ventral segment of female and the pygofer, a narrow
border next the ovipositor, black. Length: 14 mm.
Mana River, French Guiana, May 17, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008
(S. M. Klages coll.). A specimen in the author’s collection from
Bartica, British Guiana, Aug. 1901, collected by H. S. Parish.
This is a handsome species, very conspicuously marked by the
greenish white spots on the black upper surface and the orange-red
under surface, beginning at tip of front.
67. Cicadella fasciata (Linnaeus).
Cicada fasciata Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed, X, 1758, p. 436. — Fabricius, Ent. Syst.,
IV, 1794, p. 51.
Tettigonia miniata Hoffmann, Germar, Mag. d. Ent., IV, 1821, p, 69. — Walker,
List Homopt. B. M., pt. 3, 1857, p. 734.
Tettigonia quadrivittataCis. Pelletier etSERViLLE, Encyc. Method., X, 1827, p. 601.
Tettigonia fasciata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 359.
Head wider than pronotum, produced, rounded to front; vertex
depressed between ocellus and eye; front rounded; clypeus tumid at
188
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
base, contracted at tip; pronotum subquadrate, arched in front,
nearly truncate behind. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment
about three times as long as preceding, somewhat spoon-shaped; hind
border produced on each side of the broad median notch.
Light yellow or orange; the hind part of vertex, eyes, and front
part of pronotum, a broad band across elytra including apex of scutel-
lum, another including apex of clavus, and an apical band covering
most of the tip, black. Abdomen above blackish toward apex, margins
yellow; legs yellow; tarsi somewhat brownish. Length: 9 mm.
Specimens from Mana River, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 6008, Pernambuco, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.)-, also specimens in
the author’s collection from Bartica, British Guiana.
68. Cicadella cardinalis (Fabricius).
Cicada cardinalis Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 71.
Tettigonia cardinalis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 686, pi. 22, fig. 15.
Head as wide as pronotum; vertex produced, broadly rounded in
front; front tumid, slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus tumid at
base, contracted at tip; pronotum somewhat widening behind, one-
half longer than vertex, hind border scarcely sinuate. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment very much elongated, forming a long
carinate spine, reaching to tip of the ovipositor.
Light yellow below, orange-red above; the spot at the front of the
vertex, two square spots on the base, eyes, and a transverse spot
produced at the sides on the front of pronotum, black; hind border
of pronotum broadly brown-fuscous; scutellum, base, and a spot on
the disk just behind the suture, brownish fuscous; elytra brownish
fuscous, with a stripe along the outer border of clavus, a broad stripe
on the inner border of disk, cardinal-red; a brilliant red oblique stripe
from tip of clavus to apex; abdomen above blackish on the disk; sides
yellowish tinged with red; tips of tibiae and tarsal joints narrowly
fuscous. Length: 10 mm.
Mana River, French Guiana, June, 1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008;
Benevides, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6174 (S. M. Klages coll.). A
female in my collection from Bartica, British Guiana, Aug., 1901.
69. Cicadella auroguttata (Signoret).
Tettigonia auroguttata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 373, pi. 12, fig, 16.
Head short, as wide as pronotum; vertex produced before the
eyes, broadly rounded in front, depressed on the disk; front tumid;
clypeus slightly elevated at base, carinate; pronotum nearly twice as
long as vertex, slightly wider posteriorly; hind border convex. Geni-
talia: male, last ventral segment long; plates elongate, triangular,
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5. 189
narrowing nearly uniformly to the acute, slightly divergent tips,
which reach almost to end of pygofer.
Lemon-yellow, tinged on vertex and base of pronotum, borders, and
apex of elytra, and on the tibiae with pale orange; beneath dull whitish.
Length: ll mm.
One specimen, Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil, March, 1922 (S. M.
Klages coll.).
This specimen, while lacking the golden spots indicated by Signoret,
agrees so closely in all other details that it seems unquestionably to
belong here. In fact Signoret speaks of these spots as more numerous
in the females.
70. Cicadella pauperata (Fabricius).
Cicada pauperata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 71.
Tettigonia pauperata Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., 1869, p. 77.
Head considerably produced, flattened and somewhat depressed
each side the middle line on the vertex; front tumid; clypeus carinate.
Pronotum as long as vertex, with a faint transverse depression parallel
to the anterior border, light gray; the eyes and parts of elytra more
or less suffused with yellow. The apex of elytra with an orange
band; beneath light gray. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment
more than three times as long as the preceding, narrowing to the
rounded hind border with a median carina and slightly notched at
tip; male, valve short or wanting; plates broad at base, short, aiid
very abruptly narrowed, the tapering tips acute, and about a third
the length of the pygofer.
Stal indicates two varieties, which seem to be represented in our
material. Variety A, light gray, the elytra suffused with orange-
yellow; variety B, lighter gray, with only an apical band of orange.
These varieties may very easily intergrade, although the more definite
orange band of variety B seems fairly well marked.
Specimens in the Carnegie Museum from Las Juntas and Provincia
del Sara, Bolivia (Steinbach coll.)', Mana River, French Guiana,
May, 1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.). There
are also specimens in the author’s collection, from Bartica, British
Guiana, March 20; April 14 and 18; May 21 ; 1901 (H. S. Parish coll.).
Evidently common in the northern and central parts of South America.
71. Cicadella lurida (Signoret).
Tettigonia lurida Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 662, pi. 21, fig. i.
Head produced, rounded in front; vertex as long as width between
the eyes; front tumid; antennae long; pronotum slightly longer than
190
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
vertex, widening posteriorly. Genitalia: female, segment long, hind
border produced, acuminate.
Entirely yellowish white, with elytra hyaline, suffused with yellow
at base ; hind border of segments whitish ; feet whitish. Length: iimm.
Mana River, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M.
Klages coll.).
72. Cicadella mutabilis (Signoret).
Tettigonia mutabilis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 683, pL 22, fig. 10.
Head rounded, somewhat produced; vertex nearly as long at middle
as between the eyes; front tumid; prothorax broadly rounded in
front, slightly widened behind; posterior border truncate.
Yellowish tinged with red; prothorax black with two red spots,
sometimes yellowish; scutellum black; elytra blackish or purple-
black, with a large spot near the center of the clavus, and another
midway on the corium, these with the spots on the pronotum forming
a double series nearly in line when the elytra are closed; vertex with
a black spot extending down upon the front; abdomen red above,
black below; genitalia red; feet yellow, or red. Length: 12 mm.
Entre Rios, Brazil, July 19, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H.
Smith coll.).
73. Cicadella sexguttata (Fabricius).
Cicada sexguttata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 75.
Tettigonia sexguttata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 357, pi. ii, fig. 7.
— Fowler, Biol, Cent. -Am., Homopt., V. II, 1900, p. 261.
Head as wide as pronotum, produced; apex nearly as long at middle
as between eyes; front tumid; clypeus slightly swollen at base, con-
tracted at tip; pronotum as long as vertex, truncate behind. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment short, truncate; hind border indentate;
male, plates elongate, narrowing toward apex to acute spine-like
tips, reaching three-fourths length of the pygofer.
Black above, yellow below; vertex with a bifid white ivory spot
covering most of base; two narrow spots at apex and a dot near the
eyes, whitish; a large spot on the pronotum bifid behind, and three
spots on the elytra, ivory-white; a semicircular spot near apex red at
base and smoky hyaline toward tip on apex. Abdomen dusky above;
pygofer reddish; legs light yellow; tarsi tipped with dusky. Length:
6 mm.
This species occurs in northern South America; Central America;
Panama; Nicaragua; West Indies.
74. Cicadella sociata (Fowler).
Tettigonia sociata Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 262.
Similar to C. sexguttata-, head scarcely as wide as pronotum, some-
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
191
what produced; vertex nearly as long as width between the eyes;
front tumid; pronotum as long as vertex, truncate behind.
Velvety black; a white band on the clavus at tip of scutellum, and
another across apex of clavus, with a yellowish or whitish spot on
costa and another oblique one on apical cells; legs yellowish white.
Length: 6 to 7 mm.
Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2996 (H. H. Smith coll.).
75. Cicadella lativittata (Fowler).
Tettigonia lativittata Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 281.
Head as wide as pronotum, considerably produced; vertex sub-
angulate; front tumid; clypeus slightly tumid at base, narrowed to
tip, pronotum scarcely as long as vertex; hind border truncate, slightly
concave. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment elongate, strongly
carinate, produced on the hind border into an acute angle.
Light yellow; a broad black stripe starting at tip of vertex extends
back across pronotum, scutellum, and inner margin of clavus; a
stripe beginning at the side of the front extends through the eye
across margin of pronotum and along outside of claval suture to the
membrane; the propleura black, connecting with a broad costal and
discal stripe on the elytra, which has a yellowish submargin for the
central part of the corium; apex black, with a triangular whitish spot
near apex and a transverse white band across base of apical cells;
abdomen above black; base of pygofer infuscate. Length: 5.5 mm.
Las Juntas, Bolivia, Dec., 1913, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066; Quatro
Oj OS, Bolivia, November, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5065 (Steinbach coll.).
This is a handsome little species, very similar to T. obtecta Fabricius,
but smaller and the stripes are yellowdsh or green and more yellow
than blue.
76. Cicadella satelles (Fowler).
Tettigonia satelles Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 288, pi. XIX,
fig. 22.
Head as wide as pronotum, rounded in front; front tumid; pronotum
scarcely longer than head.
Black, shiny; vertex margined with yellowish. Pronotum and
scutellum black; elytra fuscous or blackish, with a large yellow spot
on the clavus; three oblique spots on the costa and a smaller whitish
spot at tip of clavus; wings smoky; abdomen black above; beneath
together with legs, pale whitish; tarsal claws dusky. Length: 4 mm.
From Provincia del Sara (Steinbach coll.). This species was
originally described from Mexico, (Tobasco), so that the distribution
apparently extends through Central America as far south as Bolivia.
192
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
77. Cicadella quadriplagiata (Walker).
Tettigonia 4-plagiata Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. 3, 1851, p. 774.
Tettigonia quadriplagiata Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 358.
Head broad as pronotum, produced, subangulate; vertex about as
long as pronotum. Pronotum broadly arched in front, slightly concave
behind; elytra nearly parallel.
Yellow below; above more or less fuscous with a large spot occupying
hinder part of vertex and disk of pronotum; a large ovate spot on
clavus, and a large triangular spot beyond the middle of costa, light
yellow. Abdomen bright red. Length: 6 mm.
Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.);
Villa Braga, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6544 (S. M. Klages coll.);
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia (J. Steinbach coll.); Minca, Bonda, Caca-
gualito, Colombia, Cam, Mus. Acc. No. 1966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
The original description credited this species to the ‘‘W. Coast of
America,” and Signoret records it from ‘‘Santafe-de-Bogota.”
78. Cicadella salutaris (Fowler).
Tettigonia salutaris Fowler, Biol, Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 281, pi. XIX,
fig. 4.
Head large, rounded before. Pronotum widened posteriorly; hind
border truncate.
Deep velvety black with the head, except two spots on the front
border and a wide basal spot, three broad stripes on the pronotum,
basal spot at apex of scutellum, a broad stripe on the claval suture
and an oblique stripe at base of membrane, bright red; costal border
testaceous-yellowish. Beneath testaceous-yellow. Length: 8 to 9 mm.
From Minca, Colombia, July 19, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H.
Smith coll.).
This species was originally described from Panama.
79. Cicadella variabilis (Signoret).
Tettigonia variabilis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 14, pi. i, fig. 14.
Head broad, much wider than pronotum, broadly rounded, slightly
subangulate; vertex half longer at middle than next the eye; front
tumid; clypeus elevated, subcarinate; pronotum nearly twice as long
as vertex; hind border truncate. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment long, acuminate, extending about half the length of the
pygofer; male, plates small, margins rounded, very short, one-fourth
the length of the pygofer.
Yellowish below; face, vertex, and pronotum, black, densely macu-
late with yellow; scutellum black with three large dots on the disk
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5. 193
and a series along the border; elytra greenish or purplish with numerous
small maculations. Abdomen red above, with black markings on the
segments, yellow below. Length: 7 to 8 mm.
Specimens from Minca, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999;
Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Provincia del Sara, 450 m., (Steinbach coll.).
Signoret’s records are “Colombie,” “Cap. de St. -Paul, Bresil.”
There are specimens in my collection from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia,
April, ’99.
80. Cicadella conjunctula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 28, 28a, 28b.
Head scarcely wider than pronotum, slightly angular, rounded
before; vertex convex; ocelli near the hind border; front tumid,
slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus a little swollen at the base,
narrowed toward tip; apex rounded; pronotum one-half longer than
vertex, strongly arched in front, hind border truncate. Genitalia:
female^ last ventral segment long, about twice as long as preceding;
hind border sinuate, produced at middle into a sharp tooth; male,
plates small, acuminate; tips reaching about half-way to end of
pygofer.
Orange-yellow; vertex with three black spots, one at the apex and
one in front of each ocellus, joined by a distinct black line; ocelli
black; pronotum olive-green; anterior border yellowish, tinged with
orange; scutellum orange-yellow, a black line more or less distinct
across the disk; elytra olive-green, costal border orange-yellow,
becoming hyaline toward the tip, apex smoky hyaline; abdomen
above reddish-brown, borders yellowish; beneath yellow; legs some-
what testaceous. Length: female 8.25 mm.; male, 8 mm.
Two females (type) and (paratype), two males (allotype) and
(paratype) Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith
coll.). One male (paratype) Santarem (S. M. Klages coll.)', also one
male (paratype) Rio Guapore below Rio San Miguel, Aug. 22, 1909
(J. D. Haseman coll.) and specimens from Las Juntas, Bolivia, Dec.,
1913, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066 (Steinbach coll.).
81. Cicadella cinctosula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 29, 29a.
Head wider than pronotum, short; vertex blunt; ocelli close to the
hind border; front somewhat flattened; base of clypeus swollen and
punctate; apical part contracted, carinate; tip rounded, margin
reflexed; pronotum transversely rugose, with a depressed area border-
ing the anterior margin; hind angles rounded; hind border scarcely
concave. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment one-half longer
than preceding, emarginate on the hind border, with a strong carina
and sharp protruding tooth at the middle.
194
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Purplish brown, somewhat pruinose; elytra brown-black with two
conspicuous yellowish bands, one just behind the scutellum, the
other extending from costa to claval suture at tip of clavus; also a
sub-hyaline yellowish or brown base, costal margin, and band across
the anteapical cells; apex brownish hyaline; abdomen dull brown;
beneath reddish brown; legs with ends of tibiae and tarsi, infuscate.
Length: 13 mm.
One specimen, female (type) from Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Brazil,
Feb., 1912, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6993 (S. M. Klages coll.).
This is a very striking species, distinguished by the broad whitish
bands on the dark elytra.
82. Cicadella flammea (Signoret).
Tettigonia flammea Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 50, pi. 6, fig. 2.
Head produced, triangular; vertex sulcate, a little longer than
width between the eyes. Pronotum widened behind; hind border
concave.
Pale yellow; elytra with orange-brownish border and oblique
stripes toward tip; abdomen pale yellow, tinged with orange; legs
pale yellow. Length; ii mm.
Mana River, French Guiana, June 17, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008
(S. M. Klages coll.).
83. Cicadella leucomelas (Walker).
Tettigonia leucomelas Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. iii, 1851, p. 764,
Tettigonia leucomelas Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 349, pi. 10, fig. 7.
Black with yellow or ivory markings; head black; hind border
white; front black, dotted with white or ivory; sides of cheeks ivory;
pronotum black, hind border and a few minute dots on the disks
ivory-white; tip of scutellum yellow; elytra dark brown, blackish
toward the suture with ivory-yellow spots forming two bands, one
just behind the scutellum, the other across the apex of clavus. Geni-
talia: female, last ventral segment strongly produced at the middle;
the central part three or four times as long as the preceding segment,
blackish; pygofer yellow, the lower margins blackish; male, plates
short, triangular, finely ciliate on the border, one-third as long as
pygofer. Length: female, 5.5 mm.; male, 5 mm.
The Carnegie Museum contains a good series from several localities.
Among these may be mentioned two specimens of the female and
one male, apparently nearly typical in pattern from Provincia del
Sara, Bolivia, 450 m. (J. Steinbach coll.)] two females from Santos,
Brazil (Haseman coll.), which differ from the preceding in having the
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
195
ivory spots of elytra smaller, the veins dotted with yellow, elytra
more reddish-brown; two females and four males from Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, darker than the other specimens, the face nearly all black,
the abdomen beneath black, except a narrow border on the segments,
elytra dark purplish-brown. All of these specimens differ more or
less from the figure given by Signoret, which, however, is apparently
somewhat faulty. Signoret stated, however, that this species is
extremely variable, so that it seems proper to include all the forms
noted here. Previous records give it as common in Brazil, while the
specimens noted above extend its range into eastern Bolivia. The
Carnegie Museum collection includes also many specimens, one
hundred or more, from Chapada, Brazil, November and December,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.)] Sapucay, Paraguay;
San Paulo, Brazil; Cachoeira, Brazil; Bahia, Brazil; Entre Rios, 1908,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3579 (J. D. Haseman coll.).' There are also
specimens in my collection from several localities.
84. Cicadella colorata (Germar).
Tettigonia colorata Germar, Mag. d. Ent., IV, 1821, p. 68.
Tettigonia colorata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 353, pi. ii, fig. 7.
Head as wide as pronotum, subangulate; vertex twice as long at
middle as next the eye; front slightly flattened and smooth on the
disk; pronotum semicircular before; hind border truncate. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment scarcely produced at middle with a
broad blunt tooth; male, plates narrow, contracted about the middle,
two slender spine-like tips reaching nearly to tip of pygofer.
Anterior part of head, including eyes, with a stripe across the
border of pronotum and along the base of costa, and the membrane,
black; a large ivory-white spot occupying the anterior disk of pronotum
and base of vertex, where it is bifid ; hind border of pronotum, scutellum,
and most of elytra, bright red; an ivory-white band across the elytra
at tip of clavus. Beneath, thorax and legs orange-yellow; abdomen
red. Length: 8 mm.
Entre Rios, Santos, June, 1908; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Munez Freire
da Cachoeira, Brazil, June 17, 1908, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5589 (J. D.
Haseman coll.).
85. Cicadella phoenicea (Signoret).
Tettigonia phoenicea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 353, pi. 10, fig. 16.
Tettigonia elegantula Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. 3, 1851, p. 755.
Similar to C. colorata] prothorax ivory-white with a narrow black
196
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
margin; scutellum black; elytra sanguineous, with two ivory bands;
apex blackish; abdomen and feet, yellow. Length: 8 mm.
Samaipata, Bolivia, elev. 2500 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6448 (J.
Steinbach coll.).
Originally described from Brazil, and, so far as I know, no records
thus far outside of that region. The specimen in hand differs from
Signoret’s figure in having the apical band broken, so that it resembles
Jacobi’s T. triplicula, but with only two spots instead of three, on
apical part of elytron. These, with T. colorata and several other
species named by Jacobi, present a group of very closely related
forms, the exact relationship of which cannot be determined without
fuller series and a better knowledge of distribution and habits.
86. Cicadella trilineaticeps (Signoret).
Tettigonia trilineaticeps Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 338.
Head broad, as wide as pronotum, rather short, broadl}^ rounded
to front; vertex about twice as wide as long; ocelli behind the middle,
one-half way from middle line to the eye; front tumid, minutely
punctate on the disk, with polished striae at the sides; clypeus ele-
vated on the middle, narrowed toward the tip; pronotum one-half
longer than vertex. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment long,
nearly three times as long as the preceding segment, the middle
part produced, with a shallow sinuation, a deeper notch on each
side, forming a short lateral lobe; a faint carina on the disk.
Blue-black above and on the face; vertex with a transverse yellow
band, including the ocelli, and extending down the sides of the cheek;
a yellow discal stripe on the front; a broad band on each side on the
pronotum, extending from the lateral border to the middle line and
down upon the pleura; six large yellow spots on the elytra, two on
the clavus, the apical one just in front of base of apical cells, trans-
verse; pectus more or less fuscous; legs yellowish tinged with red;
abdomen bright red; female segment, except at base, suffused with
fuscous. Length: 9 mm.
One female specimen from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 2966, December (H. H. Smith coll.). A male specimen agreeing
almost perfectly with this female in color-pattern, but with the stripes
and spots of a bright red instead of sulphur-yellow from Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, July, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.)
in which the male valve is hidden; plates broad at base, convexly
narrowed to the middle, and extended as slender acute upturned
points, reaching one-half way to tip of pygofer.
The color-pattern of these two specimens is so perfectly similar that
it would seem certain that they must belong to the same species,
although the difference in the color is very pronounced.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
197
87. Cicadella sulfureoguttata sp. nov.
Head wider than pronotum, short; vertex about one-half as long
as wide, broadly rounded in front; vertex slightly depressed on the
disk; ocelli on the hind border; front with polished striae at the sides;
clypeus tumid, slightly angulate; apex contracted; cheeks narrow;
pronotum twice as long as vertex. Genitalia: female, last ventral
segment twice as long as preceding; narrowed behind; apex sinuate,
forming a small central lobe.
Above blue-black, slightly pruinose; a broad band across the
vertex including the ocelli, a broad band on pronotum interrupted
at middle and extending down upon the pleura to the base of anterior
coxae, five large spots on each elytron, two on clavus, one at base
and one two-thirds way to tip, three on corium, the two outer ones
transverse, bright lemon-yellow; face black, with a large central
elongate spot on front, the inner part of cheeks paler; pectus pale
yellowish; abdomen above and beneath bright red; legs tinged with
red; the tarsi and ovipositor blackish. Length: 10 mm.
One female specimen (type) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Sept. 10, 1912,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4770 (W. J. Holland coll.).
This species is very similar to trilineaticeps and belongs with the
group of elegantissima and 12-punctata, as it has a short vertex and
the pattern of the spots is similar, but the color is quite different, so
that it seems out of place in either species.
It is possible that several of these species may ultimately prove
to be sports or color-variations from a single species.
88. Cicadella crocipennis (Signoret).
Tettigonia crocipennis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 351.
Tettigonia crocipennis Stal, Rio. Hemipt., p. 40.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment about three times as long
as preceding; sides nearly parallel, hind border thickened, emarginate;
surface with irregular elevations or ridged.
Black, with elytra bright red to the end of the clavus; apex black;
beneath dusky; legs dark brown or fuscous, hind margins whitish.
Length: female, 9.5 mm.
One specimen, Aguaquente, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Nov., 1908, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 3763 (J. D. Haseman coll.). I have also one from
San Leopoldo, Brazil.
This species was described by Signoret from Brazil and is also
reported by Stal from Rio de Janeiro.
198
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
89. Cicadella bifasciata (Fabricius).
Cicada 2-fasciata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 70. — Burmeister, Handb. d.
Ent., II, I, 1835, p. 117.
Tettigonia bicincta Germar, Mag. d. Ent. iv, 1821, p. 66.
Tettigonia bifasciata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 329, pi. 8, fig. 6.
— Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 72.
Head wider than pronotum, broadly arched, short; vertex with
margins nearly parallel; ocelli close to the base, twice as far from
each other as from eye; front flattened; clypeiis much elevated at
base, contracted, broadly carinate and rounded at tip; pronotum
twice as long as vertex; hind border broadly sinuate. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment which is nearly twice as long as the pre-
ceding segment, produced on the middle into a long blunt tooth, about
one-half as long as the segment at the sides; male, with a distinct
triangular valve; hind border rounded; plates rather narrow, carinate;
tips elongate, acute, reaching tip of pygofer.
Light testaceous; ocelli fuscous or blackish; a small black spot at
tip of vertex; hind border of pronotum a little yellower; elytra bright
purplish or blackish, with two bands, one just back of the scutellum,
the other at tip of clavus. Abdomen red-brown; legs testaceous,
darker toward tips. Length: ii to 12 mm.
Represented by a male specimen, somewhat lighter colored than
the average form, from the Mana River, French Guiana, March, 1917,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008; and by specimens from Pied Saut, French
Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6173 (S. M. Klages coll.).
I also have specimens, one female and two males, from Bartica,
British Guiana, collected May, 1901, by H. S. Parish.
These specimens are slightly smaller than indicated by Signoret,
but otherwise agree with his description, especially of the valve of
the male.
90. Cicadella unifasciata (Fabricius).
Cicada unifasciata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 72.
Tettigonia unifasciata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (3) I, 1853, p. 328. — Stal,
Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 72.
Smaller than C. bifasciata and with a single bluish-white band near
the tip of the elytra, and some scattered bluish spots at the base.
Length: 9 mm.
The single specimen representing this species is smaller than stated
by Signoret, but agrees very perfectly in other details. It is from
Mana River, French Guiana, June, 1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008
(S. M. Klages coll.).
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
199
91. Cicadella aurulenta (Fabricius).
Cicada aurulenta Fabricius, Mant. Ins., II, 1787, p. 269; Ent. Syst. IV, 1794,
P- 33 ; Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 71. — Coquebert, 111. Ins., II, 1801, p. 79, pi. XVIII,
fig. 13.
Tettigonia aurulenta Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 325.
Head broad, distinctly wider than pronotum, broadly rounded,
slightly longer at middle than next the eyes; front tumid, rounded;
clypeus elevated, carinate, narrowed to tip; pronotum nearly twice
as long as vertex; hind border faintly concave. Genitalia: female,
last ventral segment elongate, produced at middle into a broad
tooth; male, last ventral segment as long as preceding, slightly sinuate;
plates triangular, acute, slightly upturned, nearly as long as pygofer,
with numerous short spines on the disk, and dense pilose fringe on
margin.
Dull yellow or orange-yellow, sometimes tinged with brown; vertex
with an irregular transverse fascia just back of the black ocelli; a
black point at tip of vertex, sometimes star-shaped; pronotum with
a rather distinct dark puncture behind ocellus; posterior part irrorate
with fuscous; scutellum with a fuscous patch just in front of the
transverse furrow; elytra purplish-brown, more or less irrorate with
greenish or bluish; abdomen above brilliant coral-red; beneath reddish
or yellow. Length: 10 mm.
Represented by specimens from Mana River, French Guiana, June,
1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.)-, Provincia del
Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6443 (J. Steinbach coll.);
Rio de Janeiro and Corumba, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966
(H. H. Smith coll.).
The author’s collection includes numerous specimens from Bartica,
British Guiana, and one specimen from “Corumba, Matto Grosso,’’
Brazil.
92. Cicadella pulchra (Fabricius).
Cicada pulchra Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 69.
Tettigonia pulchra Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 326, pi. 8, fig. 3.
This species is more robust than C. aurulenta and has a different
picture on the elytra.
One female from Upper Rocana, Para, Brazil (S. M. Klages coll.)
agrees perfectly with Signoret’s description and figure; another speci-
men, male, agrees quite closely, but differs somewhat in color-pattern
and is placed here with some doubt. It is from Nova Olinda, Rio
Purus, Brazil, June, 1922, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6962 (S. M. Klages
coll.).
200 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
93. Cicadella purpurata (Germar).
Tettigonia purpurata Germar, Mag. d. Ent., IV, 1821, p. 63, pi. 8, fig. 2.
Tettigonia purpurata Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p, 325.
Somewhat smaller and slenderer than C. pulchra, with the color-
pattern broken, so as to form transverse bands.
The single specimen that I have referred to this species is of a
darker purple than shown in Signoret’s figure, and there is indication
of an additional band near base of elytra. It is a male 9 mm. in length
and is labelled Benevides, Para, Brazil, October, 1918, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 6174 (S. M. Klages coll.).
94. Cicadella fastuosa (Fabricius).
Cicada fastuosa Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 70.
Tettigonia fastuosa Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr, (3) I, 1853, p. 37. — Stal, Hemipt.
Fabric., II, 1869, p. 73.
Head broad, much wider than pronotum, rounded in front; vertex
scarcely longer at middle than next the eyes; front tumid; clypeus
tumid at base, contracted at tip; pronotum with sides nearly parallel;
anterior border strongly arched; hind border, faintly emarginate;
scLitellum acuminate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment nearly
twice as long as preceding; hind border truncate or slightly sinuate.
Bright yellow and brown; vertex brown with a broad transverse
band just in front of ocelli; front with a broad band at base; below
with clypeus brown; eyes brown; ocelli black; pronotum brown with
a broad yellow band; scutellum brown with a yellow band near the
tip; elytra brown with broad orange band at base and on the clavus;
a discal orange-yellow spot with a yellowish streak near the costa; a
broad transverse orange band beyond the tip of clavus; the apex
smoky hyaline; beneath mostly bright yellow; base of pygofer and
ovipositor brown or fuscous; abdomen above yellow; legs yellow,
testaceous toward tips; tarsal claws dusky. Length: ii to 12 mm.
Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 61 73^
(S. M. Klages coll.).
There is a specimen in my collection from Bartica, British Guiana,
and Signoret’s record is from “Cayenne,” while the original descrip-
tion gives “Hw. meridionalis." Very likely this refers to the Guiana
region, so the distribution would be limited to the northern border of
South America.
95. Cicadella signatula sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 26, 26a, 26b.
Head as wide as pronotum, distinctly produced; vertex nearly as
long as width between the eyes; front tumid; clypeus tumid at base,
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
201
siibangulate; apex contracted; pronotum slightly longer than vertex,
widened slightly behind; hind border sinuate. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment long, nearly three times as long as preceding; hind
border slightly convex, a little produced at middle; male, last segment
broad; plates triangular, with slender acute upturned tips reaching
three-fourths the length of the pygofer.
Yellow tinged with orange; vertex with a broad cross of black; the
anterior central part broadly triangular, and middle line extended
forward to connect with an apical spot; the lateral arms connecting
with a black patch in front of the eyes, which fuses with the lateral
stripe on the front, these stripes fusing at apex of front and with the
black clypeus, but in some cases the connection is broken; pronotum
at base olive-green, with two large transverse black spots; scutellum
yellow or greenish, with large basal spots in the angles and the trans-
verse spot behind the suture, black; elytra dark olive-green; the costa
more or less yellowish and subhyaline toward the tip; apex narrowly
black with a submargin of yellowish. Beneath yellow, tinged with
orange; pectus black; abdomen above dusky, with borders of red.
Length: 7 mm.
Four specimens, three females (type and paratypes) and one male
(allotype), Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Acc. Nos. 5066
and 6443 (J. Steinbach coll.).
96. Cicadella contaminata (Fabricius).
Cicada contaminata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 72.
Tettigonia variabilis Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 14, pi. I, fig. 14.
Tettigonia contaminata Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 73.
Head wider than pronotum; vertex rounded, slightly longer at
middle than next the eye; front slightly flattened; clypeus, lorae, and
cheeks narrow; pronotum strongly arched in front; lateral borders
and angles broadly rounded; scutellum rather small. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment rounding; lateral angles much produced;
hind border broadly concave; length at middle a little more than
one-half the lateral angles; male, valve very short; plates broad at
base, narrowed to middle and somewhat thickened, conical and
extended into slender acute tips nearly as long as pygofer; sides of
pygofer carinate.
Dark green; anterior part of vertex and sides of front with trans-
verse alternating yellow and black bars; hind part of vertex with
yellow or green; pronotum irrorate with green and black; scutellum
with distinct black spots on base; elytra dark green, maculate with
fuscous; beneath dull yellowish or brownish; legs somewhat infuscate;
abdomen orange-yellow beneath. Length: female, 8 mm.; male,
6.5 to 7 mm.
Specimens from Santos, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3702 (J. D.
202
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Haseman coll.)-, from Rio de Janeiro and Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
This is a quite variable species, and the males are lighter colored
below than the females.
97. Cicadella dubia (Signoret).
Tettigonia dubia Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 343, pi. 9, fig. ii.
Head broad, considerably wider than pronotum, short, strongly
arched; vertex slightly longer at middle than next the eyes; front
convex; clypeus obtusely angulate in profile, carinate; apex rounded,
border reflexed; cheeks narrow; pronotum strongly arched in front;
lateral border very short, hind border convex. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment produced into a long, median spine, nearly one-half
the length of the ovipositor.
Dark brown; the face, vertex, pronotum, and scutellum with numer-
ous rounded or yellow spots; elytra maculate with dark brown and
green; abdomen black above bordered with red, beneath pale yellow;
legs pale yellow; tarsi fuscous. Length: 6.5 mm.
Specimens from “Bom Jardin, Minas Geraes, Brazil, July, 1908,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3702 (J. D. Haseman coll.).
This species is particularly marked by the long spine-like extension
of the female segment. What is evidently the male of this species is
somewhat darker, the yellow spots apparently less numerous; the
male valve wanting; plates very short, triangular, about one-fourth
the length of the pygofer which is somewhat tumid. Of this I have
before me one specimen from Entre Rios, Brazil, June, 1908, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 3564 (J. D. Haseman coll.).
98. Cicadella sagata (Signoret).
Tettigonia sagata Signoret, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 15. —
Stal, Rio Hemiptera, 1862, p. 42. — Berg, Hemiptera Argentina, 1879, p. 254.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment twice as long as preceding,
sides parallel, hind border deeply sinuous forming a central blunt
tooth; male, valve small; plates short, narrowing abruptly, and ex-
tended into slender tips reaching nearly to the tip of the pygofer.
Yellowish-white, with two broad black stripes united at the tip of
the head, extending back over pronotum and scutellum, and covering
inner part of clavus; elytra with broad green stripes on outer part of
clavus and near the costa; middle of scutellum yellow; apex of elytra
blackish with a whitish costal area, and a white spot near the tip;
abdomen black, white beneath; tarsi blackish. Length: male, 5 mm.
Two specimens, males, from Santos, Brazil, July 26, 1906, Cam.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
203
Mus. Acc. No. 3702 (J. D. Haseman coll.). Dr. M. S. Pennington has
sent me a female specimen from Buenos Aires, whence it was recorded
by Berg. The species occurs from Mexico to Buenos Aires.
99. Cicadella flavovittata (Stal).
Tettigonia flavovittata Stal, Rio Hemipt., 1862, p. 42.
Similar to sagata, but the black stripes do not meet at tip of head;
the body whitish; pronotum with a central and lateral whitish stripe;
scutellum whitish at middle; elytra black, with a broad yellowish
stripe from base narrowing to line along the outer border of clavus,
and a whitish sub-costal stripe extending from before the middle to
near the tip.
One specimen, the hinder part of which is mutilated, from Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
100. Cicadella sertigerula (Jacobi).
Tettigoniella sertigerula Jacobi, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. BerL, 1905, p. 180.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden, plates short, narrowed abruptly,
apex with an elongate process reaching nearly to tip of pygofer;
female, last ventral segment truncate or slightly concave.
Black, with a white transverse band across the vertex and in front
of eyes, also three yellowish-green bands: the first, across base of
pronotum; the second, across elytra at apex of scutellum; and the
third, which is somewhat expanded at the middle, across the elytra
on apex of clavus. An oblique whitish or greenish yellow fascia before
the apex and a narrow apical border, whitish. Beneath black, beak
and legs whitish; tarsal claws black. Length: 4 mm.
A number of specimens from Las Juntas, Bolivia, December, 1913,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066 (J. Steinbach coll.). There is also a specimen
in the author’s collection from Mapiri, Bolivia.
1 01. Cicadella sanguineovittata (Signoret).
Tettigonia sanguineovittata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 777,
pi. 23, fig. 14.
Head broad, rounded in front; vertex slightly flattened; front
tumid; clypeus narrowed to tip; pronotum one-third longer than
vertex. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment twice as long as pre-
ceding, somewhat narrowed posteriorly; hind border slightly produced,
with two minute tooth-like projections on the hind border near the
center; male, plates abruptly constricted before the middle, apical
part attenuate; tips acute, almost spine-like, extending two-thirds the
length of the pygofer.
204
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Light yellow, tinged with orange; vertex with two broad fuscous or
blackish stripes, which extend as narrow lines down upon the front,
and are continued as widening stripes across the pronotum and outer
angles of the scutellum; also a brown or blackish stripe at the lateral
border; the elytra are yellowish at base, reddish on the disk of the
corium with a broad fuscous or blackish stripe, occupying a large
part of the area; membrane smoky; wings blackish; beneath yellowish,
tinged with orange; abdomen with borders reddish. Length: 5 mm.
Four specimens, two females, two males. Two males and one
female from Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, April, 1913, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 5064 (Steinbach coll.) ; one female, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, October,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
102. Cicadella corrugipennis sp. nov. PI. XIV, fig. 45, 45a. -
Head scarcely as wide as pronotum, rounded in front; vertex short,
about one-half longer at middle than next the eye; ocelli near the
hind border; front somewhat flattened on the disk; clypeus narrowed
to tip; pronotum nearly twice longer than the vertex; hind border
convex, or subtruncate; elytra with conspicuous corrugations, one on
the clavus, and two on the corium, extending nearly to apex. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment elongate, twice as long as preceding;
lateral angles rounded; posterior border produced; male, plates broad
at base, narrowed abruptly before the middle with long attenuate
slightly upturned tips, reaching three-fourths length of the pygofer.
Black; posterior part of vertex, the posterior part of pronotum,
except extreme border, a broad elevated stripe on clavus and two
broad stripes on the corium covering the elevated corrugations, dark
red; lower part of face whitish, suffused with testaceous; legs whitish;
apex of femora and the tibiae suffused with reddish; the disk of
corium and apical membrane, smoky hyaline; the veins fuscous,
or at tip reddish. Length: female, 4.5 mm.; male, 4.25 mm.
Described from six specimens, five females (type and paratypes),
and one male, (allotype) ; females from Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, -
450 m.. Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5064; male. Las Juntas, Bolivia, Dec.,
1913, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5066 (J. Steinbach coll.).
This is a small species, having somewhat the general appearance of
C. ignicolor or C. cruenta, but much smaller and especially charac-
terized by the corrugations of the elytra.
103. Cicadella hectica (Signoret). PI. XVI, figs. 66, 66a, 66b.
Tettigonia hectica Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 20, pi. 2, fig. 6.
Head about as wide as pronotum, produced, subangulate; vertex
scarcely as long at middle as between eyes; ocelli near the hind
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
205
border; front tumid; disk flattened; clypeus slightly thickened at
base, subcarinate, contracted at tip; pronotum strongly arched in
front, widening behind, hind border sinuate. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment long, about three times as long as preceding; hind
border produced, narrowed to near the middle and lightly sinuate on
each side of a blunt median tooth; male, plates broad at base, narrowed
to middle, beyond which they are narrow, compressed, with finely
ciliate appendages reaching beyond the tip of the pygofer.
Pale orange; base of vertex and anterior border of pronotum and
scutellum, light yellow; disk of pronotum and elytra to end of clavus
dark green; two spots on disk of vertex, two near anterior border of
pronotum, two angular ones on base of scutellum, black; two fuscous
spots on disk of scutellum; costal border of elytra orange; a patch on
the apex reddish; membrane smoky hyaline; wings milky hyaline
with fuscous nerves; abdomen above tinged with red; tarsi conspicu-
ously tipped with blackish or dark fuscous. Length: female, 6.5 mm;
male, 6 mm.
Redescribed from a series of specimens from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
May, July, and August, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith
coll.) and Santos, Brazil, July 26, 1908, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3702
(J. D. Haseman coll.). It is a conspicuous little species, with brilliant
orange below, and mostly dark green above, while the black tipped
tarsi contrast strongly with the other parts.
104. Cicadella cuneatula sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 63, 63a.
Head slightly wider than pronotum, subconical and angulate
before; vertex convex, scarcely as long as width between the eyes;
ocelli on a line between the fore margins of the eyes; front tumid,
the lower part slightly concave; base of clypeus elevated, apex con-
tracted; pronotum a little longer than vertex, sides nearly parallel;
hind border truncate; scutellum rather small. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment long, nearly twice as long as preceding; hind border
broadly rounded; male, last ventral segment as long as preceding;
hind border truncate; plates small, triangular; tips acute, extending
nearly to tip of the short pygofer.
Pale yellow, probably greenish in life; vertex and anterior border
of pronotum minutely inscribed with very delicate dots and lines;
front with very narrow blackish arcs on the upper part, disappearing
below; elytra subhyaline, more or less definitely suffused with golden
yellow; beneath whitish; tips of tarsi dusky. Length: female, 7 mm:
male, 5.5 mm.
Described from a large series of specimens, including eight females,
twelve males (type, allotype and paratypes) ; ten from S. Antonio
de Guapore, Brazil, July 26, 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4043 (J. D.
Haseman coll.)-, nine specimens from Rio Guapore, Brazil, near Fort
206
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Principe, Aug. 25, 1908, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4043 (Haseman coll.)',
one specimen from S. Joaquin, Bolivia, Aug. 21, 1909, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 4018 (Haseman coll.).
I have also a single specimen sent to me by Dr. M. S. Pennington,
Buenos Aires, Argentina, which only differs in being bright green on
the posterior part of pronotum and elytra, and in the more distinct
black lines and dots of vertex and pronotum.
This species is remarkably like T. similis (Walker) in the color
and markings, but is uniformly much larger, and is differently colored
below, lacking the black markings common to that species. It seems
hardly possible that it can be a variety, considering the difference in
size.
105. Cicadella corallina sp. nov. PI. XIII, figs. 31, 31a.
Head large, as wide as pronotum, somewhat produced, rounded in
front; ocelli on a line between anterior border of eyes; front convex,
slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus tumid at base, contracted at
tip; pronotum about half longer than vertex, faintly concave behind.
Genitalia: male, last ventral segment equal to preceding; plates
narrow, together about one-half as wide as the last segment, narrowing
close to the base, and extended as long slender thickened tips nearly
to tip of pygofer.
Orange-yellow; the ocelli and the large oval spot at tip of
vertex black; scutellum yellow, with a fuscous spot on the anterior
border and a broader one on the disk near the posterior border;
scutellum and most of elytra to the sub-hyaline apex, dark coral-
red with large yellow spots, one occupying most of basal half
of the clavus, and connected with one on the corium just below the
pale suture, a smaller one half-way to tip of clavus and a broad one
occupying inner half of corium and extreme tip of clavus; membrane
smoky; beneath orange-yellow, the abdomen above dark coral-red.
Length: 9 mm.
Described from one specimen Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, Cam”.
Mus. Acc. No. 5064 (Steinbach coll.).
106. Cicadella pendulosa sp. nov. PI. XI, figs. 6, 6a, 6b.
Head slightly wider than pronotum, broadly rounded in front;
vertex nearly twice as wide between the eyes as length at middle;
front slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus tumid at base, narrowed
to the rounded tip; pronotum half longer than vertex; lateral margins
short, postero-lateral angle broadly rounded; hind border faintly
concave. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment long; lateral angles
produced; posterior border faintly sinuate and emarginate; the disk
with a prominent ridge on either side; male, last ventral segment
• Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
207
truncate; plates narrow, somewhat thickened, narrowing into at-
tenuate, upturned, acute tips, reaching two-thirds length of the
large, elongate pygofer.
Orange-yellow; vertex with a large central black spot, from which
a slender line usually connects with the black apical spot; ocelli
black; pronotum yellow, with a central fuscous patch, shading to
brown on the posterior border; scutellum brown; elytra mostly
coral-red with ivory-yellow or whitish spots, one of which covers the
base and sutural part of clavus, another lying against the claval
suture on the corium and a large ovate or elliptical spot on corium,
extending to cross-veins or the smoky subhyaline membrane; beneath
orange; abdomen above bright orange-red. Length: female, 6.5 mm.;
male, 6 mm.
Described from fourteen specimens, five females (type and para-
types) and three males (allotype and paratypes) from S. Antonio
de Guapore, Brazil, July 26, 1909; one female and one male (paratypes)
from Rio Guapore, near Fort Principe; and four specimens, three
females and one male (paratypes) from Rio Machupo, near Rio
Guapore, Aug. 25, 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4043 (J. D, Haseman coll.).
This is a quite striking species and does not agree with any of the
described species known to me.
107. Cicadella jucunda (Walker).
Tettigoniajucunda Walkkr, List Homopt. B. M., pt. Ill, 1851, p, 757. — Signoret,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 355, pi. ii, fig. 5.
Genitalia: male, plates narrow, acuminate, thickened apically, ex-
tending about three-fourths the length of the broad robust pygofer;
base of vertex, marginal line and apical spot, the eyes, a broad border
on the pronotum, extending forward on the disks, the costa and
transverse bands and apical membrane of elytra, black.
Somewhat similar to C. pulchella, but of a brighter scarlet-red and
with the female segment deeply excavated, the lateral angles extended
about twice as long as the median portion, and the central part of
base elevated, and with a broad notch up the center. Length: 8 mm.
Our specimens are from San Pedro and Las Amates, Guatemala,
collected by Prof. J. S. Hine, February, 1905. It has been recorded
from numerous localities in Mexico and the Central American states.
108. Cicadella pulchella (Guerin).
Tettigonia pulchella Guerin, Iconogr. du Regne Anim., Ins. (1829-1844) p. 369,
pi. 59, fig. 10. — Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. Ill, 1851, p. 736. — Signoret,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) I, 1853, p. 360, pi. ii, fig. ii.
T ettigonia proxima Signoret, 1. c., p. 361, pi. ii, fig. 12.
Genitalia: male, plates tumid at base, narrowing to the middle and
208
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
extended as thick acute upturned tips, the lateral margin and apical
half whitish.
Marked with black and white; the posterior part of pronotum and
the elytra mostly dark red; apex of vertex and middle stripe on front,
white; posterior part of head including ocelli, sides of front and margin
of cheek, broadly white; eyes black; ocelli dusky; anterior margin of
pronotum, scutellum, except the center, a triangular spot on the
clavus, discal spot and transverse bar and the membrane of elytra,
black; a discal spot on the posterior disk of pronotum, and the elytra,
except the irregular white bands which are more or less bordered with
black, a rather deep purplish red or red-brown; beneath black, ab-
dominal segments broadly margined with white; last ventral segment
of female elongate, strongly carinate, brownish, with large whitish
spots on the posterior part; pygofers margined with whitish. Length:
8 mm.
This appears to be a very common species in Central America, and
specimens are in the author’s collection from the Canal Zone, Chiriqui,
Panama, Santa Lucia, and Guatemala. It is recorded from many
localities in Mexico and Central America in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana.
The species is subject to much variation and Signoret has indi-
cated a form called proxima, which Fowler connects with pulchella, as
a separate species. Our specimens include forms, which have the
front broadly fulvous and narrowly white, and the males have the
front much more tumid than the females.
109. Cicadella moesta (Fabricius).
Cicada moesta Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 74.
Tettigonia moesta Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 777, pi. 23, fig. 13.
■ — Stal, Hemipt. Fabric., II, 1869, p. 75.
Head broad, rather short, rounded in front; clypeus somewhat
rugose. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment nearly twice as long
as preceding, the hind border thickened and produced on the median
part; male, valve hidden; plates narrow, pointed, extending about
half the length of the pygofer.
The front of vertex, the front, except lateral margin, center
of base and apex of clypeus, anterior half of pronotum, base of scutellum
and oblique bands bordering the white arcs of the elytra, tips of
elytra, tips of tibiae and the tarsal claws, black, or dark fuscous;
hinder part of vertex, including ocelli, posterior and lateral part of
pronotum, a broad curved stripe on the elytra, beginning at scutellum
and extending to costa and back to tip of clavus, and an apical spot
near the apex on costa, pearly bluish-white; apex of scutellum, base
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
209
and saddle of elytra, brown; beneath yellowish; dorsum of abdomen
reddish. Length: female, 5.5 mm.; male, 5 mm.
Las Juntas and Quatro Ojos, Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5065
(Steinbach coll.)] specimens in the author’s collection from Bartica,
British Guiana, March 20 to 30, April 18, May 6, Aug. 10, 1901 (H.
S. Parish coll.).
The original record is '^America meridionalis."
no. Cicadella occatoria (Say).
Tettigonia occatoria Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1831, p. 311; Complete
Writings, VoL II, p. 385. — Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 353. —
Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 279.
Tettigonia compta Fowler, 1. c., p, 271.
Cicadella occatoria VanDuzee, Catalog Hemipt., 1917, p. 598.
A bright greenish or sometimes yellowish or pinkish species, with
black stripes converging at tip of vertex. Length: 5-6 mm.
Fowler describes as “variety a” the light pinkish form, which is
occasionally met in collections from various regions, but these may
be seasonal or ecologic forms, rather than established varieties.
The Carnegie Museum possesses specimens from Minca, Colombia,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999, and Chapada, Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Our collections embrace records from Guatemala (J. S. Hine coll.)
and from Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama in the southern United
States, so that the range extends from the Gulf States to central
South America. Fowler’s T. compta is evidently a color-variety, as
indicated by VanDuzee. Our collections include both forms from
Florida, as well as from Central and South American localities.
As there does not seem to have been any northward distribution
in the century since the species was described by Say, it may be
considered as limited to tropical and subtropical regions, but within
these limits it must be at times of considerable economic importance,
as it is collected in immense numbers from grasses or low herbage.
III. Cicadella olivatula sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 59, 59a.
Head slightly wider than pronotum, vertex angulate with a faintly
reflexed margin, front tumid, slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus '
tumid at base, contracted at tip; pronotum nearly twice as long as
vertex. Genitalia: male, valve very small; plates broad, nearly
parallel to beyond the middle, suddenly contracted and then ex-
panded, the apical part folded within pygofer.
Head, anterior border of pronotum, scutellum, and margins of elytra.
210
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
tawny; disk of pronotum and most of elytra olive-green; vertex with
a black dot at apex, beneath more yellowish.
Four specimens from Archidona, Ecuador, in the author*^s collection
under the name Tettigonia olivatula Breddin. This may be a manu-
script-name, as I do not find any reference to such a species in the
literature.
1 12. Cicadella lutea (Signoret).
Tettigonia lutea, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 773. — Fowler,
Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 267, pi. XVIII, fig. i.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment elongate, convex, hind
border produced at the middle, sinuate at the sides.
Light yellow; base of pronotum and elytra light olive-green; vertex
with a discal black spot and a minute black dot at apex; pronotum
with a black spot on the center of the disk; scutellum yellow; beneath
entirely yellow, except ovipositor and tarsal claws, which are blackish.
A single specimen, referred to this species, is from E. (Espirito)
Santo, Brazil, July 29, 1908, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3767 (J. D. Hase-
man coll.).
The species was originally described from Guatemala.
1 13. Cicadella reservata (Fowler).
Tettigonia reservata Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 267, pi. XVIII,
fig. 2.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment elongate, slightly produced
and bordered with fuscous at the middle; male, valve short, rounded
behind, plates short, acute, sparsely setose.
A small greenish species, superficially resembling C. similis, but
without the intricate markings of the vertex; vertex yellow, with a
black apical point, a central black line or spot; ocelli black; pronotum
mostly green, more or less yellow on the anterior border; scutellum
yellowish; beneath pale yellow.
Specimens from Minca, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H.
H. Smith coll.)’, Quatro Ojos, Bolivia, November, 1913; Las Juntas,
Bolivia, December, 1913, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 5065 (Steinbach coll.)’,
Rio Machupo, near Rio Guapore, and Villa Bella, Bolivia, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 4043 (Haseman coll.).
1 14. Cicadella ventralis (Signoret). PI. XVI, figs. 60, 60a.
Tettigonia ventralis Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 21, pi. 5, fig. 8.
Head scarcely wider than pronotum; vertex about as long as width
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
211
between the eyes and nearly the length of the pronotum; elytra
narrow, nearly parallel, extending beyond end of abdomen.
Dull yellow or greenish yellow; vertex with a black spot on the disk
and a minute dot at apex; anterior border of pronotum and the
scutellum, yellow; disk of pronotum and the elytra, mostly greenish;
abdomen and legs yellow. Length: 6 mm.
The species was described from Colombia and Brazil and I have
specimens from Archidona, Ecuador. As indicated by Signoret, the
species is readily separated from C. cceruleovittata, to which it is
nearly related, by the longer vertex and different shape of pronotum
as well as details of coloration.
115. Cicadella limbatula (Germar). PI. XIII, figs. 32, 32a.
Head rounded, faintly angulate; vertex convex, subangulate to
front. Genitalia: male, valve wanting; plates short with slender tips
reaching half-way to end of pygofer.
Above olive-green, with border of vertex indented; anterior
border of pronotum, scutellum, except central dot, costal and claval
margin of elytra, orange-red; face dull whitish, with margins of front
and clypeus black; pectus black; legs and abdomen below yellow or
yellowish white.
Specimens in the Carnegie Museum, collected by Haseman, from
S. Antonio de Guapore, Brazil, July 26, 1909, and Rio Guapore, near
Porto Principe, Brazil, Aug. 25, 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4043.
I have only seen males. Specimens from Archidona, Brazil, are in
the author’s collection.
1 1 6. Cicadella caeruleovittata (Signoret).
Tettigonia lineata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 21, pi, 2, fig. 9
{nec T. lineata Fabricius, Syst, Rhyng., p. 66).
Tettigonia cceruleovittata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 821 (Table
des Tettigonides: correction of synonymy) — Fowler, Biol. Cent.- Am., Homopt.,
II, 1900, p. 277.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment produced, notched at the
sides forming three rather blunt teeth, the middle of which is the
longer; male, valve short, broad, plates short, scarcely longer than
width at base, curving to acute tips, margins sparsely setose.
Whitish, with a large black spot on the center of the vertex, with
lines running to the ocelli, a black point at apex; the basal part of
pronotum and the elytra, except the blue or green stripes, black; apex
of elytra sub-hyaline; beneath whitish. Length: female, 7 mm.;
male, 6 mm.
This species is widely distributed throughout the sub-tropical
regions. There are specimens in the Carnegie Museum from Para,
212
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Brazil, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.) and four
from Guatemala. The author’s collection includes specimens from
various points in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the West Indies,
and it has been recorded from many localities by Signoret, Fowler, and
others, in the United States, Central America, and the WestTndies.
It varies in the extent of the blue or green stripes of the elytra, and
Fowler has indicated as a variety, T. delineata, a form which is larger
and with the general ground-color darker, the elytra of a rich reddish
brown or brown color, with very conspicuous light blue or grayish
blue stripes. A specimen from Para has the elytra entirely greenish,
except the apical hyaline portion, but in other respects it appears to
belong here.
1 1 7. Cicadella similis (Walker).
Tettigonia similis Walker, List Homopt. B. M., Ill, 1851, p, 769.
Tettigonia herbida Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 4. —
Stal, Rio. Jan. Hemipt., II, 1862, p, 42. — Uhler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895,
P- 77-
Kolia herbida Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) I, 1908, p. 529; II, 1908, p.62,
Helechara communis Walker, List Homopt. B. M., SiippL, 1858, p. 235.
Tettigonia prolixa Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 275, pi. 18,
fig. 18.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment carinate, hind border
nearly truncate ; male, valve minute or covered, plates short, acuminate,
borders setose.
Light green; head, anterior border of pronotum, scutellum and
underside, light yellowish-green; an apical point and an intricate
pattern of narrow lines on the vertex, numerous arcs on the front,
inscribed lines on anterior border of pronotum, and usually a dot or
series of short lines on the scutellum, black. Length: female, 6.5 mm;
male, 6 mm.
This species is extremely abundant, occurring throughout a great
range in tropical and sub-tropical America. It has been recorded
from Florida, the West Indies, and Mexico.
There are specimens in the Carnegie Museum from Minca, Colombia,
and from Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, San Antonio de Guapore,
Brazil. The last record gives ‘'sweeping on Island in Rio Guapore”
(Haseman). The author’s collection includes numerous specimens
from the southern United States, West Indies, Mexico, and Central
and South America. From the locations and personal collecting I
may state that it particularly inhabits grassy lowlands and is certainly
a grass-feeding species. From its distribution it may be inferred that
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
213
it has spread from a tropical habitat to the southern United States by
way of Mexico or the West Indies.
1 18. Cicadella aurivagula (Jacobi).
Tettigoniella aurivagula Jacobi, Sitzb. Gesell. Nat. Fr. BerL, 1905, p. 178.
Genitalia: male, valve wanting; plates small, broadest at base,
narrowed rapidly to slender divergent blunt tips, which extend half-
way the length of the pygofer.
Deep orange above, with light ivory-yellow markings in the form
of a large triangle on the vertex, the edges of which touch the ocelli.
On the pronotum the ivory-yellow forms a broad stripe on each side,
leaving a central triangular median area; scutellum yellowish; elytra
orange, a broad ivory-yellow patch on central part of the clavus,
extending on to the corium, a subhyaline yellowish area midway on
the costa, bounded in part by ivory-yellow bands; the apex hyaline,
preceded on costal portion by a red patch; beneath fulvous; abdomen
darker orange. Length: 7 mm.
A specimen from Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.. Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 6443 (Steinbach coll.)] specimens in the author’s collection
from Mapiri, Bolivia, and Marcapata, Peru. This is a striking species
and easily recognized by the orange and ivory coloration.
1 19. Cicadella praetextatula (Jacobi). PI. XIV, figs. 36, 36a.
Tettigoniella prcetextatula Jacobi, Sitzb. Gesell. Nat. Fr. BerL, 1905, p. 184.
Head nearly as wide as pronotum, short, broad; vertex scarcely as
long at middle as next the eye, polished; front flattened, minutely
striate; clypeus swollen at base, narrowed and slightly carinate at
tip; pronotum twice as long as vertex, truncate behind. Genitalia:
male, valve short, transverse, plates narrow, elongate, margins sinuate,
contracted at about the middle, and extending as long slender tips
three-fourths the length of the pygofer, within which the tips are
concealed.
Light yellow, vertex black with two dots at the apex, and four on
the hind border, the outer ones including the ocelli, yellow; pronotum
olive-green, the anterior border tawny tinged with red; elytra olive
with the veins reddish; face yellow with front suffused with brown,
and with a white dash at base ; legs tinged with fuscous. Length : 9 mm.
Re-described from a long series of specimens from Chulumani and
Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, in the author’s collection. Specimens have
been presented to the Carnegie Museum.
120. Cicadella inscriptula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 34, 34a.
Head wider than pronotum, eyes prominent, vertex rounded, about
half as long at middle as between eyes, front somewhat flattened and
214
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
striate on the disk; clypeus prominently elevated at base, contracted
at tip; pronotum half longer than vertex, faintly emarginate behind.
Genitalia: male, valve short, plates broad at base, curving to narrow
elongate tips, which reach slightly beyond tip of the pygofer.
Varicolored, the disk of pronotum and the elytra a rich purple-red,
with more distinct purplish patches in the elytral cells. The vertex,
anterior part of pronotum, and the scutellum tawny, with intricate
black lineations or inscriptions; hind border of pronotum, and a
median patch near the front, blackish; the front yellowish, with arcs
and numerous median dots tawny or yellowish; clypeus, lorse, and
cheeks, mostly black; pectus and disk of abdomen, mostly black with
lateral spots, and base of plates, yellow; legs, testaceous. Length:
9 mm.
Described from specimens in the author’s collection, Chulumani,
Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898. This is a very handsome species, the color-
pattern so intricate as to make description difficult, but clearly shown
in the figure.
12 1. Cicadella occipitula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 39, 39a.
Head scarcely as wide as pronotum, short, broadly rounded; vertex
scarcely more than half as long as width between the eyes; front
convex; clypeus enlarged at base, carinate toward tip; cheeks very
narrow; pronotum twice as long as vertex, faintly emarginate behind.
Genitalia: male, valve short, plates elongate triangular, narrowed
beyond the middle to slender elongate tips, enclosed between the
margins of the pygofer.
Yellow, anterior part of pronotum tinged with green, the basal
part and scutellum mostly dark fuscous, elytra suffused with fuscous,
brownish toward the base, with narrow greenish yellow lines on the
clavus and in cells of corium; vertex black, with a transverse row of
yellow spots, the outer ones including the ocelli; a pair of small yellow
dots at apex; front fuscous, with faint arcs; tips of tibiae and tarsi,
somewhat infuscate. Length: 8 mm.
Specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898, in the author’s
collection.
122. Cicadella limboclavula sp. nov. PL XIV, figs. 42, 42a.
Head as wide as pronotum, sub-angulate, vertex twice as long at
middle as next the eye, with a faint depression on the disk; front
convex, slightly flattened on the disk; clypeus inflated at base, nar-
rowed at tip; pronotum widening behind, hind border slightly con-
cave; scutellum acuminate. Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates
broad at base, contracted abruptly about one-third their length and
extending in long narrow tips to the end of the pygofer.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Ft. 5. 215
Blacks the pronotum with a transverse band of bluish yellow,
sometimes interrupted at the middle, the clavus with a broad inner
border of bluish white, an elongate bluish spot near its base, three
elongate bluish spots toward the tip, and a whitish line parallelling
the costa on the corium; toward the tip the elytra are somewhat
translucent; face with numerous black arcs; a black spot at tip of
vertex; lower part of front, clypeus, and margins of cheeks, black;
propleur^ and disk of abdominal segments, blackish; legs yellow;
tips of tibi« and tarsi, blackish. Length: 7.5 mm.
Described from a series of specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia,
November and December, 1898, Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16,
1899, in the author’s collection.
123. Cicadella scutellatula sp. nov. PL XIV, figs. 37, 37a.
Head narrower than pronotum, short, rounded; vertex half as long
as width between the eyes; front long, slightly convex; clypeus ele-
vated; pronotum twice as long as vertex, hind border faintly emargin-
ate; scutellum rather small, acuminate at tip. Genitalia: male, valve
hidden, or barely exposed; plates elongate triangular, narrowed to
slender elongate tips, reaching nearly to the tip of the pygofer.
Pronotum and elytra, brown; pronotum with a pair of black spots
on the disk, a median line expanded anteriorly, two small spots next
the anterior border, black; vertex black, with yellow spots including
the ocelli, yellow hind border, inner margin of eye, and an intricate
picture of yellow arcs and a central yellow stripe on the front; outer
part of clypeus yellow, beneath black, tip of pygofer whitish; legs
black, except anterior tibia, an apical band on hind tibia and most of
the first tarsal joint, which are dull whitish. Length: 7 mm.
Described from a series of specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia,
November and December, 1898, and Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16,
1899, in the author’s collection.
124. Cicadella semicinctula sp. nov. PL XV, figs. 49, 49a.
Head scarcely as wide as pronotum, short, rounded; vertex about
half as long as width between the eyes; front slightly convex, some-
what flattened on the disk; clypeus with an elevated central ridge;
pronotum widening behind, posterior border truncate; scutellum
acuminate. Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates long, narrow, ex-
tending into slender tips as long as the pygofer.
Light brown, with bright yellow spots on the elytra, forming half
bands; vertex black, ocelli and space behind them, occiput and inner
border of eye, yellowish; anterior border of pronotum, and the hinder
margin faintly yellowish; elytra dark brown, slightly purplish;
scutellum brown; pectus black; meso- and meta-sternum whitish;
abdominal segments black, margined with whitish; plates light
216
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
brown, tips blackish; face black; antenna whitish; legs pale yellowish
or whitish. Length: 6 mm.
Described from three specimens, two from Chulumani, Nov. 30,
1898, and one from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899, in author’s
collection.
125. Cicadella nigricula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 38, 38a.
Head broad, short; vertex half as long as width between the eyes;
ocelli near the hind border; front somewhat flattened, full; the clypeus
somewhat inflated at base, faintly carinate toward tip; pronotum
twice as long as vertex, lateral margins short, postero-lateral angles
rounded; scutellum large, acuminate; elytral veins obscure. Genitalia:
male, valve hidden; plates short with a peculiar reduplication giving
appearance of two pairs of plates, about half the length of the
pygofer.
Dark fuscous or blackish, rather densely dotted with whitish or
yellow, the dots on forepart of pronotum and central part of
scutellum fewer, larger, and brighter yellow; front dotted with pale
yellow, except toward tip; the clypeus, lorae and cheeks, black;
beneath black, margins of the segments, especially the last ventral,
and line on pygofer, brown. Legs pale brownish. Length: 8 mm.
Described from one male (type) in the author’s collection, from
Chulumani, Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898. This species seems to be related
to C. contaminata, but is much darker, and the genital segment is
quite different.
126. Cicadella ornatula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 41, 41a.
Head slightly wider than pronotum, short; vertex scarcely longer
at middle than next the eye; front slightly flattened on the disk;
clypeus slightly swollen at base and carinate toward the tip; pronotum
twice as long as vertex, faintly marginate behind. Genitalia: male,
valve short, transverse, plates very long, narrowly triangular, tapering
to acute tips and extending three-fourths the length of the slender
pygofer.
Varied with tawny, blue and red; vertex tawny orange, with three
conspicuous black spots, one at apex, and one on each side between
eye and ocelli, connected by slender line; anterior border of pronotum
tawny; transverse curved band and hind border bluish, hinder part
of disk brown, scutellum orange-red, elytra with stripes of blue and
red, resembling those of Graphocephala coccinea; face tawny, sides of
front with dusky arcs; abdomen tinged with reddish, legs pale yellow-
ish. Length: 7 mm.
Described from a series of five specimens from Coroico Yungas,
Bolivia, April 16, 1899, in the author’s collection. This is a very
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
217
handsome species, quite close to T.facetula Jacobi, but with a different
color-pattern, and quite distinct genitalia.
127. Cicadella facetula (Jacobi). PI. XIV, figs. 35, 35a.
Tettigoniella facetula Jacobi, Sitzb. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1905, p. 184.
Head nearly as wide as pronotum, short, distinctly curved, vertex
slightly longer at middle than next the eye; front slightly flattened;
pronotum nearly three times as long as vertex, scarcely emarginate
behind. Genitalia: male, with a small obtusely angular valve, and
short plates, contracted toward the tip, and about half as long as
pygofer.^
Greenish yellow, vertex with a black point at apex, black ocelli,
and faint brown lines; pronotum tawny anteriorly, the disk and the
elytra, olive-green; scutellum and sutural border of elytra, tawny;
costa tawny, tinged with yellow; beneath light yellow, the front with
faint lateral arcs. Length: 7 mm.
Jacobi described this species from the Andean region and specimens
are in m}^ collection from Chulumani, Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898, and
Rioja, Peru, from the Jacobi collection.
128. Cicadella tigrinula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 40, 40a.
■ Head as wide as pronotum, vertex somewhat produced, faintly
angular, about half longer at middle than next the eye; front flattened
on the disk, clypeus slightly swollen at base, carinate toward the
tip; pronotum half longer than vertex, slightly concave behind.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates narrow, contracted to near the
middle and extending in long slender tips to end of pygofer.
Coppery brown, with distinct black bands, a transverse one on the
vertex, expanded at middle, a narrow border at occiput, and on front
of pronotum, a slightly curved transverse band on the disk, and a
broad margin on the hind part of pronotum, a curved transverse
band on scutellum, black; elytra suffused with olive, and with a
whitish yellow line, margined with black, parallelling the costa; face
tawny; arcs, sides of clypeus, margin of cheek, and outer part of
lorae, black; prosternum and abdominal segments, black, bordered
with tawny; plates tawny. Length; 7 mm.
Described from a series of specimens (type and paratypes) from
Chulumani, Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898, and Coroico Yungas, Bolivia,
April 16, 1899, in collection of the author. A paratype has been
presented to the Carnegie Museum.
129. Cicadella cyclopula (Jacobi). PI. XIV, figs. 44, 44a.
Tettigoniella cyclopula Jacobi, Sitzb. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1905, p. 183.
Head as wide as pronotum, short, bluntly rounded; pronotum twice
218 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
as long as vertex, nearly truncate behind. Genitalia: male, valve
short, nearly concealed, plates elongate, triangular, tapering to
delicate tips, reaching three-fifths the length of the pygofer.
Light yellow, tinged with orange on the face, and red on the vertex;
anterior border of pronotum, the scutellum, the longitudinal stripes
on elytra, blood-red; a transverse band before the middle, light blue;
hind border, dark blue; elytral stripes dull bluish. Length; 7 mm.
Jacobi’s specimens were from the Andean region, and I have one
labeled Rioja, Peru, probably from his type material, also a series
from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, which agree perfectly with the Rioja
specimen.
130. Cicadella transversula sp. nov. PI. XIV, figs. 43, 43a.
Head as wide as pronotum; vertex half longer at middle than next
the eye; front flattened on the disk; clypeus swollen at base, carinate
at tip; pronotum half longer than vertex, concave behind. Genitalia:
male, plates broad at base, narrowing sharply to beyond the basal
third, and extended in slender tips to beyond the end of the pygofer.
Black, vertex with anterior border, a transverse occipital line and
ocellar spot, four spots in transverse row on anterior margin, and a
broken transverse band on the disk of pronotum, orange-yellow;
scutellum entirely black; elytra black; basal part of the clavus, orange-
yellow, the margin of claval suture and three elongate spots on the
corium, greenish; sub-margin of costa, golden-orange; beneath black,
face with black arcs on a yellowish ground; legs whitish, tips of tibise
and tarsi, blackish. Length; 8 mm.
Specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898, in the author’s
collection.
Genus Diedrocephala Spinola.
Diedrocephala Spinola, Tavola Sinottica dei generi spettanti alia classe degli
Insetti Arthroidignati, Hemiptera, L. Latr.-Rhyngota, F. (in Mem. di Matem.
e. di Fis. Soc. Ital., Modena, Tom. 25, pt. i, 1852, pp. 43-100; also as a separate,
Modena, (4to.) 1850, pp. 1-57. (Genotype Cicada variegata Fabricius, Syst.
Rhjmg., 1803, p. 67.)
13 1 . Diedrocephala sanguinolenta (Coquebert).
Cicada sanguinolenta Coquebert, 111. Icon. Ins., Decas II, 1801, p. 79, pi. 18,
fig. 12. — Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 67.
Tettigonia sanguinolenta Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins., pt. Ill, 1840-1841, p. 191.
— SiGNORET, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) III, 1855, p. 50, pi. 6, fig, 3. — Fowler,
Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt. II, 1900, p. 262, pi. XVII, fig. 17.
Tettigonia rubriguttata Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. Ill, 1851, p. 63.
Head orange-yellow, suffused with brown on the vertex; pronotum
brown, with a more or less extensive area of red; elytra black, with
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
219
extensive red markings in the form of broken bands behind scutellum,
across tip of clavus, and near the tip, and with white hyaline on apex
and two triangular white spots on costa near the tip; beneath, face,
thorax, and legs, bright orange-yellow; abdomen bright red above,
blackish on the disk. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment produced
into a broad tooth at the middle; convex and sub-carinate; male,
valve hidden or wanting, plates small, narrowed abruptly near the
base, extended as slender, short, acuminate processes, margins
bordered with delicate setae, pygofer contracted at base, strongly
setose, and with the plates white. Length: female, 6 mm.; male, 5.5
mm.
This is a widely distributed and variable species. Specimens are
in the Carnegie Museum from Rio de Janeiro and Santarem, Brazil,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966, and Cacagualito and Minca, Colombia,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999, both lots collected by H. H. Smith.
Earlier records cover Mexico, Central America, Panama, South
America to Brazil.
132. Diedrocephala variegata (Fabricius).
Cicada variegata Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 684.
Cicada virginea Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., 1803, p. 66.
Tettigonia pulcherrima Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des. Ins. Ill, 1840, p. 192.
Tettigonia variegata Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 723, pi. 21, fig 9.
Tettigonia virginea Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 353.
Diedrocephala variegata Walker, List Homopt. B. M., Suppl., 1858, p. 234.
Head about twice as wide as pronotum, produced, obtusely ungu-
late; vertex with a narrow sulcus; margin acute; front slightly tumid;
clypeus a little tumid at base, narrowed to tip; pronotum broadly
concave behind; scutellum rather large. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment one-half longer than preceding; hind margin with
shallow re-entrant angle.
White; the upper side dark fuscous or black; the margin of vertex
with a series of curved arcs. Pronotum, scutellum, and base of
clavus with a common ivory-white spot widening from the anterior
border of pronotum and terminating in sharp angles about the middle
of the clavus; a large yellow spot near tip of clavus; the costa white,
with oblique fuscous lines toward the tip; a short red line before a
hyaline triangle and some red patches on corium, membrane smoky,
tipped with black; tips of tarsal joints and claws dark. Length: 8 mm.
This is a common species in tropical America, being one of the
earliest described from that region, and numerous records are to be
found in the literature.
The specimens in the Carnegie Museum are from Provincia del
Sara, Bolivia, 450 m. (Steinbach coll.) and from Chapada, Brazil,
220
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
November, and Asuncion, Paraguay, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H.
H. Smith coll.).
I have specimens from Costa Rica and Guatemala.
133. Diedrocephala albula sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 65, 65a, 65b.
Head narrower than pronotum, distinctly produced; vertex twice
as long at middle as next the eye; ocelli as near the hind border as to
the eye; front flattened on disk; clypeus contracted apically, slightly
angulate in profile; pronotum widening posteriorly, hind border
slightly concave; scutellum with spine-like acuminate tip. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment nearly twice as long as preceding; hind
border nearly truncate; male, valve wanting; plates short, triangular,
acute at tip, three-fourths as long as pygofer.
Bluish black above, white below; vertex with basal and apical
elongate spot, a dot next the eye, pronotum, a median and two discal
spots, and a submarginal row of minute dots, scutellum with a basal,
two discal, two subapical and a terminal spot, and elytra with four
irregular costal, central, claval and some minute discal dots, white or
bluish white; abdomen above blackish with whitish borders; genitalia,
female segment blackish on the disk and hind border, and pygofer
and ovipositor blue-black; tips of tarsi fuscous. Length: 8 mm.
Described from one female (type), Mana River, French Guiana,
June, 1917, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 6008 (S. M. Klages coll.)', and one
male (allotype). Villa Bella, Oct. 7, 1909, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4043
(Haseman coll.).
Genus Graphocephala Van Duzee.
Graphocephala Van Duzee, Check-list of Hemiptera, 1916, p. 66. (Orthotype
Cicada coccinea Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins., 1771, p. 69.
134. Graphocephala coccinea (Forster).
Cicada coccinea Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins., 1771, p.69.
Tettigonia quadrivittata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., VI, 1831, p. 312.
Tettigonia coccinea Harris, in Hitchcock, Geol. Mass., Ed. i, 1833, p. 584. —
Rathvon, in Mombert’s Hist. Lancaster Co., Pa., 1869, p. 551.
Tettigonia picta Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. HI, 1851, p. 758.
Tettigonia teliformis Walker, 1. c., p. 764.
Diedrocephala coccinea Uhler, Bull, U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv., I, 1876, p. 357.
? Tettigonia idonea Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., H, 1900, p. 276, pi. XVIII,
fig. 22,
Head wider than pronotum, subangular in front, margin with a
sharp edge; vertex about three times as long at middle as next the
eye; front tumid, somewhat flattened on the disk, striate at the
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
221
sides; clypeus tumid, carinate toward the tip; pronotum one-fourth
longer than vertex; lateral margins long; hind border sinuate. Geni-
talia: female, last ventral segment long, nearly four times as long as
preceding; hind border produced, rounded; male, last ventral segment
slightly longer than preceding; valve concealed; plates broad at base,
narrowing before the middle and extended as narrow, conical acutely
pointed tips, reaching two-thirds the way to end of pygofer.
Light yellow; vertex with a black border before, extending on to
base of front. Pronotum green or blue-green with an orange flask-
shaped spot on either side; anterior border yellowish; elytra green, or
blue, with conspicuous red stripes, one on the clavus, the second just
below claval suture, the third parallelling the costa and extending
from near the base to apex, sometimes interrupted and in some cases
merged at base and tip with the sub-claval stripe. Length: female,
8 mm. ; male, 7 mm.
One specimen, Minca, Colombia, June, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999
(H. H. Smith coll).
This is a very common species represented by numerous variations
and ranging from Canada to the tropics. The single specimen which
is referred to this species has been mutilated and lacks the head and
abdomen, but the pattern of pronotum and elytra are unmistakable
and it corresponds with forms which have the blue and red coloration
quite intense.
135. Graphocephala tractatula (Jacobi).
Tettigoniella tractatula Jacobi, Sitzb. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1905, p. 182.
Slender; head scarcely as wide as pronotum, distinctly angular;
vertex about twice as long at middle as next the eye, margin sharply
angled to front; front broad, tumid, somewhat flattened on the disk;
clypeus elevated at base, somewhat contracted toward the tip; cheeks
narrow; pronotum strongly arched in front, scarcely concave behind.
Genitalia: male, last ventral segment concave; valve hidden; plates
short; outer margin convex; tips rounded, about one-half as long as
the compressed, narrow pygofer.
Vertex yellow with a broad ocher-orange band, tinged with reddish;
pronotum with two transverse broken bands and the hind border
yellow; scutellum orange with three narrow yellow lines; elytra red-
brown, with a number of short, narrow, yellowish lines on the clavus
and on the discal nervures, and three yellowish spots near the apex,
beyond which is a smoky hyaline area margined with fuscous; beneath,
face mostly black, front with brownish sides and light arcs; prothorax
yellow; mesothorax black, abdomen beneath black; legs light yellowish ;
genital plates yellow; pygofers margined with orange. Length: 7 mm.
This species was described from Rioja, Peru, and the author’s
222
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
collection includes a specimen from the same locality and also a
number from Coroica Yungas, Bolivia, collected April i6, 1899.
136. Graphocephala attenuata sp. nov. PL XV, figs. 51, 51a.
A large species, mostly black, with a broad white band across base
of elytra; head scarcely wider than pronotum; vertex moderately
produced, bluntly angular, margin reflected; pronotum slightly
widening behind, twice as long as vertex, hind border concave; elytra
long, tips compressed. Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates broad
at base, attenuate toward tip, about three-fourths as long as pygofer.
Black, vertex with pale yellow spot including ocellus; the anterior
border of pronotum and most of the scutellum tawny; base of elytra
milky white, tips smoky hyaline; tip of clypeus, tips of femora, and
discal half of tibiae, and the tarsi, whitish. Length: 9 mm.
Described from a series of ten specimens (type and paratypes) from
Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899, in the author’s collection. A
paratype has been presented to the Carnegie Museum.
137. Graphocephala simillima sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 55, 55a.
Vertex produced, distinctly angular, margin reflexed; pronotum
with sides nearly parallel ; elytra elongate, compressed at tip. Genitalia:
male, valve hidden; plates broad at base, narrowing to acuminate
tip, strongly upcurved, reaching nearly to the tip of pygofer; plates
and pygofer shorter than in G. attenuata.
Vertex whitish, tinged with yellow, margined with black; anterior
part of pronotum and the scutellum tawny; disk of pronotum blackish;
elytra black, with a transparent whitish patch at base, extending in
smoky sub-hyaline area on clavus, and the tip smoky hyaline; beneath
black, the margins of the segments, tips of femora, fore and middle
legs whitish. Length: 8.5 mm.
Described from a series of ten specimens (type and paratypes)
from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, November, 1898, and April, 1899, in
the author’s collection. A paratype has been deposited in the Carnegie
Museum.
138. Graphocephala atramentatula (Breddin). PI. XVI, figs. 61, 61 a.
Teltigonia atramentatula Breddin, Soc. Ent., Vol. XVI, 1901, p. 107.
Head broad, wider than pronotum; vertex angular, margin slightly
elevated; pronotum half longer than vertex, slightly concave behind;
male valve hidden; plates large, broad at base, contracted toward the
tip, and extended as distinctly upcurved ends to near tip of pygofer.
Vertex, most of pronotum, and base of elytra, dull white; scutellum
tawny; elytra black, apex smoky; beneath mostly black, outer part
Osborn: Neotropical Homopt-era, Pt. 5.
223
of legs, margins of abdominal segments, dull whitish or yellow.
Length: 8 mm.
Specimens in the author’s collection from Archidona, Ecuador,
which probably represent the type material.
139. Graphocephala brevisula sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 62, 62a.
Small, head as wide as pronotum; vertex twice as long at middle
as next the eye, flat, fore margin angular; disk of front distinctly
flattened; clypeus swollen at base and contracted toward the tip;
pronotum half longer than vertex, hind border faintly concave.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden or wanting; plates very short abruptly
contracted near the base and with short slender inner part extending
to half the length of the pygofer and with the tips involute or partly
concealed within the ventral margins of the pygofer.
Disk of pronotum and the elytra dark olive; vertex, anterior border
of pronotum, scutellum, and costal and anal margins of elytra orange-
yellow; face suffused with blackish; abdomen- above and the wings
fuscous; pectus and venter and the legs yellow. Length: 5.5 mm.
Described from two males (type and paratype) in the author’s
collection from Archidona, Ecuador. These specimens were received
unnamed in a lot of homoptera secured from a German dealer along
with a number of Breddin’s species, and I have been unable to find
any description of it. While nearly related to olivatula and atra-
mentatula it is smaller and the male plates so distinct that it seems
proper to describe it.
140. Graphocephala involuta sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 56, 56a.
Head scarcely as broad as pronotum; vertex bluntly angular,
broadly depressed anteriorly; pronotum scarcely twice as long as
vertex, concave behind. Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates
narrow, tips strongly upcurved and folded within the pygofer.
Blackish, vertex with yellow spots behind ocelli, and yellow border;
pronotum blackish tinged with olive, bordered anteriorly with orange-
yellow, dotted with black; scutellum black with yellow disk and
lateral stripes; elytra blackish tinged with greenish, a paler patch on
the border of clavus, the disc of corium, and a yellowish line bordering
costa; front black, sides pale with black arcs; clypeus black, polished;
pectus and venter, blackish, with segments narrowly margined with
whitish; legs dull whitish. Length: 6.5 mm.
Described from a large series of specimens (type and paratypes)
from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899, in the author’s collec-
tion. Paratypes have been presented to the Carnegie Museum.
224
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
14 1. Graphocephala contractula sp. nov. PL XV, figs. 47, 47a.
Head as wide as pronotum; vertex bluntly angular, margin slightly
elevated; pronotum half longer than vertex, sides nearly parallel, hind
border concave at middle. Genitalia: male, valve hidden; plates
broad at base, convex at sides, narrowing to short slender upturned
tips, three-fourths as long as pygofer.
Vertex pale orange, margined with black and with a central black
line; pronotum, tawny, somewhat infuscated behind; scutellum tawny,
with basal and marginal dots, blackish; elytra smoky with whitish
hyaline base and apex; beneath black, venter and legs more or less
whitish. Length: 6.5 mm.
Described from a long series of specimens (type and paratypes) in
the author’s collection, from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899.
Paratypes have been communicated to the Carnegie Museum.
142. Graphocephala curvatula sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 53, 53a.
Head scarcely as wide as pronotum; vertex short, depressed an-
teriorly, half as long as pronotum; pronotum widening behind, hind
border slightly concave; elytra long. Genitalia: male, valve hidden;
plates elongate, narrowing on outer third and extending into slender
strongly curved tips, reaching nearly tip of pygofer, which has a pair
of strongly curved appendages at tip.
Golden brown, vertex black, with a spot on each side behind ocelli,
and inner margin of eye brown; pronotum blackish on the disk, and
brown on the anterior border; scutellum brown with black spots in
the angles and at the sides; elytra rich golden-brown, pellucid; beneath
black; rostrum, fore and middle tibiae pale brown. Length; 9 mm.
This large handsome species is described from five male specimens
(type and paratypes) in the author’s collection, from Chulumani,
Bolivia, Dec. 9, 1898.
143. Graphocephala personatula (Jacobi). PI. XV, figs. 54, 54a.
Tettigoniella personatula Jacobi, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1905, p. 181.
Head as wide as pronotum, rather short, subangulate; vertex one-
fourth longer at middle than next the eye, with a depression outside
the ocelli and behind the apex; margin sharp; front in profile nearly
straight; clypeus swollen at base, narrowed at tip; pronotum twice
as long as vertex, subangulate, emarginate behind. Genitalia: male,
valve very short; plates narrow; sides nearly parallel; tips rounded
and blunt, one-half as long as pygofer.
Above reddish brown or dark testaceous; the vertex with a central
black area and black spots in the lateral depressions; pronotum with
a median line, a patch on each side on the disk and hind border.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
225
fuscous; scutellum with a fuscous patch, and a smaller patch on each
side one-half way to the angle; elytral veins broadly fuscous; apex
smoky-hyaline; beneath, front dark brown, with a somewhat obscure
blackish central stripe; rest of face black; pectus black; legs and
abdomen testaceous. Length: 7 mm.
Numerous specimens in the author’s collection from Coroico Yungas,
Bolivia, April 16, 1899, and one specimen from Vilcanota, Peru, one
of the type-localities cited by Jacobi. Specimens have been presented
to the Carnegie Museum.
144. Graphocephala affinula sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 48, 48a.
Head scarcely as wide as pronotum, angular; margin fairly acute;
vertex nearly twice as long at middle as next the eye, depressed an-
teriorly, and outside of ocelli; the front broad, slightly convex; clypeus
long, sub-carinate; lorEe slightly elevated; pronotum nearly twice as
long as vertex, slightly eniarginate behind; elytral veins conspicuous.
Genitalia: male, valve hidden, plates long, with elongate triangular
impression at base, and the tips curved in and partly concealed within
the pygofer.
Coppery yellow, the vertex with a black spot in the anterior de-
pression, with a black line running to the occiput, black spots in the
depressions outside ocelli, a broad black stripe on the front, and sides
of the clypeus, a black spot on each side of pectus; the abdominal
segments black, margined with whitish; plates dull whitish; the veins
of elytra brown, the costa tinged with reddish. Length: 7 mm.
Described from two specimens (type and paratype), Coroico
Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899, in the author’s collection. This
species is close to G. personatula, and would be considered a variation
from that species, were it not for the quite distinct genitalia.
145- Graphocephala longula sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 57, 57a.
Similar to personatula, but with distinct genitalia. Vertex distinctly
angular, depressed anteriorly; pronotum widening behind, half longer
than vertex. Genitalia: male, valve large, obtusely angular; plates
narrow, elongate, outer margin slightly sinuate, tips divergent, sub-
acute, reaching tip of pygofer.
Vertex yellow with black central and lateral areas, red ocelli;
pronotum olive-brown, anterior part yellow, inscribed with black;
scutellum brown, with two discal stripes, lateral angles and tip
yellow; elytra pellucid, tinged with yellow, veins brown, costa margined
with yellow; face and underside black; apex of femora, the tibiae and
tarsi pale brown. Length: 7 mm.
Described from two specimens (type and paratype), Coroico Yungas,
226 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Bolivia, Aug. i6, 1899. This and the following species closely re-
semble G. personatula, but have very different genital plates.
146. Graphocephala separata sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 46, 46a.
Vertex bluntly angular, depressed anteriorly and on median line;
pronotum widening behind with an angular emargination posteriorly.
Genitalia: male, plates separated at base, carinate on disc, converging
and slightly infolded at tip, but not reaching tip of pygofer.
Tawny brown, vertex with a black median line expanded into a
broad triangle anteriorly, and two black spots behind ocelli; pronotum
brown, tawny, faintly marked with fuscous on the disk; elytra pale
brown, veins infuscate; beneath, face yellow with a broad median
stripe and lateral margins on front; clypeus mostly black; venter
black, segments narrowly margined with whitish, plates pale brown,
legs pale yellowish. Length: 6.5 mm.
Described from ten specimens, males (type and paratypes) from
Coroico Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899. Differs from G. longula in
genitalia and also in color. A paratype has been deposited in the
Carnegie Museum.
147. Graphocephala cardinula sp. nov. PI. XV, figs. 52, 52a.
Similar to preceding species in general pattern, but bright red
above, and yellow below. Vertex angular, depressed anteriorly;
pronotum with sides nearly parallel. Genitalia: male, valve hidden
or wanting; plates narrowing to a little beyond the middle, and ex-
tended in slender tips to near the end of the pygofer.
Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum red, with a black median line,
expanded at apex of vertex on disk of pronotum, and forked on
scutellum; also lateral areas on vertex, part of anterior margin of
pronotum, hind border, and spot in angles of scutellum, black; beneath
yellow, front tinged with orange. Length: 7 mm.
This is a handsome little species, represented by a long series of
specimens (type and paratypes) from Coroico Yungas, Bolivia,
April 16, 1899, in the author’s collection. Paratypes have been pre-
sented to the Carnegie Museum.
148. Graphocephala ludicula Breddin (?).* PI. XVI, figs. 58, 58a.
Small, head scarcely as wide as pronotum, vertex angulate, margin
acute, pronotum half longer than vertex; male valve short, rounded
behind; plates contracted toward tip, and extending to tip of pygofer.
Length: 6 mm.
Four specimens in the author’s collection from Archidona, Ecuador.
*See footnotes on next page.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
227
149. Graphocephala plebejula Breddin (?).* PL XVI, figs, 69, 69a.
Similar to G. ludicula, narrow, head as wide as pronotum; vertex
obtusely angular; pronotum half longer than vertex; male valve
hidden, plates very short, abruptly contracted close to base, slender
tips extending two-thirds the length of the pygofer.
Greenish, vertex yellowish, bordered with black, and a median
black spot, anterior part of pronotum yellowish, costa brown, with a
narrow yellow margin, tip of elytra smoky, beneath black, margins
of abdominal segments yellow, legs infuscate. Length: 6 mm.
Two specimens in the author’s collection, from Archidona, Ecuador*
150. Graphocephala pruriginosula (Jacobi). PI. XV, figs. 50, 50a.
Tettigoniella pruriginosula Jacobi, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1905, p. 181.
Head nearly as wide as pronotum; vertex one-half longer at middle
than next the eye, depressed on the disk; anterior margin elevated,
sharp; front tumid with disk somewhat flattened; clypeus tumid at
base, contracted toward tip; pronotum one-half longer than vertex
with two punctures near the anterior border; hind border slightly
concave. Genitalia: male, last ventral segment slightly concave;
valve hidden; plates narrowed to middle, then extending as narrow,
strap-like tips, ending bluntly, one-fourth distance from tip of pygofer;
the hinder part of pygofer is separated and the narrowed part of
plates lie in the groove thus formed.
Black; vertex with two large spots including ocelli; lateral portion
of hind border, two anterior stripes, and a diffused transverse band on
pronotum, two divergent discal stripes, the basal angles and apex,
and, the costa, ocher-red; the legs and hind margins of abdominal
segments dull yellowish. Length: 7 mm.
Numerous specimens in the author’s collection from Coroico Yungas,
Bolivia, April 16, 1899, and one specimen from Vilcanota, Peru, one
of the type localities, and possibly from type material, with determi-
nation by Jacobi. Specimens have been communicated to the Carnegie
Museum.
* My collection includes two species, secured from a German dealer, labelled
Tettigonia ludicula and T. plebejula Breddin. As I cannot find these names in any
published reference at hand, it seems probable that they are manuscript-names.
However, if published, the use of Breddin’s names will avoid confusion.
[Note. The Editor of these Annals, assisted by Mr. Hugo Kahl, has inde-
pendently searched the literature with all available indices at hand, and is satisfied
that the names, here credited to Breddin with a question, are unpublished, and
that species nos. 148 and 149, as well as no. iii, should be credited to Osborn
as spp. nov. W. J. Holland.]
228
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
1 51. Graphocephala braccatula (Jacobi).
Tettigoniella braccatula Jacobi, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. BerL, 1905, p. 181.
Head wider than pronotum; vertex about one-fourth longer at
middle than next the eye; apical margin elevated, sharp; front
flattened on the disk; clypeus elevated on the middle; pronotum
twice as long as vertex, truncate behind. Genitalia: male, last ventral
segment concave; valve hidden; plates short; outer margin rounded,
half as long as pygofer, similar to G. tractatula.
Vertex light yellow with a broad median stripe, expanded before;
face black; pronotum with a black patch just within the eye and a
fuscous border posteriorly; scutellum and base of elytra yellowish or
whitish, suffused with rose-color; costa orange-ocherous; legs pale
yellowish; abdomen black, segments with narrow pale margins.
Length: 6 mm.
Numerous specimens in the author’s collection from Coroico
Yungas, Bolivia, April 16, 1899, and also two specimens determined
by Jacobi, one from Callanga, Peru, and one from Mapiri, Bolivia.
Jacobi gave ‘‘Marcapata, Peru,” and “Curoico, Bolivia” in his de-
scription. Specimens have been presented to the Carnegie Museum.
152. Graphocephala marginella (Fabricius).
Cicada m.arginella Fabricius, Mant. Ins., 1787, p. 27.
Tettigonia ruficaput Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. Ill, 1851, p. 766.
Tettigonia marginella Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p, 346, pi. ii,
fig. 8.
Genitalia: male, valve wanting; plates elongate, narrowing to
apical fourths and extended into slender upturned acute tips; female,
last ventral segment elongate, convex; hind border slightly produced;
pygofer and ovipositor short, compressed.
Yellowish or luteous; a black point at the tip of head; vertex with
disk marked with slender black and grey lines and a wide border of
orange-red margined with black; pronotum dark green, the anterior
lighter with some black dots on fine lines, lateral border rufous;
scutellum yellowish with fine black lines and dots; elytra dark green,
costal margin orange-red; abdomen above black, yellow beneath; legs
fulvous. Length 5 mm.
Six specimens from Chapada, Brazil, November, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
Our specimens agree better with the description of Walker than
with the figure and description of Signoret, but it is probable that his
specimens .were faded or decolored, although the markings of the
scutellum could not easily be overlooked.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
229
153. Graphocephala limbaticollis (Stal).
Tettigonia limbaticollis Stal, Stett, Ent. Zeit., XXV, 1864, p. 75. — Fowler, Biol.
Cent.-Am., Homopt. II, 1900, p. 279, pL XVIII, fig. 27.
Diedrocephala limbaticollis Osborn, Ohio Nat., IX, 1908, p. 463.
Head produced; vertex acutely angular, rounded at tip. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment nearly truncate.
Light yellowish or whitish; vertex with fuscous lines converging
towards the tip; a median black line on vertex and a marginal black
line just below the border of the vertex on the front; pronotum olive-
green, anterior border yellowish; scutellum yellowish; elytra bronzy
green; the costa at base narrowly yellowish; abdomen above orange-
brown, beneath whitish; tips of tarsi fuscous. Length: 6 mm.
One specimen, a female, from Minca, Colombia, May, 1898, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.). The species was originally
described from Mexico by Stal, and recorded by Fowler from Tobasco.
It has also been recorded by the author from Los Amates and Puerto
Barrios, Guatemala, but the present record is the first from South
America.
154. Graphocephala submarginalis sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 72, 72a, 72b.
Similar to G. coccinea; the head scarcely as wide as pronotum;
vertex a little more than twice as long at middle as next the eye;
margin obtusely angular; front tumid, flattened on the disk; clypeus
slightly tumid at base, narrowed, but not distinctly carinate at tip;
pronotum nearly twice as long as vertex, broadly rounded in front,
nearly truncate behind; elytral veins indistinct. Genitalia: female,
last ventral segment elongate, about twice as long as preceding
segment, narrowed and roundingly produced at apex; male, valve
hidden; plates narrowed, compressed, acutely pointed, about two-
thirds length of pygofer.
Light yellow; vertex yellow-fulvous with anterior submargin black-
lined; the margin orange, lined below with black. Pronotum green
or bluish green, the anterior border orange-red, and a quadrate dull
orange-red spot on either side of the disk; scutellum yellowish, tinged
at apex with fulvous; elytra blue-green with three conspicuous orange-
red stripes, one from base to beyond middle of clavus, the second just
below the claval suture, and the third more or less broken, nearly
parallelling the costa; costal margin narrowly yellow; wings smoky;
veins fuscous; anterior tibiae orange-red; abdomen above orange;
pygofer tinged with fulvous. Length: female, 7 mm.; male, 6.5 mm.
Three specimens, two females, type and paratype; one male, allo-
type, Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, April, 1913 (J. Steinbach coll.).
This species is strikingly like G. coccinea, but aside from the very
230
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
distinctly shorter vertex, with its black submargin, the pattern on the
pronotum is distinctly different, the outer stripe of the elytra has a
marked break on the cross-nervures and the female genital segment is
different.
155. Graphocephala rufimargo (Walker).
Tettigonia rufimargoV^ AiJSJER., List Homopt. B. M., Suppl., 1858, p. 197. — Fowler,
Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 284, pi. XIX, fig. ii.
Head wider than pronotum; vertex as long at middle as between
the eyes; ocelli near the base; margin obtusely angulate; front tumid;
clypeus narrow, elevated; pronotum as long as vertex; scutellum
small, triangular. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment long, pro-
duced, bluntly angulate behind; male, last ventral segment long,
truncate; plates broad at base, triangular, somewhat acuminate and
divergent at tips, less than half as long as pygofer.
Pale yellow; vertex with black lines converging toward the center,
usually with a distinct line anteriorly meeting a black spot, or, in
some cases, a triangular area margined with black, the anterior border
black-lined; pronotum olive-brown, anterior border yellowish; scu-
tellum yellow; elytra reddish-brown suffused with olive; costal margin
yellowish; abdomen margined with red. Length: 5 mm.
Specimens from Bonda and Cacagualito, Colombia, May, June and
July, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
These specimens differ from the typical form in the darker reddish
brown elytra and in some individuals seem to have a different picture
of lines on the vertex, but I believe they must at best be considered
only as a variety.
156. Graphocephala rufimargo (Walker) var. proprior Fowler.
Tettigonia rufimargo 'W ALK.¥.^, List Homopt. B. M., Suppl., 1858, p. 197. — Fowler,
Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 284, pi. XIX, fig. 12.
Head as wide as pronotum, produced at front, as long at middle as
between eyes; front somewhat flattened. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment elongate, more than twice as long as preceding
segment, produced and bluntly angulate at middle of hind border;
male, plates narrow, contracted and compressed, with acute tips.
Dull yellow; vertex tawny on the disk with narrow black lines
converging toward the tips, a black border at base, and a narrow
black line on the margin between vertex and front, within which is a
lighter space; pronotum greenish on the disk and hinder part; scutellum
tawny; elytra green, with a narrow border next to scutellum and the
claval suture, blue; costa light yellow; apex yellowish with black dots
at end of apical cells; margin above blackish bordered with red.
Length: 5 mm.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
231
Specimens from Bonda, Colombia, July, 1898, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
These specimens agree quite perfectly with Fowler’s description of
his var. proprior, but would easily answer to Walker’s original de-
scription. The red border of abdomen is entirely covered by the
elytra when closed.
157. Graphocephala lineola sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 71, 71a.
Head as wide as pronotum, subangulate in front; vertex somewhat
flattened, scarcely as long at middle as between the eyes, obtusely
angular with front; front tumid; clypeus elevated, narrowed to tip;
cheeks narrow; pronotum one-half longer than vertex, hind border
truncate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment elongate, hind
border narrow, rounding, subangulate; male, last ventral segment as
long as preceding; plates narrow, contracted toward tip and with two
delicate hook-like appendages at apex.
Pale olive; vertex with a minute black dot at apex, a broad orange-
red border, the disk yellowish, with fine black lines extending into an
angular point at the middle and on either side; pronotum light green,
anterior border faintly inscribed with blackish, the borders bright
orange-red; scutellum light green with fine blackish lines; elytra dark
green with a narrow costal border of orange; beneath light yellowish
or testaceous; abdomen above black, margined with yellowish.
Length: female, 6 mm.; male, 5 mm.
Described from one female (type), three males (allotype and para-
types), Minca, Colombia, May, 1898, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H^
H. Smith coll.).
158. Graphocephala humeralis sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 64, 64a.
Head as wide as pronotum, obtusely angulate ; disk slightly flattened ;
border obtusely angulate, more or less rounded to front; front tumid;
clypeus narrowed to bluntly angulate tip; pronotum nearly twice as
long as vertex. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment elongate,
hind border slightly produced and rounded; male, last ventral segment
slightly longer than preceding, subtruncate; plates nearly as wide as
the last segment at base, narrowed and subconical toward tip; tips
upturned and setose, reaching nearly to the tip of pygofer, which is
densely setose.
Olive-green; the vertex with a broad orange-red margin, extending
down upon base of front, no black dot at the tip; the disk light green
with narrow black lines, but not extending into angles as in G. lineola]
pronotum olive-green, the humeral angles with large conspicuous
orange-red spots, sometimes extended as a narrow border to the eye;
scutellum pale green with minute blackish lines and dots; elytra dark
232
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
olive-green; costa narrowly orange-red; beneath pale yellowish;
abdomen blackish above, the lateral borders yellowish. Length;
6 mm.
Described from one female (type) and three males (allotype and
paratypes), Minca, Colombia, May, June, and July, 1898, Cam. Mus.
Acc. No. 1999 (H. H. Smith coll.).
159- Graphocephala spinosa sp. nov. PI. XVI, figs. 68, 68a, 68b.
Head as wide as pronotum, rounded, subangulate at front; vertex
slightly depressed; front tumid; clypeus elevated at base and on the
middle, narrowed to tip; pronotum nearly twice as long as vertex;
hind border truncate. Genitalia: female, last ventral segment twice
as long as the preceding, the posterior border produced into a sharp
spine at the middle; male, last ventral segment as long as the pre-
ceding, plates broad at base, nearly as wide as preceding segment,
contracted beyond the middle, somewhat conical, acute, upturned
and divergent at tip, nearly reaching the tip of the pygofer.
Above dark olive-green; vertex on the disk with fine lines, the
anterior border broadly orange-red, margined behind with a black line
and with a black dot at tip; front greenish with faint fuscous arcs;
pronotum dark olive-green, anterior part paler with faint fuscous dots
and lines, lateral border orange-red; scutellum green, lined and dotted
with blackish; elytra uniformly dark olive-green with narrow costal
margin of orange-red, extreme tips smoky subhyaline; beneath yellow-
ish; legs testaceous; tips of tarsi dusky. Length: 6.5 mm.
Described from six specimens, four females (type and paratypes) >
two males (allotype and paratype). Three females and the two
males are from Chapada, Brazil, May, November; one female is from Rio
de Janeiro, August, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.)-
These specimens have much the same color-pattern as G. hume-
ralis, but the orange border of the pronotum is of uniform width. The
specimens are larger and the spinous hind border of the female
furnishes a very distinctive character.
Genus Kolla Distant.
Kolia Distant, Fauna Brit. Ind., Rhynchota IV, 1908, p. 223. (Orthotype K.
insignis Distant 1. c.)
160. Kolia fasciata (Walker).
Tettigonia fasciata Walker, List Homopt. B. M., Ill, 1851, p. 780.
Tettigonia f us colinella Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 290, pi, XIX,
fig. 25.
Head broad, wider than pronotum, short, rounded in front; vertex
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
233
slightly longer at middle than next the eye; front slightly tumid;
clypeus contracted toward the tip; prOnotum twice as long as vertex,
side margins short, hind border convex. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment nearly twice as long as preceding; hind border pro-
duced, about one-fourth the length of the segment, bluntly angulate
at middle; male, last ventral segment truncate, valve hidden, plates
very short, triangular, tips acute and slightly divergent, reaching
about one-third the length of the pygofer.
Olive-green or brownish; vertex at tip, a band between the eyes, a
submarginal band at the base of pronotum and the veins of elytra,
black; pronotum greenish olive or brownish, the anterior and posterior
borders light yellow or whitish, with brownish suffusion at collar;
abdomen more deeply tinged with reddish. Length: female, 5.5 mm.;
male, 5 mm.
Bonda, Colombia, July, 1898, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999 (H. H.
Smith colL).
This species ranges from the southern United States, through
Mexico and Central America. I have collected it at Orizaba, V. C.,
Mexico; specimens are in hand from Guatemala, collected by J. S.
Hine; and Fowler reports it from Mexico and Panama.
This species has been placed as a variety of bifida, Sa}^ but the head
is distinctly shorter and more rounded in front; it lacks the two
minute yellow dots at the apex of vertex, and further the two species
do not appear to show any tendency to intergrade in Florida where
both are common.
1 61. Kolia geometrica (Signoret).
Tetligonia geometrica Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) 11, 1854, p. 12, pi. 12, fig. 13.
Tettigonia psittacella Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 290, pi. XIX,
fig. 26.
Head wider than pronotum, angulate; vertex nearly twice as long
at middle as next the eye; front tumid; clypeus broadly carinate;
pronotum broadly rounded in front, truncate behind. Genitalia:
female, last ventral segment twice as long as preceding, hind border
produced to nearly twice the length at sides, distinctly angulate;
male, last ventral segment truncate, valve very narrow or hidden,
plates elongate, triangular, tips conical and slightly divergent, reaching
half-way to tip of pygofer.
Dark green; vertex and front, black, the former with two dots at
apex, a transverse band between the eyes, and the hind border
yellow; pronotum dark olive-green; the anterior margin and posterior
sub-margin, black; anterior sub-margin and posterior margin, yellow;
scutellum with a transverse black band on the disk; elytra uniformly
dark green without markings; tips of discal cells yellowish green and
234
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the apical membrane smoky; beneath black; legs testaceous, somewhat
infuscate. Length: female, 4.5 mm.; male, 4 mm.
Specimens from Sao Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 26, 1908; Bahia; and
Munez Freire, Brazil, July 17, 1908, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 4135 (Hase-
man coll.)\ also from Cacagualito, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999
(H. H. Smith coll.).
This species is common in the southern United States, and ranges
through Mexico and Central America to southern Brazil. It favors
moist locations, and, while sometimes very abundant, is probably of
little economic importance, since it is not known to attack cultivated
crops or plants of commercial value.
Genus Helochara Fitch.
Helochara Fitch, Homop. N. Y. State Cab., 1851, p. 56. (Haplotype Helochara
communis Fitch, 1. c.)
This genus was established to include the single species H. communis
Fitch. One of the characters is based on the disk of the male antennae.
Other species, which seem to be congeneric, do not possess this
feature, but agree in other details, especially in the small scutellum,
the projection of the front upon the vertex and the gibbous clypeus.
The following species seem to be properly included in this genus.
162. Helochara xanthophis (Berg).
Tettigonia xanthophis Berg, Hemip. Argentina, 1879, p. 254.
Head wider than pronotum, subangulate in front, produced; vertex
nearly twice as long at middle as next the eye; front tumid, borders
striate, extended on front and occupying nearly one-half the space,
but not reaching to the ocelli; pronotum broadly arched in front,
rugose anteriorly, polished, obsoletely striate on the disk; lateral
margins short; postero-lateral angles broadly rounded; hind border
faintly sinuate; scutellum small, deeply depressed before the middle;
elytra with the apical portion hyaline with nervures conspicuous.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment long, rather deeply notched
on either side of a central, broad, angulate tooth; male, last ventral
segment as long as preceding, the valve hidden, plates broad at base,
narrowing abruptly before the middle and extended as slender acutely
pointed tips to end of pygofer.
Yellow below; vertex greenish, except reflected striate part from
front; pronotum polished, paler on the anterior border; scutellum
yellowish-green; elytra densely pigmented with green to tip of clavus,
then depigmented hyaline, the veins showing black, in some specimens
the depigmentation extending over one-half of the apical part of the
elytra; two black dots at apex of vertex, in some specimens obscure.
Length: 5.5 mm.; width 2 mm.
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
235
Specimens referred to this species are from Chapada, Brazil, Cam.
Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.); Jacare, Mina Geraes, Brazil,
Dec. II, 1907 (Haseman coll.); Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.,
one labelled Feb. 13, 1913 (Steinbach coll.).
The peculiar depigmentation, while perhaps not a specific character,
is a pronounced feature of the species and present in all the specimens
at hand.
163. Helochara argentina (Berg).
Tettigonia argentina Berg, Hemip. Argentina, 1879, p. 255.
Head wider than pronotum, distinctly angular; vertex acute at
tip, more than twice as long at the middle as next the eye; front
tumid, punctured, and striate; clypeus rugose; pronotum coarsely
punctured, rounded before lateral borders, short; postero-lateral angles
rounded; hind border angularly emarginate; scutellum rather small;
elytral veins straight, inner vein of clavus obsolete toward tip.
Genitalia: female^ last ventral segment twice as long as preceding,
sides parallel, hind border slightly produced; male, last ventral seg-
ment produced at the middle, obtusely angled, plates narrowed
uniformly from base to acute tips, which reach to tip of pygofer.
Light yellowish-green ; vertex lined with fuscous ; front with brownish
arcs; pronotum with dots and sinuate lines near the anterior border;
elytra light green, the veins fuscous, fading toward the tip, black in
the male, apex hyaline. Length: female, 5.5 mm.; male, 4.5 mm.
Two specimens, females from St. Isabel, Uruguay, Nov. 12, 1909,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 3793 (Haseman coll.). A male specimen in my
collection from Dr. M. S. Pennington represents the type locality.
Draeculacephala Ball.
Drceculacephala Ball, Proc. la. Acad. Sci., viii, 1901, p. 66. (Orthotype Tettigonia
mollipes Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., VI, 1831, p. 312.)
164. Draeculacephala mollipes Say.
Tettigonia mollipes Say, 1. c. — Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (3) II, 1854, p. 726,
pi. 21, figs. 12, 13. — Fowler, Biol. Cent. -Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 273,
pi. XVIII, fig. 15.
Tettigonia mwo/ato Walker, List Homopt. B. M., pt. Ill, 1851, p. 770.
Tettigonia angulifera Walker, 1. c., p. 771.
Tettigonia antica Walker, 1. c., p. 771.
Tettigonia minor Walker, 1. c., p. 772 (in part).
Tettigonia producta Walker, 1. c., p. 772.
T'ettigonia acuta Walker, 1. c., p. 773.
Head acutely pointed; vertex as long on middle as width between
the eyes; apex depressed; front flattened on the disk; clypeus elevated
236
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
on disk, contracted at tip; pronotum strongly arched in front, scarcely
concave behind, minutely rugose or punctate. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment twice as long as preceding, distinctly produced at the
middle; male, valve small, obtusely angular behind; plates broad at
base, narrowing uniformly to acute upturned tips.
Grass-green; vertex, anterior border of pronotum, scutellum, and
costa, yellow; outer part of costa and margin of apical cells, hyaline;
face smoky; front and upper part of cheeks, smoky; a blackish line
under the eyes, lower part of face and legs whitish; abdomen above,
smoky; beneath, greenish; plates greenish-white. Length: female,
8 mm.; male, 6 mm.
A specimen of the male of this widely distributed species from
Bonda, Colombia, Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 1999, June 19, (H. H. Smith
colL).
This specimen agrees very closely with specimens from the United
States, New York, Iowa, etc., and I think that there can be no question
as to the identity with Say’s species. Fowler in the Biologia has
included a number of Walker’s descriptions of this species, and while
there may be some doubt as to the validity of all, the writer agrees
that T. innotata, described from Brazil, must probably be included
here.
165. Draeculacephala clypeata sp. nov. PL XVI, figs. 73, 73a.
Head triangular, wider than pronotum; ocelli twice as far from
each other as from eyes; vertex scarcely as long as width between the
eyes; apex slightly less than right angle, depressed, rounded at tip;
front full, flattened on the disk; clypeus very large, tumid at base,
contracted at tip; lorae narrow; cheeks narrow; outer margin nearly
straight; pronotum broadly rounded in front; lateral margins roughly
carinate, surface minutely rugose, a callosity behind each eye, hind
border slightly emarginate; elytra reticulate beyond tip of clavus.
Genitalia: female, last ventral segment twice as long as preceding,
produced on middle, obtusely angular, and faintly notched.
Grass-green; vertex, anterior border of pronotum, scutellum, costal
border of elytra, and underside, light yellow; vertex, the margins of
anterior depressions, and the sutures, lined with black and the disk
sprinkled with black dots; front greenish yellow, mottled with fuscous;
clypeus with fuscous patches on the disk at base; hind wings, abdomen
above, and basal segments smoky. Length: 8 mm.
Described from one specimen, female (type) Munez Freire, Brazil,
June 17, 1908 (Haseman coll.).
Genus Pagaronia Ball.
Pagaronia Ball, Canadian Entomologist, XXXIV, 1902, p. 19, (Haplotype
Pagaronia i;^-punctata Ball, 1. c.)
237
Osborn: Neotropical Homoptera, Pt. 5.
166. Pagaronia miniaticeps (Fowler).
Tetligonia miniaticeps Fowlkr, Biol. Cent.- Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 285, pi. XIX,
fig. 14.
Head slightly wider than pronotum; vertex produced, rounded to
front; front tumid; clypeus long; lorae and cheeks narrow; pronotum
longer than vertex; hind border concave. Genitalia: female, last
ventral segment elongate, narrowed behind, apex rounded, strongly
carinate; male, valve covered; plates narrow, contracted, and spine-
like.
Orange or orange-red; ocellar dots, a central spot at apex, and the
eyes, black; disk of pronotum and costa and faint tinge on some of
the veins, light olive; elytra dark purple or bluish; abdomen above
red. Length: 5.5 to 6 mm.
This handsome species was described from various points in Mexico,
Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama, and the author has recorded it
from points in Guatemala. Specimens in the Carnegie Museum are
from Minca, Colombia, Acc. No. 1999, May, 1898 (H. H. Smith coll.).
167. Pagaronia mollicella (Fowler).
Tettigonia mollicella Fowler, Biol. Cent.-Am., Homopt., II, 1900, p. 289, pi. XIX,
fig. 24.
Resembling P. tripunctata, but with the central dot of vertex
larger; apical dots small, surrounded by a white circle; head wider
than pronotum; vertex subangularly produced; front convex, large;
clypeus small; lorae narrow; cheeks narrow; pronotum distinctly
emarginate behind; venation distinct, simple.
Soiled whitish; pronotum, scutellum, and elytra milky whitish,
pronotum with two obscure bands and the elytral veins light fuscous.
Length: 5 to 6 mm.
This species was described from Mexico, Orizaba, Atoyac, Vera
Cruz, and Teapa.
Specimens from Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, Cam. Mus. Acc.
No. 5064, December, 1912 (Steinbach coll.) and Taperina, Brazil,
Cam. Mus. Acc. No. 2966 (H. H. Smith coll.).
238
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL
Fig. I. Aulacizes delicata Osborn, sp, nov.; la, genitalia; ib, side view of head
and pronotum.
Fig. 2. Aulacizes sculptilis Osborn, sp. nov.; female segment.
Fig. 3. Aulacizes dufouri Signoret; 3a, male genitalia.
Fig. 4. Aulacizes amblardi Signoret; 4a, male genitalia.
Fig. 5. Amblydisca cinerea Osborn, sp. nov.; 5a, female genitalia; 5b, male
. genitalia.
Fig. 6. Cicadella pendulosa Osborn, sp. nov.; 6a, female genitalia; 6b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 7. A Osborn, sp. nov. ; 7a, male genitalia.
Fig. 8. Aulacizes marginula Osborn, sp. nov.; 8a, male genitalia.
Fig. 9. Aulacizes gracilis Osborn, sp. nov.; 9a, male genitalia.
Fig. 10. Aulacizes splendidula Osborn, sp. nov.; loa, male genitalia.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XL
Aulacizes, Amblydisca, Cicadella.
240
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI 1.
Fig. II. Oncometopia ocellata Osborn, sp. nov.; iia, female genitalia.
Fig. 12. Oncometopia marginulla Osborn, sp. nov.; 12a, male genitalia.
Fig. 13. Oncometopia minor Osborn, sp. nov.; 13a, male genitalia.
Fig. 14. Oncometopia rosipennis Osborn, sp. nov.; 14a, male genitalia.
Fig. 15. Cicadella discoidula Osborn, sp. nov.; 15a, female genitalia; 15b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 16. Cicadella notulatula Osborn, sp. nov.; i6a, female genitalia; i6b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 17. Cicadella callosa Osborn, sp. nov.; 17a, female genitalia; 17b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 18. Cicadella lituriceps Osborn, sp. nov.; i8a, female genitalia; i8b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 19. Cicadella nebulosa Signoret, 19a, female genitalia; 19b, male genitalia.
Fig. 20. Cicadella tinctorula Osborn, sp. nov.; 20a, male genitalia.
Fig. 21. Cicadella interruptula Osborn, sp, nov.; 21a, male genitalia.
Fig. 22. Cicadella dorsifascia Osborn, sp. nov.; 22a, female genitalia.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XIL
Oncometopia, Cicadella.
242
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIIL
Fig. 23, Cicadella hyalinatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 23a, female genitalia.
Fig. 24. Cicadella longicornis Osborn, sp. nov.; 24a, female genitalia.
Fig. 25. Cicadella terminalis Osborn, sp. nov.; 25a, male genitalia.
Fig. 26. Cicadella signatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 26a, female genitalia; 26b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 27. Cicadella subhyalina Osborn, sp. nov.; 27a, female genitalia; 27b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 28. Cicadella conjunctula Osborn, sp. nov.; 28a, female genitalia; 28b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 29. Cicadella cinctosula Osborn, sp. nov.; 29a, female genitalia.
Fig. 30. Cicadella nuhicula Osborn, sp. nov.; 30a, male genitalia.
Fig. 31. Cicadella corallina Osborn, sp. nov.; 31a, male genitalia.
Fig. 32. Cicadella limbatula Guerin; 32a, male genitalia.
Fig. 33. Cicadella brunneatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 33a, male genitalia.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XIII.
Cicadella.
244
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Fig. 34. Cicadella inscriptula Osborn, sp. nov.; 34a, male genitalia.
Fig. 35. Cicadella facetula Jacobi; 3Sa, male genitalia.
Fig. 36. Cicadella prcetextaiula Jacobi; 36a, male genitalia.
Fig. 37. Cicadella scutellatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 37a, male genitalia.
Fig. 38. Cicadella nigricula Osborn, sp. nov.; 38a, male genitalia.
Fig. 39. Cicadella occipitula Osborn, sp. nov.; 39a, male genitalia.
Fig. 40. Cicadella tigrinula Osborn, sp. nov.; 40a, male genitalia.
Fig. 41. Cicadella ornatula, Osborn, sp. nov.; 41a, male genitalia.
Fig. 42. Cicadella limhoclavula Osborn, sp. nov.; 42a, male genitalia.
Fig. 43. Cicadella transversula Osborn, sp. nov.; 43a, male genitalia.
Fig, 44. Cicadella cyclopula Jacobi; 44a, male genitalia.
Fig. 45. Cicadella corrugipennis Osborn, sp. nov. ; 45a, male genitalia.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI,
Plate XIV
Cicadella
246
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. 46
Fig. 47
Fig. 48
Fig. 49
Fig. 50
Fig. 51
Fig. 52
Fig. 53
Fig. 54
Fig. 55
Fig. 56
Fig. 57
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
Graphocephala separata Osborn, sp. nov.; 46a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala contractula Osborn, sp. nov.; 47a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala affinula Osborn, sp. nov.; 48a, male genitalia.
Cicadella semicinctula Osborn, sp. nov.; 49a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala pruriginosula Jacobi; 50a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala attenuata Osborn, sp. nov.; 51a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala cardinula Osborn, sp. nov.; 52a, male genitalia.
Gicadella curvatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 53a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala personatula Jacobi; 54a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala simillima Osborn, sp. nov.; 55a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala involuta Osborn, sp. nov.; 56a, male genitalia.
Graphocephala longula Osborn, sp. nov.; 57a, male genitalia.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XV,
Graphocephala, Cicadella.
248
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVL
Fig. 58. Graphocephala ludicula Osborn, sp. nov. (Breddin?); s8a, male genitalia.
Fig. 59. Cicadella olivatula Osborn, sp. nov. (Breddin?); 59a, male genitalia.
Fig. 60. Cicadella ventralis Signoret; boa, male genitalia.
Fig. 61. Graphocephala atramentatula Breddin; 61 a, male genitalia.
Fig. 62. Graphocephala brevisula Osborn, sp. nov.; 62a, male genitalia.
Fig. 63. Cicadella cuneatula Osborn, sp. nov.; 63a, male genitalia.
Fig. 64. Graphocephala humeralis Osborn, sp. nov.; 64a, male genitalia.
Fig. 65. Diedrocephala albula Osborn, sp. nov.; 65a, female genitalia; 65b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 66. Cicadella hectica Walker; 66a, female genitalia; 66b, male genitalia.
Fig. 67. Cicadella apicula Osborn, sp. nov.; 67a, male genitalia.
Fig. 68. Graphocephala spinosa Osborn, sp. nov.; 68a, female genitalia; 68b, male
genitalia.
Fig. 69. Graphocephala plebejula Osborn sp. nov. (Breddin?) 69a, male genitalia.
Fig. 70. Cicadella clUellaria Osborn, sp. nov.; 70a, female genitalia.
Fig. 71. Graphocephala lineola Osborn, sp. nov.; 71a, male genitalia.
Fig. 72. Graphocephala submarginalis Osborn, sp. nov.; 72a, female genitalia; 72b,
male genitalia.
Fig. 73. Drceculacephala clypeata Osborn, sp. nov.; 73a, female genitalia.
(Note: — Nos. 58 and 69 have been described in this paper by Osborn from material
bearing the manuscript names above given, followed by the word “Breddin.”
A search, made by Dr. Osborn and repeated by Mr. Hugo Kahl and the writer,
has failed to reveal that Breddin in any paper published by him, to which we
have access or reference, employed these names; and in the judgment of the
Editor of the Annals these species should be credited to Osborn as new, although
we allow the text to stand as received from the author. W. J. Holland.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI. Plate XVI.
Graphocephala, Diedrocephala, Drceculacephala, Cicadella.
1
VI. THE FOSSILS OF THE FRANKSTOWN CAVE,
BLAIR COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
By O. a. Peterson.
(Plates XVII-XXV.)
In April, 1907, the American Lime and Stone Company of Blair
County, Pennsylvania, during their operations in their limestone
quarry near Frankstown, blasted into a cave, which contained
Pleistocene fossils. The distance from the historic hamlet of Franks-
town on the Juniata River to the top of the hill, in which the above
mentioned quarry is located, is approximately one quarter of a mile;
hence the name “Frankstown Cave.” Messrs. E, H. L. Page and
H. H. Jack of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, who had become inter-
ested in the discovery of fossil remains, telegraphed to the Director
of the Carnegie Museum, asking to have the matter scientifically
investigated. The writer was instructed by Dr. W. J. Holland, the
Director, to look into the discovery with a view to the recovery of
any fossil remains in the deposit. Arriving at the quarry it was
found that the entire length, breadth, and in most places the height
of the cave had already been exposed by the workmen, Mr. James
King Henry in charge. The value of the find was soon determined
and the return to Pittsburgh for tools and material for the under-
taking of excavation in this newly discovered cave was quickly made.
Mr. Henry, the Superintendent, and the men engaged in working at
the quarry, did much to facilitate the recovery of that part of the
collection which had not already found its way to the dump, or had
been picked up and distributed by “curio-hunters” and thus per-
manently lost. The work continued from two to three weeks, during
which time Dr. Holland spent two days with the writer, making
observations and photographs.
In the Frankstown Cave, as is usual in all limestone caverns, the
material was found much disturbed and mutilated by fallen blocks,
large and small, which had dropped from the roof and sides of the
cave. Articulated skeletons were not found, and only in rare cases
were there articulated parts. From this fragmentary material
249
250
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
additional knowledge is, however, obtained of the Pleistocene fauna
of the Eastern States. A considerable portion of a skeleton of a Pleis-
tocene Musk-ox was found, and this is for the first time described.
Interesting data were collected as to the large Pleistocene bear of
North and South America {Arctotherium) as well as other material.
The finds are discussed in order in this paper.
In August, 1907, Dr. W. J. Holland read a short paper on the
fauna of this quarry before the International Zoological Congress
held in Boston. This paper was later published in the Annals of the
Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV, 1908, p. 228 et seq., and is referred to in
the text of the present publication.
On account of the general disturbance of the contents of the cave
by the work which had already been done, when I reached the quarry,
there was comparatively little that could be ascertained as to the
age, or the duration of time of this crevice. It should be noted,
however, that in the middle vertical body of the deposit there was
found the greatest variety of genera, while towards the top there
were found more remains of the American Mastodon than anything
else. At the very top, in a small nook of undisturbed debris and with
the roof-rock still in place, there were found a number of fragments
of bones of the Mastodon immediately underneath a thin mass of
stalagmite. Although Megalonyx, Tapirus, and Mylohyus were
poorly represented, the fact that their remains were found indicates
that this cave existed at least during one interglacial period, perhaps
equivalent in time to a part of that during which the famous Port
Kennedy Cave existed, and perhaps closing at or about the time of
the disappearance of the American Mastodon and the appearance of
the arctic fauna.
In this paper there is given a detailed study of the differences
between the spectacled bear {Tremarctos ornatus) of South America
and Arctotherium of the Pleistocene for the purpose of pointing out
the generic distinctions between the two forms, as well as the ursines
in general. That there are noteworthy differences between these
bears is readily accepted, but in the case of Tremarctos and Arcto-
therium I should prefer to wait for still more complete material repre-
senting Arctotherium before definitely designating the generic distinc-
tions between the Pleistocene and the present South American
form. In the meanwhile I have accepted the different genera as I
find them in the literature.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
251
Through the kindness and help of the National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C., and the American Museum of Natural History, New
York City, I have received recent osteological material for stud}^ and
comparison. Messrs. C. Frick and H. E. Anthony of the American
Museum, New York, and C. W. Gilmore of the National Museum,
Washington, D. C., assisted in comparing certain features of the
cranium of the recent Musk-ox, and Alexander Wetrnore of the
National Museum identified certain remains of a Ruffed Grouse. The
photographs reproduced in this paper were made by Mr. A. S. Cogges-
hall; the drawings were made by Mr. Sidney Prentice.
Class AMPHIBIA.
Order CAUDATA.
Family CRYPTOBRANCHID^.
A single vertebra, No. 11,149, found among the remains at the
Frankstown Cave, apparently pertains to the proximal series of the
caudal region of a Cryptobranchus-Vike animal considerably smaller
than the recent Cryptobranchus alleghenensis (Daudin) of mature
age. The median portion of the centrum is constricted and entirely
closed by bony structure, while the anterior and posterior faces are
deeply concave to receive the notocordal cartilage. The neural arch
and zygapophyses agree best with those of Cryptobranchus alle-
ghenensis. The main body of the haemal arch, on the other hand, is
longer fore-and-aft, the canal less in diameter, and the hypapophysial
process much less developed than in Cryptobranchus alleghenensis.
Fig. I. Proximal caudal of Cryptobranchus (?), C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss.,
No. 11,149. 2.5 diam.
Family PLETHODONTID/E.
A few vertebrae and other fragments of the higher Urodela are
found in the mixed lot of fossil remains from the Frankstown Cave.
A number of these vertebrae, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,150,
have been compared with the vertebral column of Plethodon cinereus
(the common salamander of terrestrial habits) and are found to agree
252
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
in having the opisthocoelous centra and the double facets for the
attachments of the ribs upon the transverse process. Other minor
characters are also found on comparison to be similar, but the vertebrae
of the fossil specimens have prominent neural spines, which are lacking
in Plethodofi. One of this series of vertebrae. No. 11,150, has a com-
plete haemal arch on the ventral face of the centrum, and in this
respect agrees with the caudal vertebra of a newt. In size the fossil
remains agree with such genera as Plethodon, Eurysea, or Desmo'gna-
thus, but the lack of material for comparison at this time prevents a
more detailed study.
Order SALIENTIA.
Suborder LI NG UA TA.
Family RANIDiE.
A number of vertebrae, limb-bones, and other fragments of frogs
and toads are found in the general mass of the remains from the
Frankstown Cave. The condition of the material and the lack of
recent specimens for comparison prevents at this time a study in
detail. Parts of fore and hind limbs. No. 11,133, of apparently one
individual, represent the genus Rana. The specimen has been com-
pared with the skeleton of a recent specimen of Rana cateshiana
Shaw, in the Museum, labelled Rana mugiens Merr., with which it
appears to agree, except the relatively longer tibia-fibula of the
fossil specimen. The ilium of the fossil is of about the same length
as in the recent specimen used for comparison, but has a rounded
upper border instead of the sharp and knife-like shape of the upper
border of the ilium in the recent bull-frog of North America.
Numerous isolated limb-bones which were found, are very small,
and indicate that different species of the order found their way into
this cave from time to time during the deposition of the debris.
Class REPTILIA.
Order SQUAMATA.
Suborder URIA.
Family SCINCIDT:?
Eumeces anthracinus (Baird) (?)
Plestiodon anthracinus Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., (3), I, 1849, p. 294.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
253
Eumeces anthracinus Stejneger and Barbour, Check-list N. A. Amphib. and
Kept., 1923. P- 74-
Two vertebra, No. 11,311, and one fragment of a bony plate.
No. 11,313, are provisionally referred to the family and genus indicated
above. The fragment has minute pits indicating small scales. The
vertebrae are depressed and have typical lacertilian centra, deeply
concave anteriorly and correspondingly convex posteriorly, with a
large neural canal and rather heavy transverse processes.
Fig. 2. Vertebra of a lizard (C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,311) 2.5 nat. size.
Suborder
Family COLUBRID^.
Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus).
Coluber sirtalis Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, I, 1738, p. 222.
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Stejneger and Barbour, Check-list. N. A. Amphib.
& Kept., 1924, p. 1 16.
Some remains of Thamnophis sirtalis were found in the general
mass of material in the Frankstown Cave. The right maxillary.
No. 11,322, though smaller than an average sized garter-snake, is
recognized by actual comparison with specimen No. 1754 in the
osteological series of the Museum. A second specimen. No. 11,319,
also fragments of jaws, represent a snake somewhat larger than
No. 11,322, but perhaps of the same species.
Remains of larger snakes (? Coluber constrictor Linnaeus) were also
found. In all there are seven fragments of jaws and many vertebrae,
indicating at least two varieties of snakes. The fragmentary condition
of the remains prevents detailed study.
Subclass SYNAPSIDT£.
Order TESTUDINATA.
Family TESTUDINID^.
Clemmys insculpta (LeConte) (?).
Testudo insculpta LeConte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, III, 1830, p. 112.
Among the remains found in the cave is a fragment of the plastron
254
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
of a small turtle (C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,065) which was
about six to eight inches in length. The concentric striation on the
under face of the scutes together with the size of the fragment are
the only characters available for comparison, and induce me to pro-
visionally place the remains with the species established by LeConte.
Class AVES.
Order GALLING.
Family MELEAGRID.T:.
Meleagris superba Cope. PI. XVII, figs. i-io.
Meleagris superha Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (N. S.) XIV, 1871, pp. 238-240.
A number of limb-bones of an adult turkey, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss.,
No. 11,053, were found in the general mixture of remains. That these
bones all belong to the same individual is certain, since there is no
duplicate material. The right and left femora and tarso-metatarsals
are included in the material. A careful comparison with Professor
Cope’s description (/. c.) and with the illustrations of the material in
Yale Museum representing Meleagris described by Dr. R. W. Shu-
feldt, ^ induces me to refer the present specimen to Cope’s species.
The only discrepancy appears to be the slightly shorter tarso-
metatarsus of the specimen from the Frankstown Cave. It may well
be that the bones illustrated by Shufeldt are not all of one individual,
and that the tarso-metatarsus (Shufeldt, /. c., pi. XI, fig. 74) is of a
larger individual than the femur and other bones illustrated in the
same publication. Whether or not M. superha Cope, should be ac-
cepted as a valid species cannot be determined from the material
available.
Family TETRAONID^.
Bonasa umbellus (Linnseus).^
Tetrao umbellus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, I, 1766, p. 275.
Bonasa umbellus Stephens, Gen. Zool., XI, 1819, p. 300.
The posterior part of a cranium (C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,325)
and a portion of a tibio-tarsus (No. 11,325) of a Ruffed Grouse were
^ Fossil Birds in the Marsh Collection of Yale University, Yale University Press,
New Haven, Conn., 1915, p. 66, Pis. XI, XII.
^ Identified by Dr. Alexander Wetmore of the U. S. National Museum.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
255
picked out of the general mass of remains found in the Frankstown
Cave. These bones, together with the remains of the turkey men-
tioned above, are the only bones of birds found in the cave.
Class MAMMALIA.
Order EDENTATA.
Family MEGALONYCHID^.
Megalonyx sphenodon Cope (?).
Megalonyx sphenodon Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XII, 1871-1872, p. 85.
No. 11,050, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., represents 'a number of lower
cheek-teeth and the apices of the canine-molars of a small ground-
sloth. These teeth may represent Cope’s species Megalonyx tortulus,
Megalonyx sphenodon, or may even represent a new species, smaller
than either. The two canine-molars agree most nearly with Cope’s
description of Megalonyx sphenodon, except for the smaller size, the
long diameter at the grinding surface being only 15 mm. and the
short diameter 7 mm., while in Megalonyx sphenodon the long diameter
at the grinding surface is 25 mm. This diameter of the specimen at
the Carnegie Museum would soon increase to that of the type as the
increase in size of the teeth is apparently regular from the apex
towards the base. The inner bulge of the tooth is well marked and
is nearer the anterior than posterior margin, as Cope observed in the
type of M. sphenodon. The dentine layer is also very slightly thicker
externally than internally, though perhaps not to the same degree
Fig. 3. Teeth of Megalonyx sphenodon Cope (?).
No. 11,050. Nat. size.
C. M. Cat.
0
Vert. Foss.
as in the type of M. sphenodon. On cross-section the teeth back of
the canine vary in outline from a triangle to an oval, and increase
slightly in size from the apex to the base. The dentine layer is of
even thickness externally and internally.
256
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Order UNGULATA.
Suborder ARTIODA CT Y LA.
Family TAYASSUID^.
Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy). PI. XVIII, figs. 1-2. «
Dicotyles pennsylvanicus Leidy, Ann. Rept. Geo. Surv. of Penna. for 1887 (1889),
p. 8, PI. II, figs. 3-6.
Two or three individuals representing Mylohyus were found in the
Frankstown Cave. No. 2330, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., is a pair of
lower jaws very nearly complete, while No. 2330(1 consists of the
greater part of both fore feet and portions of the hind feet, which
may belong with the lower jaws. No. 2330. No. 11,047 consists of a
few limb and foot-bones of a young individual.
The descriptions and illustrations of Mylohyus pennsylvanicus by
Professors Leidy and Cope ^ agree sufficiently closely with the re-
mains from the Frankstown Cave to permit the reference of the
latter to this species. The first permanent cheek-tooth, or P2 of M.
pennsylvanicus has not been described heretofore. Leidy’s type was
that of an immature individual and d.p.2 appears to be broader
posteriorly than the permanent tooth of the present specimen. How-
ever, the tooth of the specimen from the Frankstown Cave differs
from p2 in Tayassu in a somewhat similar manner as that of the
type, and, as Leidy states (/. c. p. 9) the posterior tubercle, though
of a simpler structure in the present specimen, is relatively larger
than in the recent genus, while the median portion of the tooth is
proportionally less developed. The anterior tubercle is extremely
weak, and is perhaps to be more properly regarded as a heavy cingu-
lum than as a tubercle. The succeeding cheek-teeth, as well as the
canine and incisors, have been described from time to time by
other writers.
As stated above, the fore and hind feet (No. 2330a) may belong
with the lower jaw, No. 2330. The structure of the feet of the
Frankstown specimen agrees quite closely with those found in the
Conard Fissure of Arkansas, described by Mr. Barnum Brown in the
Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. IX, 1908,
p. 201, Plate XXIII.
^Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. XI, 1897-1901, p. 262.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
257
Family CERVID^.
Subfamily Cervin^e.
Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque.
Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque, Am. Monthl. Mag., I, 1817, p, 436.
Numbers 11,043 and 11,044 may possibly represent one individual.
The material consists of fragments of the skull with the cheek denti-
tion quite complete, and a number of limb and foot bones. The
bones are those of an animal of considerably larger size than Odocoileus
virginianus^ and most closely resemble the recent species, 0. hemionus.
The inner basal cusps of the molars, discovered in the Conard Fissure,
which Mr. Brown found to be larger than in recent species ex-
amined, ^ are in the present specimen small and rather irregularly
developed, more nearly like the recent mule-deer. The limb and foot
bones associated with the cranial remains described above are of
appropriate size and most probably belong to the same individual.
Odocoileus virginianus (Boddaert) (?).
Cervus virginianus Boddaert, Elench. Anim., I, 1785, p. 136.
At least two individuals (Nos. 11,045, 11,046) representing deer,
about the size of that from the Port Kennedy Bone Deposit, described
by Professor Cope as Cariacus Icevicornis, are found in the material
from the Frankstown Cave. Unfortunately there are no teeth asso-
ciated with the limb bones, so that a close comparison cannot be
made with Cope’s species or with the remains of deer from the Conard
Fissure of Arkansas described more recently by Mr. Barnum Brown. ^
The remains represent an animal approximately the size of the
Virginian Deer.
Cervalces americanus (Harlan) (?).
Cervus americanus Harlan, Faun. Amer., 1825, p. 245.
Cervalces americanus Scott, Science V, 1885, pp. 420-422; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philad., July 1885, pp. 181-202, pi. 2.
In the collection from the Frankstown Cave are a number of
fragments, which belong to four or five individuals (Nos. 11,037 to
■^Memoirs Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 1908, p. 205.
® Memoirs Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, 1908, p. 205.
258
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
11,042). I have referred these to the genus Cervalces after carefully
comparing the material with Professor Scott’s description and illus-
trations of the skeleton in Princeton University. My principal
reason for regarding the remains as those of Cervalces are the long
beam, or pedicel, of the antler (partly preserved) and the accessory
basal tubercles between the inner crescents of the upper molars.
Unfortunately there is not in the present material a complete limb
bone by which to establish accurate comparison with the specimen
at Princeton. The structure of the limb and foot as preserved clearly
indicates long and slender limbs, which are characteristic of Cervalces.
Family BOVIDT:.
Bootherium bombifrons (Harlan).
Plates XIX, figs. 1-13, and XX, figs. 1-8, XXL
Bos bombifrons Harlan, Faun. Amer., 1825, p. 271.
Bootherium bombifrons Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 71.
In the material from the Frankstown Cave are portions of three
skeletons of very large animals, similar to those of recent Musk-oxen.
No. 11,036 is by far the most completely preserved, but unfortunately
the skull is represented only by the occipital condyles and a portion
of the base of the cranium. In the description by Caspar Wistar
(Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (N. S.) Vol. 1, 1818, p. 379, PI. XI, figs. lo-i 1)
and also in Harlan’s paper (/. c. p. 274) there is little or nothing said
in regard to the structure of the occipital condyles and that region of
the skull. Leidy on the other hand has furnished us with a thorough
description and illustrations of the type material preserved in the
Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. Extinct species of
American Ox" Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge, 1852, pp. 12-
19, Pis. HI-V). In more recent years we are indebted to Wilfred
H. Osgood for a revision of the extinct Pleistocene Musk-oxen dis-
covered and described from time to time {Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, Vol. XLVHI, Part 2, 1905, pp. 173-185, Pis. XXXVHI;
and Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 18, 1905, p. 223). After a long and
careful study of the literature on the fossil Musk-oxen of America in
connection with the material at hand in the Carnegie Museum and
elsewhere I feel entirely convinced that Leidy was correct in assigning
the specimens in the Philadelphia Academy of Science to a distinct
genus, closely related to the recent Musk-ox. Unfortunately the
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
259
dentition and cranial elements in the material at hand are not satis-
factory as a basis for the substantiation or rejection of Osgood’s
proposition to generically separate Leidy’s types of Bodtherium,
consisting of two partially preserved skulls. I feel, therefore, that it
is more prudent in connection with this report to provisionally accept
Osgood’s genus Symbos, while referring the remains before me to
Leidy’s genus Bodtherium, inasmuch as they agree quite perfectly
with the description and figures of Leidy, so far as comparison can
be made. The only character which might ultimately be regarded as
standing against referring No. 11,036 of the Carnegie Museum to
Bodtherium is the sudden upward flexion of the basisphenoid, which,
according to Osgood, in the type of Bodtherium “has its lower surface
in the same horizontal plane as that of the basioccipital.’’ Osgood
apparently lays considerable stress on this feature, since he states
that this character differs from what is found in all the other species.
In a recent skull of a Musk-cow from the U. S. National Museum,
No. 49,655, it is seen that the basisphenoid is on a more even line
with that of the basioccipital and in general agreement with what
Osgood says of the type of Bodtherium. Since I have no skull of a
male Ovibos moschatus for comparison, I am unable at this time to
say whether or not this character differs in the two sexes.
Although the material before me is defective as to the cranium, in
other respects it supplies much which has not heretofore been de-
scribed. In order to more closely ascertain the relation between the
recent and Pleistocene Musk-ox, as well as the Bison, I give in the
following pages a comparison of these forms.
In my studies I have received the kind assistance of Messrs. Childs
Frick and FI. E. Anthony of the American Museum of Natural
History and of Mr. C. W. Gilmore of the United States National
Museum.
Mr. Frick kindly examined twelve skulls at the American Museum
and reports to me the existence of considerable individual variation
in the basioccipital-basisphenoid region in Ovibos, which is due to
several factors; (i) the degree of ossification of the inferior surface
of the basioccipital particularly the antero-external corners; (2) a
certain actual angulation of the basicranial axis. Mr. Frick calls
attention to the fact that a similar variable condition occurs in
zebras and horses. He states that the character is not altogether
due to age, as the angulation in individuals of approximately the
260
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
same age greatly differs at times. He called attention to the fact
that Professor Osborn has touched on this “Cytocephaly” in his
Craniometry of the EquidcB. He also states that a mature skull of
Ovihos from North Grantland, No. 29,944, reveals a tendency to flat-
ness over the basioccipital-sphenoid region, while a fairly aged skull.
No. 29,042, from Aylmer Lake, Mackenzie, shows an opposite tendency,
being relatively angulated, the basisphenoid depressed.
Mr. H. E. Anthony reports that he has examined a series of fourteen
Musk-ox skulls, seven males and seven females, all from the same
place and all comparable as to age, and states that the amount of
variation in the angulation of the basioccipital-sphenoid region is not
very great, and that there does not appear to be any correlation of
variation with sex. That is to say, the average difference between
males and females in this respect is no greater than the individual
variation found in a series of males and females. He states that it is
his opinion that the character of this region in the fossil specimen
would be of rather slight diagnostic value in view of what might be
seen in a series of recently collected specimens.
Air. C. W. Gilmore reports that he carefully examined the basi-
pterygoid region in six skulls of Ovihos, two males and two females
and two young (sex of latter undetermined, but probably female). He
says that the basisphenoid region in the males has a decidedly steeper
upward pitch than in the females, though there is some variation in
the degree of steepness.
Cranium. (PI. XIX, fig. 7.) The occipital condyles are sessile, as
in the recent Musk-ox, evenly rounded from the ventral to the posterior-
superior face, with the lateral portion of the articulation for the atlas
encroaching upon the base of the paroccipital process and not showing
the deep excavated area between the latter process and the condyle,
which is characteristic of the recent bison and of Bos. The foramen
magnum is relatively small, as in the type described by Leidy. The
paroccipital process is heavy, trihedral on cross-section, quite like
that in the recent Musk-ox, and entirely unlike the attenuated con-
dition found in the bison. The condylar foramen is placed further
forward than in cattle or even further forward than in Ovihos and in
this respect also agrees with Leidy’s description of the genus. The
basioccipital is broad, as in Ovihos, and has a rugose inferior surface,
especially behind, where there is an unusually large pair of tubercles,
abutting against the accessory facets on the anterior portion of the
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
261
occipital condyles, while further forward is a second pair of rugosities,
separated from the former by a rather broad valley across the base of
the cranium abutting against the basisphenoid. The median line of
the basioccipital has a quite deep groove, which is bridged over near
the posterior suture, forming a foramen. This feature seems to vary
in the recent Musk-ox, especially in the young and fully adult or old,
according to earlier observers. Sir John Richardson states that in
more adult Musk-oxen this groove is replaced by a median ridge,
while in the young there is a mesial furrow in the basioccipital {The
Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, Vertebrates, 1854, p. 69).
Osgood also speaks of the young Ovihos as having a median depression
of the basioccipital, 1. c. p. 178. The suture between the exoccipital
and basioccipital is quite open, especially on the upper surface, or
across the region of the medulla oblongata, indicating that the speci-
men is not old. The basioccipital and basisphenoid are completely
coalesced. The latter bone is broken off immediately in front of the
pterygoid process, which abuts against the alisphenoid, but enough
is preserved to indicate that it is suddenly reflexed upwardly, differing
in that respect from the type of Bootherium, which according to
Osgood has this region more nearly on a horizontal line with the
basioccipital. The external auditory meatus is not large and is placed
on a horizontal line slightly above the occipital condyle as in Ovihos
and higher than in Bison. The pit for the tympanohyal is of the
same proportionate size as in the Musk-ox, while the tympanic bulla
is apparently of relatively smaller size.
Dentition. (PI. XX, figs. 5-6) C. M. No. 11,036. The first and
second upper molars of the right side are provisionally referred to
the same specimen. They pertain to an adult, though not old,
individual. The characteristic features are identical with those of
Ovihos, except their larger size. As in the Musk-ox these teeth are
hypsodont, without cement or accessory cusps. The external walls
have their styles of the same relative development as in Ovihos, the
lakes are narrow and remain open, and the pit produced by the con-
fluence of the walls of the inner crescents is present, as in the recent
genus.
VERTEBRA.
Atlas. (PI. XX, figs. 1-2.) The atlas is a massive bone. In bulk
it equals or even exceeds that of Bison americanus or Bos taiirus. The
articulating surface for the occipital condyle is quite as broad as in
262
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the Bison, and exceeds it in vertical diameter; it is considerably
shallower and the accessory facet for the basioccipital takes up a
much larger area, especially below the inferior margin of the articula-
tion for the condyle, forming a broad shoulder, which acts as an
effective lock on extreme downward flexion of the head. The neural
canal appears to be small in proportion, when compared with that
of a Musk-cow, and the accessory facets are smoother, having a more
completely polished surface to conform to that of the basioccipital.
In the fossil under description the spinous process is larger and the
posterior portion of the transverse process has a greater downward
dip than in the recent form.
When the atlas under description is compared with that from
Eschscholtz Bay, described and figured by Sir John Richardson,®
there appear to be a number of similar characters in the two speci-
mens, which differ from Bos tauriis and Bison americanus. Among
the more important of these are; the downward pitch of the posterior
portion of the transverse process, which is greater than in the recent
genera, this downward pitch causing the transverse process to embrace
a greater area of the facet for the axis than is usually seen in the
recent forms; the more even concavity of the articulation for the occip-
ital condyle; and the very heavy lateral borders of the cotyl3e,on which
are located accessory facets for the lateral prolongation of the occipital
condyle, suggesting similar facets in the atlas of the Musk-ox. The
inferior accessory facets are also very prominent in the fossil atlas
under description, but this feature is perhaps sexual, or otherwise a
variable character, since I find it well developed in a skeleton of
Bos taurus in the Carnegie Museum and Mr. Alban Stewart’^ states
that the skull of Bison occidentalis of the Lawrence Museum does
not have the rugose knob-like projections just anterior to the condyles.
Axis. The axis is badly mutilated, but enough is left to show that
the centrum is relatively shorter and broader than in either Bos
taurus or the American Bison. It differs further by the absence of
the sharp ventral keel, so characteristic of both the recent forms; the
presence of large and rather deep pits on the anterior lateral margin
of the pedicel immediately above the articulation for the atlas; and
the smaller arterial canal, which pierces the anterior portion of the
^ The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1854, Vertebrates, pp. 43-45,
PL XII, figs. 1-4.
^ Kansas Univ. Quarterly, Vol. VI, 189, p. 128.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
263
pedicel. What is left of the axis is, as might be expected, quite
suggestive of the axis in the Musk-ox, including the short and broad
centrum, the large and deep pits on the anterior upper margin of the
articulation for the atlas, the absence of a decided ventral keel, the
ill defined spout-shape and the thickness of the odontoid process.
On comparison with the description and illustrations of Richardson’s
Ovihos maximus, ^ it is at once quite clear that the axis of the specimen
from Eschscholtz Bay and that from the Frankstown Cave are closely
alike both in size and general detail. As this axis from the Franks-
town Cave was found articulated with the atlas and condyles of the
skull previously described the association is certain, and it suggests
that Sir John Richardson may have separated the axis and atlas of
the specimen from Eschscholtz Bay, placing the former with Ovihos
and the latter with Bison crassicornis.
Cervical vertehrce. (PI. XX, figs, i, 2, 5, 6.) The short and heavy
centrum of the third cervical vertebrae of the specimen under descrip-
tion lacks the sharp ventral keel, which is prominent in Bos taurus
and Bison americanus, and much more closely suggests that of Ovihos.
The transverse process is also at a greater angle than in Bos or Bison
and" has less distinct anterior and posterior divisions. The spinous
process, though broken off, indicates a spine fully as prominent as in
Bos or Bison, while the neural and the arterial canals are smaller.
A fourth or fifth cervical is represented by the centrum and the
greater portion of the transverse process. The latter is more dis-
tinctly divided into anterior and posterior processes than in the third
vertebra just described. Otherwise there is little or no difference
between the two, judging from the material at hand. The seventh
cervical is not present, so that close comparison with that described
and figured by Sir John Richardson as the first dorsal cannot be
made. ®
Upon the whole the neck is short and heavy, displaying many
features analogous to those in the Musk-ox and less like Bison or
Bos taurus.
Dorsal Vertehrce. (PL XX, figs. 3—4.) A series of dorsal vertebrae
are referred to No. 11,036, the same individual described above.
These vertebrae are more or less mutilated, especially in the region
of the neural spine; the latter process being incompletely preserved
^ Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1854, pp. 25-28, PI. XI, figs. 2-4.
H. c. p. 51, Pk XI, fig. 6.
264
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
in every case. However, the centra are complete and display a
number of features more closely resembling those in the Musk-ox
than in Bos or Bison. In the anterior series of these dorsals the
centra are less opisthocoelous, shorter, heavier, and the ventral keel
less developed than in the genera just mentioned. Further back the
dorsals have the centra provided with a more definite ventral keel,
but not so strong as in Bison or Bos. The intervertebral canal is not
transformed into a foramen, as in the latter genera, and in that
respect is more closely conformed to the condition found in Ovibos.
Lumbar Vertebrcs. (PI. XX, figs. 4, 8.) Four lumbars are repre-
sented. These vertebrae have the centra comparatively shorter and
broader, the transverse process shorter and less attenuated than in
Bos taurus or Bison americanus. The neural spine of an anterior
lumbar vertebra is completely preserved. This spinous process is
less elevated than those in the same region of the American Bison
and more nearly like that in the domestic cow. The zygapophyses
appear to have the completely interlocking sigmoid curved articula-
tions found in Bos and also in Bison. This last feature of the zygapo-
physes is less completely shown in the skeleton of a Musk-cow used
for comparison, but many features of the lumbars in Ovibos are quite
like those in the specimen under study. The description and illus-
trations of the lumbars (found at Eschscholtz Bay) by Sir John
Richardson admirably fit the lumbars above described. The only
important difference, which I can find, is that the length of the
centrum in the specimen from Eschscholtz Bay is greater than in the
specimen from the Frankstown Cave. The differences observed,
except in the length of the centrum, may well be due to individual
variation. That the vertebra from Eschscholtz Bay may be from a
different section of the lumbar region, not represented in the specimen
from the Frankstown Cave, is also to be considered.
Sacrum. The sacrum is represented only by the anterior portion of
the centrum which furnishes no basis for comparison.
Caudal Vertebrce. The caudal region is represented by three verte-
hrvd. These are relatively longer than in Bison and more closely
suggest those of domestic cattle, except that the neural spine is less
developed in the fossil form.
Ribs. The ribs are represented only by a few fragments, which
indicate them to be more rod-like (especially those in the posterior
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
265
region of the thorax) than in the domestic cow or the recent American
bison.
M E ASUREMENTS.
Cranium. Extreme width of the occipital condyle 126 mm.
Antero-posterior diameter of occipital condyles, accessory facets not
included 47 mm.
Transverse diameter of occiput at external auditory meatus,
estimated 227 mm.
Atlas. Greatest transverse diameter '. 230 mm.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter 135 mm.
Greatest vertical diameter 120 mm.
Axis. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of centrum, exclusive of the
odontoid process; measurement taken ventrally 87 mm.
Length of the centrum including the odontoid process; measurement
taken ventrally 120 mm.
Transverse diameter of centrum at the articulation for the atlas. . 130 mm.
Third cervical. Greatest antero-posterior diameter 65- mm.
Greatest transverse diameter of articulating face of centrum. 87 mm.
Vertical diameter of articulating face of centrum; measurement
taken on posterior face 80 mm.
Transverse diameter including transverse processes. 166 mm.
Anterior dorsal vertebra. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of centrum 60 mm.
Transverse diameter of centrum including facets for the head of the
rib; measurement taken at posterior face 93 mm.
Vertical diameter of centrum; measurement taken at posterior face 60 mm.
Ninth {?) dorsal vertebra. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of
centrum. . . .' 66 mm.
Transverse diameter of centrum including facets for the head of
the ribs; measurements taken on posterior face 77 mm.
Vertical diameter of centrum 60 mm.
Lumbar vertebra, from the middle of the series. Greatest antero-
posterior diameter of centrum 70 mm.
Greatest transverse diameter of centrum; measurements taken on
posterior face 90 mm .
Vertical diameter of centrum 55 mm.
FORE LIMB.
<
Scapula. A few fragments of the proximal portion of a scapula are
of the proper proportions to go with the axial skeleton above de-
scribed, and are provisionally referred to the same specimen. These
fragments show that the scapula is not unlike that of the recent
American bison, except for its slightly larger size. The post-spinous
fossa was possibly relatively wider than in the recent ox, or in Bison,
266
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
but this cannot be entirely proven, since the true contacts of the
different fragments cannot be established.
Humerus. The humerus of the right limb is represented by the
proximal and distal end and the greater portion of the shaft. This
bone is very similar to that in Bison and Bos. The diameter of the
proximal end is no greater than in a fully adult or old bison bull, and
the different rugosities for muscular attachments are equally prominent,
except the ulnar portion of the greater tuberosity, which is smaller
in the fossil and more nearly like that in the Musk-ox. The deltoid
ridge is also more gently curved and less rugose than in either the
domestic cow or the recent bison, and resembles that in the Musk-ox.
The distal trochlea is wider than in the bison bull, used for com-
parison, the median articulating ridge more gently rounded, the
median groove shallower, the capitellum somewhat narrower, and the
antero-posterior diameter of the articulation as a whole greater,
while the external and internal epicondyles are actually smaller. The
broad ulnar trochlea and olecranon fossa and the narrow capitellum
are characters which suggest those in the Musk-ox, while the gently
rounded median ridge of the articulation is unlike what is seen in
either of the three species, with which comparison has been made.
The deep pit in the anconeal cavity of the remains from Eschscholtz
Bay described by Sir John Richardson (/. c., p. 56) is not present in
the fossil humerus under description. This pit is present in the
humerus of the American bison used by me for comparison, and is
possibly a varying character, since Richardson states that this cavity
is not present in the humerus which he referred to Bison prisons.
Radius. The radius, which belongs to the same fore limb described
above, is represented by the proximal and distal ends. The articu-
lation for the humerus fits neatly in the distal trochlea of the humerus,
except the broken area on the ulnar angle of the head, and leaves no
doubt in my mind as to the correct association of these parts.
In turning to Sir John Richardson’s description and illustrations
(/. c., p. 57, PI. XV, figs. 3 and 4) there is a remarkable similarity
both in size and detailed structure, the specimen in hand being
slightly smaller in size. The articulation for the capitellum is narrow
in comparison with that of the humerus just described, and the
median ridge is gently convex from side to side and more continuous
in its fore-and-aft direction than that in the recent bison, more nearly
resembling what is observed in the Musk-ox. The contact with the
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
267
ulna is broad, indicating a broad olecranon process, which would be
naturally anticipated in view of the breadth of the trochlea of the
distal end of the humerus. The distal end of the radius has its outline
more quadrate than in the recent bison or the domestic cow. This
is chiefly due to the greater development on the dorso-ulnar angle,
the bone in this region having a greater antero-posterior diameter
than in Bison and relatively greater than in the domestic cow. The
posterior face is also more convex than in the latter species. As a
consequence of this difference in diameter the articulation for the
carpus in the fossil is greater in its fore-and-aft direction than that
in Bos, or the recent bison.
Ulna. The ulna is represented only by a portion of the distal end
of the shaft, which is solidly coossified with the shaft of the radius.
Carpus. The carpus is represented by four bones, the scaphoid,
the magnum, the unciform, and the pisiform.
Scaphoid. The antero-posterior diameter of the scaphoid at first
glance is seen to be greater than is the case in the bison bull used by
me for comparison, while the transverse diameter is very little greater.
The general outline of the bone is thus seen to differ from that in
the recent bison and the domestic cow, and is very like that in the
Musk-ox. The articulation for the radius is more uniform in width
in its antero-posterior direction than in the Bison, which is chiefly
due to the greater development of the overhanging ledge articulating
with the lunar in the Bison. In the latter the ascending palmar hook
is also more truncated and much more deeply furrowed on the radial
side than in the fossil. When compared with the scaphoid of the
Musk-ox all the above-described characters in the specimen found in
the Frankstown Cave agree quite closely. Distally the palmar portion
of the facet for the trapezoid slants upward and inward, so that it
occupies a somewhat radial position, while in Bison americanus and
Bos taurus as well as Ovihos moschatus the corresponding facet has a
more directly distal position.
Magnum. The magnum is relatively broader, shorter, and
shallower than in the Bison. The anterior portion of the facet for
the scaphoid is less concave, as is also that for Me. Ill; otherwise
there is no difference of importance in this bone in the two genera
compared.
Unciform. The unciform differs from that bone in the Bison by
having the posterior portion of the facet for the lunar broader and
268
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
less oblique. In the fossil this is entirely due to the greater develop-
ment of the unciform in this region. In the recent form on the other
hand there is a facet of considerable size near the base of the palmar
tuberosity which articulates with a similar facet on the palmar
tuberosity of the lunar on extreme flexion of the carpus. This ar-
rangement of facets is not present in the fossil under study. What
flexion there was in the carpus of this genus was taken care of by
the posterior extension of the facet for the cuneiform and by the
broad posterior portion of the facet for the lunar. In the Bison the
facet for Me. IV has encroached on the palmar process, causing that
part of the facet to become concave fore-and-aft, while in the fossil
the facet is plane fore-and-aft, the palmar process supporting no
part of this facet.
Pisiform. The pisiform has a longer and less truncated shaft than
the corresponding bone in the Bison. The shaft is slightly curved,
but not as much as in the Musk-ox. In the latter the shaft of the
pisiform is much more attenuated antero-posteriorly and of relatively
greater vertical diameter than in the fossil under study.
Metacarpals. The distal end and a considerable portion of the
shaft of the coossified metacarpals, or cannon-bone, is preserved. The
shaft has not the median longitudinal groove on the dorsal face and
large nutrient foramen near the distal end, so characteristic of the
recent bison and the domestic cow. On the posterior face of the
shaft near the distal end is a minute foramen, much smaller than
that in Bison and agreeing better with the minute foramen in the
recent Musk-ox. The latter also lacks the median groove on the
dorsal face of the shaft referred to above. The fragment of the
cannon-bone of the fossil and the cannon-bone of the Musk-ox are,
except in size, remarkably similar in their detailed structure, including
the excavated area between the distal trochleae, which is wider
proximally than distally in both species, while in the cow and recent
bison this excavation is subequal throughout.
The breadth of the distal trochleae of the above described cannon-
bone agrees fairly well with Leidy’s measurements of the metacarpal
from Missouri {''Extinct Species of American Ox,” p. 19).
Phalanges. (PI. XIX, figs. 8-10, 11-13.) The proximal row of
phalanges are heavier and longer than the corresponding bones in the
recent bison. They are also spread further apart distally and suggest
more nearly those in the recent Musk-ox. The median row of
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
269
phalanges have approximately the same proportions as in Bison, the
distal trochlea being a little narrower. It is thus seen that, upon the
whole, the proximal and median phalanges agree both in proportion
and structure with those in the Musk-ox. This is further emphasized
when the ungual phalanx is studied. In Bos taiirus and Bison bison
the terminal phalanx is rather low, with a broad plantar surface, and
evenly rounded and rugose external surface, an uneven internal
surface, which on the whole, slants upward and outward to meet the
external surface in a decided ridge better defined near the anterior
point of the bone than further back, but forms an even and gradual
forward and downward slope from the articular surface for the median
phalanx to the distal apex. In the fossil, on the other hand, the
terminal phalanx is higher and narrower, the dorsal ridge having a
considerable convexity fore-and-aft, the plantar surface comparatively
narrow, and the internal face more nearly vertical, forming a less
perfect trihedron than the ungual of the cow and the bison and more
like that in the Ovince. With the exception of the smaller size and
relatively greater width of the plantar face of the ungual in the recent
Musk-ox it answers very nearly the description of the specimen from
the Fransktown Cave.
HIND LIMB.
The hind limb is represented only by a few fragments, of which the
pes is by far the best preserved.
Calcaneum. (PI. XIX, figs, i, 4.) The calcaneum of the right pes is
complete. In its relative proportions and detailed structure it is
quite like that bone in the recent Musk-ox. The bone is fully as large
as that in an adult bull of Bison bison, but the tuberosity back of
the articulation for the astragalus is longer and less expanded at the
free end; the fibular articulation is less developed transversely; the
greater process of the distal end, especially along its dorsal border, is
also somewhat longer and slender, and the articulation for the cuboid
has a smaller angle with the shaft of the bone, or more nearly parallels
the long axis of the bone.
Astragalus. (PI. XIX, fig. 2.) The astragalus is shorter and
broader than that in Bison bison and the fibular condyle of the
proximal trochlea is less overhanging; otherwise there is not much
dissimilarity displayed by this bone in the two forms. The comparison
of the astragalus of the recent Musk-ox with the present form reveals
270
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
a closer similarity between them than with the American Bison. In
measurement the astragalus agrees quite well with that mentioned
by Dr. Leidy in his description of Bodtherium cavifrons.
Cub 0 -navicular . The cubo-navicular associated with No. 11,036
is represented only by the navicular portion, but in a second specimen.
No. 11,036a, referred to the genus, this bone is better preserved. The
chief difference from the cubo-navicular in Bison bison appears to be
in the narrower and more slanting position of the facet for the distal
end of the calcaneum.
Cannon-bone. (PI. XIX, fig. 3.) The cannon-bones of both hind
feet are represented by the greater portion of the shafts, a portion of
the proximal end, and the distal end. They are of larger size than
those mentioned by Leidy in connection with his description of B.
cavifrons. The shaft bears a rather closer resemblance to the same
bone in the American Bison, and is more evenly rounded than in the
recent Musk-ox. However, the median longitudinal groove is broader
and shallower than in Bison and more nearly resembles the groove
in Ovibos. The nutrient foramen in this groove near the distal end is
also like that in the recent Musk-ox, being very minute in size, while
that in Bison and the domestic cow is large. Except for its larger
size the distal trochlea does not differ much from that in Bison bison.
In Ovibos the distal end is more suddenly expanded than in the meta-
tarsals under description.
M E ASUREMENTS.
FORE LIMB.
Scapula. Anterior-posterior diameter of glenoid cavity 74 mm.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter at glenoid cavity, the coracoid
tubercle included 97 mm .
Transverse diameter of glenoid cavity 64 mm.
Humerus. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of head 150 mm.
Greatest transverse diameter of head 130 mm.
Greatest transverse diameter of distal end no mm.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of distal end 78 mm.
Radius. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of head 58 mm.
Greatest transverse diameter of head 108 mm.
Transverse diameter of articulation with carpus, ulnar portion
excluded 87 mm.
Antero-posterior diameter of articulation with carpus (measure-
ment taken at the articulation for the scaphoid) 45 mm.
Scaphoid. Antero-posterior diameter 60 mm.
Transverse diameter 36 mm.
Vertical diameter 40 mm.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
271
Metacar pals. Transverse diameter at distal articulations 88 mm.
An tero-posterior diameter at distal articulations 52 mm.
Proximal phalanx. Length 91 mm.
Width, proximal end 46 mm.
Median phalanx. Length 55 mm.
Width 44 mm .
Ungual phalanx. Length 96 mm .
Width 32 mm.
HIND LIMB.
Calcaneum. Greatest length 165 mm.
Length of tuberosity above the articular surface for the astragalus. 106 mm.
Transverse diameter of free end of the tuberosity of calcaneum .... 44 mm .
Greatest transverse diameter of calcaneum at articulation for
astragalus 60 mm.
Astragalus. Greatest length, measurement taken of fibular side 81 mm.
Transverse diameter, distal trochlea 57 mm.
Metatarsals. Total length (measurement taken at the cuneiform facet) . 285 mm.
Transverse diameter of distal trochlea 82 mm.
An tero-posterior diameter of distal trochlea 47 mm.
The second individual, No. 11,036a, consists of a portion of a hind
foot and other various fragments. The calcaneum of this second
individual is equal in length to that of the specimen just described,
but it is slender, which may possibly be due to sexual or individual
variation.
The remains of the third individual No. ii,036&, (Plate XXI)
represents a very young animal. A portion of a disarticulated skull
together with foot-bones and other fragments are associated. The
great thickness of the cranial wall, a characteristic feature of
Bodtherium, as well as Ovihos, leads me to place these young remains
with Bodtherium. The base of the cranium presents certain features
analogous to those of the Cervince {Alces) and also to those of the
Bovince (Bison). The chief characteristic to which allusion is made
is the excavated area between the occipital condyle and paroccipital
process, together with the similar position of the condylar foramen,
which causes some hesitation in referring the specimen to the Musk-
oxen. The paroccipital process itself is, however, much heavier and
more rounded than in the BovincE or the CervincB. At the postero-
internal angle this process is well connected with the lateral border of
the occipital condyle by means of a sharp ridge. Apparently this
ridge from the base of the paroccipital process gives evidence of a
272
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
further filling out of the excavated area along the lateral side of the
condyle in animals of more mature age. There is a much greater
space between the paroccipital process and the tympanohyal pit than
in either the BovincE or the CervincE. In the latter the tympanohyal
pit is crowded close to the anterior face of the paroccipital process,
while in the specimen under description the space between process
and pit is filled in, first with an extended base of the paroccipital
process, and secondly with a considerable portion of the otic bulla.
This is more nearly like the condition found in Ovihos, The bulla
itself is of a sharper conic shape and the walls thicker than in Ovibos.
The supraoccipital and frontal are narrower than in Bison, the horn-
cores further in advance of the fronto-parietal suture; the small
bosses themselves consisting of a very thin bony shell covering ex-
traordinarily large cavities beneath, which extend over a considerably
greater area of the frontal than the immediate base of the horn-
core. ^ ° One rather striking feature of the maxillary is the absence
of the sudden constriction of the muzzle in the region of the infra-
orbital foramen, so characteristic of the CervincE and Bovince, and
more nearly like what is observed in Ovibos.
There are no accessory columns on the milk or permanent teeth of
the specimen under description. The absence or presence of these
pillars between the inner crescents of the molars in Ovibos appears to
be varied according to Lonberg, Osgood, and others, and was most
likely also the case in Bodtherium.
In the Carnegie Museum Loan Collection there is a portion of a
skull of a fossil Musk-ox, No. 203, which Mr. J. B. Hatcher regarded
as an adult specimen of Ovibos cavifrons. ^ ^ While the occipital plate
and the base of the cranium of this specimen agree perfectly with
Leidy’s description and illustrations of his Bodtherium cavifrons and
bomhifrons, the region between the horns, as well as the horn-cores
themselves, in the Steubenville skull appear to differ both from Leidy’s
type and from the Alaskan specimen described by Osgood as Symbos
tyrrelli (/. c., p. 176). The Steubenville skull agrees with the two
latter in having the concave and roughl}^ pitted area between the
^ ® At this age these animals probably had no horny shell-covering, which appears
to agree with the slow development of the horns in the recent musk-ox during the
first eight or ten months, according to Lonberg {Proc. Zool. Soc., London, June
1900, p. 687).
Science, N. S., XVI, 1902, pp. 707-709.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
273
horns bounded, as Osgood states, by the horn-cores laterally, by the
superior border of the occipital plate posteriorly, and quite likely by
the rugose shelf-like rim anteriorly. This rugose area apparently did
not extend as far forward as in Leidy’s type, or Osgood’s Symhos
tyrrelli, and there is a distinct median groove (not a ridge, Cf. Osgood)
traversing the area fore-and-aft, analogous to that in the male of
Ovibos moschatus, though shallower. This groove is more distinctly
marked anteriorly and posteriorly than it is directly between the
horns, where it is in fact very nearly obsolete. This area as a whole
closely suggests an abraded surface. The bases of the horn-cores
cannot be said to expand over the fronto-parietal region, as in the
full-grown male of Ovibos moschatus, although the pitted surface of
the frontals no doubt had a similar function, and agrees with Leidy’s
type and the Alaskan skull described by Osgood. In the present
specimen the horn-cores are flatter and more abruptly turned down-
ward than in Leidy’s and Osgood’s types, and somewhat suggest the
condition in a female Ovibos moschatus. The internal faces of the
horn-cores are not so close to the temporal region of the cranium as
in Ovibos. Judging from the outward direction at the point where
the- horn-cores are broken off, I would say that probably their apices
were relatively further out from the skull than in a full-grown animal
of the recent genus.
In these early Musk-oxen there is quite likely a greater variation in
the fronto-parietal region and in the horn-cores themselves than we
are aware of at the present time, and accordingly we should use
caution in the comparative study of this region of the skull. Further-
more, Lonberg ^ ^ has shown quite clearly that in Ovibos moschatus a
great change takes place in the fronto-parietal region and the horns
during the development of the bull-calf into the fully adult and old
animal.
Suborder PERISSODA CT YLA.
Family TAPIRIDdE.
Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus) (?).
Hippopotamus terrestris LiNNiEus, Syst. Nat., Ed. lo, 1758, p. 74.
The genus Tapirus is represented by fragments (No. 11,049) of the
left ramus of a mandible containing the first and second premolar
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., June 1900, pp. 687-718.
274
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
teeth. The teeth belong to the permanent series, and are very little
worn, presenting characters quite similar to those of the recent
animal.
Family EQUIDT:.
Equus sp. (?)
No. 11,048 represents the epiphysis of a metapodial and a number
of lower cheek-teeth of an immature horse. The specimen shows no
characters by which specific identification can be made.
Order PROBOSCIDEA.
Family ELEPHANTIDT:.
Mastodon ^ ^ americanus (Kerr). Pis. XXII-XXIII.
Elephas americanus Kerr, Anim. Kingdom, 1792, p. 116.
The American Mastodon is represented in the material from the
Frankstown Cave by one adult, and at least six or seven young, as
originally stated by Dr. Holland. ^ All the material is extremely
fragmentary, except a mandible. No. 2332, of an immature animal.
Disarticulated parts of ossa inominata enable me to determine that
the remains of a number of young were left in the cave with the bones
of at least one adult.
The lower jaws already referred to by Dr. Holland, (/. c. 238)
deserve a more detailed description, especially the dentition which
perhaps is the most complete as yet found.
These jaws are of a quite young animal, younger than the specimen
from Newburg, Orange county. New York, which formed part of the
material upon which Dr. John D. Godman based his publication in
the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1830, Vol. Ill,
and which was more accurately figured by Dr. Isaac Hays, ihid..
Dr. O. P. Hay correctl}^ maintains that the name Mammut, first employed by
Blumenbach, has technical priority over the generic name Mastodon Cuvier.
However, all writers, except Dr. Hay, who follows Blumenbach, have used Cuvier’s
name Mastodon, and we follow the general usage, especially in view of the fact
that Professor Osborn recommends {Philogeny of the Proboscidea, Bull. Geol. Soc.,
XXIX, 1914, pp. 133-137), that Mastodon should be adopted by the Paleon-
tological Society as one of the Nomina conservanda.
Ann. Cam. Mus., Vol. IV, 1908, pp. 231 et. seq.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
275
Vol. IV, 1834, p. 324, pi. XXVI, figs. 1-2. The region of the symphysis
has a greater downward thrust and the vertical ramus rises more in
advance in the specimen - under description than in the specimen
from New York. Otherwise the contour of the ramus in the two are
quite alike. The lower or median incisor in the specimen at hand
is scarcely more than half the size of that described by Godman and
further differs from the latter by having no enamel. The second pair
of incisors are broader than the median pair and differ from them in
having their crowns composed of three closely connected portions;
the lateral and median portions of subequal size, and the internal
superior portion smaller and closely adhering to the median tubercle.
The second pair of incisors are smaller than the tusk-like median
pair and are directed more upwardly. The edentulous portion of the
alveolar border forms a sharp edge and shows a diastema of 102 mm.
from the second incisor to the first cheek-tooth. The first deciduous
cheek-tooth has received little or no wear, and well displays the
tubercular structure, which may be better appreciated by referring to
the plates. There is an anterior and posterior cingulum as well as a
mammilated one externally, while internally the tooth is smooth. The
second deciduous cheek-tooth is considerably larger than the first,
but is in detailed structure quite like it, though the posterior cingulum
on this tooth rises to the importance of a low cross-crest. The crowns
are rather brachyodont and the roots are strong in the deciduous
series of cheek-teeth. The first permanent cheek-tooth is just ap-
pearing through the alveolar border and has received practically no
wear. This tooth has three well defined cross-crests as well as anterior
and posterior cingula. The fourth cheek-tooth is buried deep in the
angle of the jaw but its crown is well developed and displays a structure
quite identical with that of the tooth in advance of it, which has just
been described.
M E ASUREMENTS.
Total length, of ramus from the condyle to and including incisors 410 mm.
Length of diastema no mm.
Depth of ramus at deciduous Mi 66 mm .
Depth of ramus at deciduous M2 65 mm.
Length of total cheek-dentition 215 mm.
Length of deciduous Mi 29 mm.
Length of deciduous M2 42 mm.
Length of deciduous Mi 67 mm.
Length of deciduous M2 approximately 82 mm.
276
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Order GLIRES.
Suborder SIMPLICJDENTATA.
Family SGIURIDiE.
A number of isolated teeth and other fragments, No. 11,294-11,299,
which apparently pertain to the family ScinridcB, were found among
the mass of material in the Frankstown Cave. The fragmentary
condition of the remains and the lack of material for comparison does
not for the present admit of referring the fossils to any of the numerous
genera and species of this family.
Family MURIDT:.
Subfamily Cricetin^.
Peromyscus canadensis Miller.
Peromyscus canadensis Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VIII, 1893, p. 55.
Right and left lower jaws. Nos. 11,285, 11,283, together with an
additional lower jaw. No. 11,284, some fragments of upper jaws, and
isolated teeth are referred to the genus Peromyscus. As careful
comparison as it is possible to make shows this material to be most
nearly like Peromyscus canadensis. The anterior lobe of the first
lower molar, as in most specimens of P. canadensis, does not extend
so far inward, and is more truncated than the inner angle of this lobe
in P. leucopus. In P. maniculatus the anterior lobe of the first lower
molar is also like that in the fossil specimens, but the inner border of
the tooth is more developed and the third lower molar in most speci-
mens of the recent species compared, is smaller, especially in the
fore-and-aft diameter. In the fossil specimens from Frankstown Cave
the lower cheek-teeth are slightly narrower than in recent specimens,
with which comparisons have been made, but the fragmentary
condition of the fossil material together with the limited number of
recent forms available for comparison, does not seem to warrant the
establishment of an additional species.
Subfamily Neotomin^.
Neotoma ? sp.?
A fragment of a lower jaw. No. 11,300, which has the first molar
in place, somewhat resembles that tooth in Neotoma pennsylvanica
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
277
Stone. The last lobe of the tooth, however, does not extend outwards
in the same manner. In the fossil the indentation is a long slant
from the postero-external angle forwards and inwards, while in
Neotoma pennsylvanica the posterior lobe is more nearly ovate in
outline and the indentation has a U-shape. In the fossil the anterior
inner indentation is not as deep as in the recent species. The material
before me is unfortunately too fragmentary to permit a satisfactory
comparison with the recent species.
Subfamily Microtin^e.
Evotomys gapperi (Vigors).
Arvicola gapperi Vigors, ZooL Journ., V, 1830, p. 204, pi. IX.
Among the fragmentary remains referred to this species is a portion
of a right mandible with the incisor, and first and second cheek-
teeth, No. 11,260. This specimen compares so closely with corre-
sponding parts of a recent specimen in the Carnegie Museum taken
at Cresson, Cambria County, Pennsylvania (No. 460) that it is
referred to this form.
Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord).
Mus pennsylvanicus Ord, Guthrie’s Geography, 2nd Ed., 1815, p. 292.
In the collection are a few fragments identified as Microtus. Of
these the best material consists of the following: No. 11,254,
lower jaw, with incisor and first and second cheek-teeth; No. 11,257,
left lower jaw with incisor and second cheek-tooth; No. 11,258, lower
first molar of left side; No. 11,259, first lower molar. Upon com-
parison with No. 531 and other material of the recent osteological
collection of Microtus in the Carnegie Museum, it is found that the
fossil and recent specimens closely agree.
Genus Synaptomys.
Three lower jaws of the right side with complete dentitions and a
number of isolated upper and lower teeth compare best with the
genus Synaptomys. I am provisionally regarding this material as
representing a new subspecies, which may be named and described
as follows:
Synaptomys cooperi annexus. subsp. nov.
Type: Lower jaw of right side with complete dentition. No. 11,270.
278
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Paratypes: Two lower jaws of right side with complete dentitions,
Nos. 11,271, 11,272.
With this material are also associated fragments of maxillaries with
teeth. No. 11,269 and a number of isolated teeth Nos. 11,273, 11,280.
Horizon: Pleistocene cave-deposits.
Locality: Frankstown Cave, near Hollidaysburg, Blair County,
Pennsylvania.
Fig. 4. Synaptomys cooperi annexus Peterson, subsp. nov.
Type. C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. p. 270. 2.5 nat. size.
Principal characters. Incisor relatively stout when compared with
the recent species, but the root does not pass beyond the third cheek-
tooth. The external anterior angle of the first cheek-tooth is better
developed and the indentation is less perceptible than in the recent
species, with specimens of which it has been compared. The two
external indentations, back of the anterior angle of the first molar,
and also the external indentations of the two succeeding molars are
deeper and narrower than in the recent species. The first upper
cheek-tooth of the right side is almost identical with the corresponding
tooth of recent specimens, with which comparison has been made.
Measurements may be obtained from the illustration (Fig. 4).
Family DIPODIDT:.
Subfamily Zapodin.h.
Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann).
Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, Geogr. Geschichte d. Mensch. u. Vierfiiss, Thiere
II, 1750, p. 358.
Two upper jaws. Nos. 11,289, 11,290, and lower molars. Nos. 11,291,
11,292, are referred to Zapus hudsonius. The alveolus for the func-
tionless first cheek-tooth, or premolar, is present in both of these
fragments of the upper jaw. With the exception of the slightly
smaller transverse diameter the detailed structure of the teeth is so
close to Zapus hudsonius that I do not greatly hesitate in referring
the fragments to that species.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
279
Family ERETHIZONTID^.
Subfamily Erethizontin^.
In the material from the Frankstown Cave there is a portion of a
skull and fragments of limb bones, No. 11,153, a maxillary bone,
lower jaws, and other fragments which represent North American
Porcupines. Upon comparison with the recent form one, or possibly
two, anatomical features appear, which might be regarded as of
sub-specific or possibly specific value. These differences are recorded
in the following description, without proposing a new species. The
material is, however, fully adequate as a type, and figures are given
in connection with this paper.
Erethizon dorsatus (Linnieus) (?)
Hystrix dorsatus Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1758, p. 57.
The remains from the Frankstown Cave are as large as a fully
adult specimen of E. dorsatus. The sudden rise of the palate in front
of the molars is as in E. dorsatus, but the palatine foramen is larger.
The alveolar region of the maxillary is higher, the optic foramen and
the second large foramen, which enters the narial passage, are situated
higher than in the recent skull used for comparison. The base of the
Fig. 5. Palatal view of skull of Erethizon,
C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 11,153. Nat. size.
slender process on the maxillary, which bounds the lower part of the
antorbital fossa, is preserved, while the upper margin of this fossa is
lost. However, this fossa, as well as the large infraorbital foramen,
appear to possess characters similar to those found in the recent
American Porcupine.
280
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Teeth. The internal inflection of the enamel of extends to the
alveolar border, as in some of the recent forms. The external inflec-
tion is also deep. These two characters agree with Professor Cope’s
description of Erethizon cloaciniis;^'^ but are found also to differ
much in specimens of E. dorsatus, as was pointed out both by Leidy^®
and Cope. As in the recent form, the first cheek-tooth is larger
than those behind, and the position of the dentition in the alveolar
border has the same degree of convergence from back to front. The
entire top and back of the fossil skull is wanting, due partly to crushing
by the distal end of a femur lying across this portion of the cranium.
The most important differences between the recent and fossil
specimens compared above, are: the higher alveolar region of the
maxillary and the smaller dentine lakes in the cheek-teeth of the
fossil skull; the greater mass of dentine in the teeth of the recent
form, which is especially noticeable along the inner border of the
teeth; in the fossil the inner lobes of the cheek-teeth are more evenly
slant, while in the recent skull there is a smaller slant from the apex
of the tooth to about midway to the alveolar border, so that the
increase of the dentine is exposed more rapidly with wear in the recent
skull, which I have used for comparison.
The fragmentary remains of limbs of Erethizon from the Franks-
town Cave are quite similar to the corresponding parts of the recent
porcupine. When more and better material of the Pleistocene forms
are obtained it is entirely probable that we shall be obliged to separate
them specifically from the recent American porcupines.
Besides the material described above there are numerous fragmen-
tary remains of rodents and probably insectivores cataloged under
No. 11,301, which must for the present remain unidentified. This
is partly due to the lack of recent osteological material for comparison
at the present writing.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 93.
North American Rodentia,” Report U. S. Geol. Surv., Vol. XI, 1877, p. 398.
“ Vertebrate Remains from the Port Kennedy Bone Deposit^ Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Philad., Vol. XI, 1897-1901, p. 199.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
281
Order LAGOMORPHA. i ^
Family LEPORID.E.
As in the Port Kennedy Cave of eastern Pennsylvania, the Franks-
town Cave has furnished much material representing the hares. The
variety found in the Conard bone deposit of northern Arkansas ^ ^ is,
however, not in evidence in the collection from the Frankstown Cave,
no remains of “Jack Rabbits” being found. Forty to sixty individuals
are cataloged, of which about half represent young animals. While
there are a number of nearly complete lower jaws, the crania are
rather poorly preserved. Vertebrae, limb and foot bones, on the other
hand, are often complete and furnish satisfactory means of com-
parison. When the great range of variation in a given species of the
recent hares (pointed out by Allen is taken into consideration it is
thought best, at present, to refer these remains of the Frankstown
Cave to recent species.
Lepus americanus Erxleben.
Lepus americanus Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 330.
Of this species over forty individuals are represented by scattered
teeth, fragments of crania, and lower jaws. A number of vertebrae,
limb and foot bones are more or less complete, and compare quite
perfectly with recent specimens of Lepus americanus.
Lepus sylvaticus Bachman.
Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1887, p. 403.
To this species are referred about twenty individuals after a minute
and painstaking comparison. While a number of features might be
regarded as of specific value, (such as the apparently smaller or more
delicate incisor, narrower skull, and less sessile posterior lobe of M3
in the fossil material) I have not felt justified in making a specific
distinction, because the crania are very poorly represented and in the
So far as I can see, Mr. Gidley’s arguments (Science N. S. Vol. XXXVI, 1912,
pp. 285-286) in favor of erecting the Lagomorphs into an independent order are
cogent, and tend to a more satisfactory systematic arrangement.
Memoirs Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, 1908, pp. 198-199.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol. XI, 1877 (See especially table on p. 273).
282 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
second place the material representing the limbs, agrees perfectly
with those of the recent form. The characters alluded to above may
stand in abeyance until better crania are found in more perfect asso-
ciation with the appendicular skeleton.
Order CARNIVORA.
Family CANIDiE.
Canis dims Leidy.
Canis dims Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 2.
Three or more individuals of this species are represented in the
material from the Frankstown Cave. Of these specimens No. 11,023
is a skull, and is referred to Leidy’s species without hesitation. ^ ^ The
specimen, when compared with the type, is of slightly smaller size
and the carnassial tooth has proportionally a smaller antero-posterior
diameter. The last mentioned c-haracter may be due to the fractured
condition of this tooth in the type, or possibly to faulty delineation.
Nos. 11,024 and 1 1,026 (Plate XVII, fig. ii) are chiefly fragmentary
lower jaws, while No. 11,022 consists of a portion of the skeleton.
This skeleton was not found articulated, but has been associated for
convenience in studying the material.
Marked features in the lower dentition of the three individuals
(Nos. 11,022, 11,024, 11,026) from the Frankstown Cave are the
relatively smaller antero-posterior diameter of the carnassial and the
greater transverse diameter of the heel when compared with a number
of individuals from the La Brea Asphaltum deposits of California.
The premolars in the wolf from the Frankstown Cave on the other
hand do not differ much from the La Brea specimens, in their propor-
tions or detailed structure. The ramus itself is approximately of the
same size in the eastern and western forms (See plate XVII, fig. ii).
The remains of the skeleton of the Frankstown Cave, No. 11,022,
are more robust than in the recent wolf. If the foot bones are cor-
rectly associated with No. 11,022, it seems that, while the metacarpals
are nearly proportionate in size to those of Canis lupus, the meta-
tarsals are shorter.
^ ^ Leidy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. Ill, p. 167, PI. XVII, figs, ii and 12.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
283
Canis priscolatrans Cope (?)
Canis priscolatrans Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), Vol. XI, 1899, p. 227,
PI. XVIII, figs. 3-3g.
A smaller wolf than the one named above was found in the Franks-
town Cave. Two or more individuals may be represented, the material
consisting of the back part of two lower jaws of one individual, and
a number of vertebrae, as well as limb and foot bones, which appear
to represent at least two animals. In this lot, which has been asso-
ciated under Nos. 11,027, 11,027a, there is also an upper canine
tooth.
Unfortunately there are no upper cheek-teeth with the remains of
this smaller wolf, and the association of the remains with Cope’s
type, which consists of three superior molars, must be regarded as
only provisional. The material at hand indicates an animal approxi-
mately the size of the type of C. priscolatrans in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
The upper canine is but very little larger than that of Canis latrans
and it differs from the latter only by the more perfectly oval cross-
section of the fang. The lower jaws indicate an animal somewhat
larger than an average sized coyote. As is the case with the upper
canine, the lower is only slightly larger than that tooth in Canis
latrans, while the dentition back of the canine has more nearly the
proportions shown in the coyote. A prominent feature of the inferior
premolars of the present form is the well developed posterior accessory
cusp on all the teeth except Pi. In the coyote P4 has the accessory
cusp well developed, P3 has sometimes a faint trace of one, while P2
lacks this tubercle altogether. In Canis dims P3 and P4 are provided
with accessory cusps, while on P2 there is no trace of it. The cusps
and crests of the premolars and the carnassial are quite as acute as in
C. latrans.
This smaller species from the Frankstown Cave, having regard to
the accessory cusps, apparently had advanced further towards the
recent wolf than Canis dims. The specimens of C. lupus used by
me for comparison have a well developed accessory cusp on P2 of
both sides.
Two complete radii, fragments of the ulna, and a number of foot
bones and ribs of No. 11,027a, are in my judgment somewhat too
small to belong with No. 11,027 just described, and may pertain to
284
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
a smaller individual of the same species, or possibly represent a third
species from the Frankstown Cave. These bones are no larger than
those of a coyote and resemble them most closely.
Family MUSTELID.F:.
Subfamily Melina.
Mephitis mephitica (Shaw).
Viverra mephitica Shaw, Mus. Leverianum, 1792, p. 171.
This species is represented, in the collection from the Frankstown
Cave, by a lower jaw. No. 11,056, containing the two last premolars
Fig. 6. Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) (?).
C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 11,056. Nat. size.
and the molars. Associated with this jaw is an upper tooth (M of
proportionate size and worn in the same degree as the teeth of the
lower jaw. In comparing these teeth with Professor Cope’s descrip-
tion {Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., XI, 1897-1901, pp. 232-233) they agree
closely enough to place it provisionally with the recent species. It
is noticeable that the metaconid is larger than in Spilogale putorius,
but I would not at present regard this as of sufficient importance to
base upon it the establishment of a separate species. The larger
metaconid suggests M. mephitica, but the contour of the ramus, i. e.
the lesser rise of the posterior portion of the jaw together with the
smaller size and other features, might perhaps be regarded as excluding
the specimen from M. mephitica.
The upper tooth (M ^) is well worn, but the two parallel crests near
the external face, the deep pit-like median basin and the prominent
posterior ledge, as in the recent species, are easily seen. This upper
tooth is of course provisionally associated with the inferior ramus
described above, but I feel quite satisfied that it pertains to the same
individual.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
285
Brachyprotoma obtusata (Cope).
Mephitis ohtusatus Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. XI, 1897-1901, p. 236.
Brachyprotoma ohtusatus Brown, Mem. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., IX, 1908, p. 177.
Two pairs of. lower jaws, Nos. 11,057, portions of an upper
jaw and other fragments. No, 11,057a, are referred to this species.
The specimens correspond most closely with the species from the
Port Kennedy Bone deposit, except the carnassial tooth, which, ac-
cording to Cope’s description of M. obtusata, has a greater antero-
posterior diameter than in Cope’s type.
The upper teeth and the fragments of the maxillary, No. 11,057a,
agree fairly well with the description and figures of Brachyprotoma
Fig. 7. Brachyprotoma obtusata (Cope).
C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 11,057. Nat. size.
pristina by Mr. Barnum Brown. The present specimen is some-
what smaller and may well belong with either of the lower jaws of
B. obtusata described above. The teeth were not found in position
in the jaw, but they all apparently represent the same side (the left
maxillary) and most likely belonged to the same individual. The
apex of the canine is broken off, but the base of the crown and the
fang are perfectly preserved and agree with Mr. Brown’s description
of B. pristina in being proportionally larger in size and much longer
than wide. The base of the crown is not as distinctly separated from
the root by a shoulder, or cingulum, as in either Conepatus or Mephitis.
P ^ is placed very close to the canine and otherwise agrees with Brown’s
description by being longer than wide and having no anterior cingulum.
The carnassial and M ^ agree mainly with the characters of B. pristina
mentioned by Brown, /. c. p. 178.
[*Note: The generic name Brachyprotoma coined by Mr. Barnum Brown,
is formed from the Greek words /3pa)(y<s and Hlporofirj. As the latter noun is
feminine, the specific adjectives should agree in gender, as in the case with the
new species described by Brown, who, however, by an oversight neglected to
change Cope’s ohtusatus to obtusata. W. J. Holland]
Memoirs Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, Part IV, 1908, p. 178.
286
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Family URSID^.
Arctotherium haplodon (Cope). Pis. XXIV-XXV.
Some of the material representing bears from the Frankstown Cave
is referred to the genus Arctotherium. The type of Arctodus Leidy^^,
consists of the second inferior molar of the left side. This type is
apparently lost. The best representation of it is given by Francis
S. Holmes in his “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina,” PI. XXIII,
figs. 3 and 4. In his description (/. c. p. 115) Holmes states that the
outer side of the tooth is deeply and equally bilobed, and that the
grinding surface has a superficial depression surrounded by a chain
of hill-like tubercles, of which the largest pair extend across the
anterior part of the crown. ” ^ These statements appear to be born
out by the illustrations, especially the outline contour of the crown-
view, which has an external emargination equally dividing the front
and back portions. This is not true of the material from the Franks-
town Cave, and it appears that Professor Cope found that the corre-
sponding teeth in the material from the Port Kennedy Cave have
the portion anterior to the emargination greater than that back of
it. The side view of this tooth on the same plate in Holmes’ article
certainly indicates more developed tubercles than in the corresponding
teeth from the Frankstown Cave, while in Leidy’s original article it is
said: “the triturating surface is more generally level, and represents
less disposition to the formation of cusps.” Whether or not these
illustrations and a portion of the description by Holmes is absolutely
correct, or whether Arctodus is congeneric with Arctotherium^ are
questions which may perhaps never be entirely satisfactorily de-
termined.
In the fauna of the Frankstown Cave there are two or more of
these bears represented. No. 11,020 is the larger, but No. 11,020a is
associated with the same species, as has been determined by the close
correspondence of the material with Professor Cope’s description.^^
^^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1854, p. 90. If the type of Arctodus is
ever found we may discover that Arctotherium and Arctodus are congeneric, in
which case Arctodus holds priority.
^ ^ This description appears to answer more nearly the second lower molar of
Tremarctos than that of Arctotherium.
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XII, 1871, p. 96; “Vertebrate remains. Port
Kennedy Bone Deposit,” Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XI, 1897-1901, p. 221.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
287
The skull is represented only by a few fragments, the largest being
a portion of the alisphenoid, the temporal region, including a con-
siderable portion of the squamosal, the glenoid cavity, the ectotym-
panic portion of the bulla, and the mastoid process. Of these parts
the glenoid cavity presents an antero-posterior surface greater than
what is shown in a large specimen of Ursus gyas Merriam, the mastoid
portion is smaller, while the distances between the foramen ovale,
foramen rotundum, and the foramen opticum are closer together.
The distance between the postglenoid and mastoid processes is
especially short, indicating the basal region of the cranium to have
been short, when compared with Ursus gyas.
Of the smaller specimen, No. 1 1,020a, (PL XXIV, figs. 1-2) the
horizontal rami are well represented. On comparing these fragments
with the corresponding parts of Tremarctos the notable feature of the
double masseteric fossa, which Cope mentioned (/. c. p. 221), is
clearly seen. This fossa, usually single, in Arctotherium and Tre-
marctos is divided by a crest of bone, which extends obliquely down-
wards and backwards from below the base of the coronoid process
to the lower border of the angle, thus dividing the masseteric fossa.
Upon further comparison it is observed that the rami of the two here
compared are quite alike, except the region between the molar series
and the canine. In Arctotherium this region is relatively greater than
that in the recent genus, in which the premolars are much crowded.
In Arctotherium there is in fact a short diastema between the second
and third lower premolars, a condition which slightly approaches the
long diastema in this region of the lower jaws of Ursus gyas and other
large species.
The upper dentition is represented only by the fourth premolar
and the molars (PL XXIV, figs. 5-6). All of these teeth agree closely
with the description furnished by Cope {1. c. p. 222). A second,
smaller individual. No. 1 1,020a, also answers Cope’s description.
When compared with the recent genus Tremarctos there is a remarkable
similarity in P^, while in the molars there are differences. Thus M ^
in an unworn tooth of Tremarctos is relatively longer and narrower,
the tubercles along the inner face are less clearly defined, only pre-
senting a rugose crest, while in Arctotherium they are distinctly
marked, though closely united. M ^ in Tremarctos is nearly of the
same proportionate length as in Arctotherium, but in the latter the
tooth is wider anteriorly and narrower posteriorly. In other words
288
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the grinding face on M ^ of Arctotherium is of a sub-triangular out-
line, while in Tremarctos the external and internal borders are more
nearly parallel.
As in the upper series, the lower teeth (PL XXIV, figs. 1-4) agree
in the main with the description by Professor Cope (/. c. p. 223). Pre-
molars one, two, and three are single-rooted. In the Spectacled Bear
of South America these teeth are so crowded that premolar two,
above and below, are placed externally in the alveolar border.^® In
Arctotherium, on the other hand, these teeth occupy a more liberal space
in the jaws as noted above. P4 may be said to have two roots, though
coalesced and closely crowding against Mi. This condition is also
true of Tremarctos. The protoconid of Mi is larger than in bears
generally, and also relatively larger than in Tremarctos. In Arcto-
therium there is a slight external invagination of M2, which divides
the crown of the tooth into a larger anterior and a smaller posterior
portion. In Tremarctos the anterior and posterior parts are more
nearly equal. M3 is proportionally smaller than in Tremarctos and
also smaller than in Ursus gyas. With the exception of the differences
noted, the lower molars of Tremarctos and Arctotherium are quite
similar in structure and relative diameters.
The vertebral column and ribs are represented only by fragments.
The axes of two individuals are fairly well preserved. They may
belong to Nos. 11,020, and 11,020a. The centrum is proportionally
long and the posterior portion of the neural spine large and broad,
when compared with the axis of Tremarctos or other recent bears;
otherwise the axis does not differ much from that of recent species. A
posterior dorsal and the last lumbar here associated are also fairly
well preserved and present no unusual features (See' PI. XXV,
figs. 6, 8, 9).
Fragments of fore and hind limbs (PI. XXV) have been asso-
sociated with No. 11,020, which appear to agree in proportion to
the size of the cranial elements described above. The scapula con-
sists of the proximal and distal ends. The glenoid cavity has a long
oval outline, due to the great antero-posterior diameter. The coracoid
eminence is very well developed, which is partly the cause of the
great antero-posterior diameter of the glenoid cavity. As is usual in
the recent species, the spine rises close to the articular surface and
2® In the small bear of Sumatra, U. malayanus, is also external in the jaw.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
289
terminates inferiorly in a heavy acromion process, which extensively
overhangs the glenoid cavity when viewed directly from the side. The
fragment representing the vertebral border is that portion directly
opposite the spine and it is quite heavy and spongy. The antero-
posterior diameter of the glenoid cavity is 88 mm.; the transverse
diameter 55 mm.
In comparing the above described fragments with the corresponding
portions of Tremarctos it is quite evident that the blade in the fossil
has not that extreme curvature immediately above the glenoid cavity
seen in Tremarctos. Due to this concavo-convexity of the shoulder-
blade in the latter genus the spine is of course vertically very convex,
which does not appear to be the case in Arctotherium. In the fossil
there is a very prominent ridge separating the subscapular and
scapular head of the triceps surfaces, which are much less prominent
in Tremarctos.
The humerus is represented by the distal end of the left side. This
is larger than that of a very large specimen of Ursus dalli gyas. ^ The
entepicondylar foramen is present as in Tremarctos. The inter-
trochlear ridge, separating the capitellum and the trochlea, is more
plainly indicated than in either Tremarctos or the Alaskan Bear, used
for comparison. The transverse diameter of the distal articulation is
approximately 107' mm. and the antero-posterior diameter at the
inner border of the trochlea is 55 mm. The greatest transverse
diameter of the distal end is approximately 155 mm., while that of
the specimen C. M. Cat. Rec. Mamm. No. 2693, is 125 mm. The
shaft near the distal end has not that inward sweep, which gives the
unusual obliquity to the articulating trochlea seen in Tremarctos, Oind
is in that respect more like the Ursince in general.
The shaft of the ulna more nearly suggests that of Tremarctos and
has different proportions from that of Ursus gyas. Though con-
siderably longer than in the latter, the proximal portion measured
across the lesser sigmoid notch, is actually of smaller diameter, while
distally it is more rounded and has the different 'muscular attach-
ments less marked than in the Alaskan species. In other words, the
shaft is less rapidly tapered than in the recent form. The top of the
Ursus dalli gyas, described by C. Hart Merriam in Bulletin No. 41 of the
North American Fauna. U. S. Dept. Agriculture Feb. 9, 1918, pp. 124-6. The
basal length of No. 2,693 C. M. Cat. Recent Mamm., is 415 mm. or 25 mm. longer
than the type of U. dalli gyas.
290
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
olecranon process is broken off and so also is the coronoid process.
The ulnar face of the olecranon process is less channeled than in the
Alaskan species and the antero-posterior diameter at the greater
sigmoid cavity is no greater than in the recent species.
A second somewhat smaller specimen, No. 11,019, has the ulna
complete, (See PI. XXV, fig. 2). The slenderness of the ulna is better
shown in this individual. In detailed structure this bone is practically
identical with the ulna of the larger individual just described. The
olecranon process has not the prominent rugosities for the attachment
of the different muscles, as in Ursus gyas. As already stated, the
bone has a characteristic roundness of shaft, as in Tremarctos, and a
slenderness which is not found in any other recent bears with which
I have compared it.
The radius of No. 11,019 (PI- XXV, fig. i) is preserved, except the
anterior and radial portions of the head. The slenderness of this
bone is at once noticeable, and the lack of prominence of the ridges
which form the boundaries of the muscular attachment of the shaft
is a characteristic feature, when compared with Ursus gyas, and
again suggests that of Tremarctos, except the lesser curve of the shaft
in Arctotherium.
A third metacarpal of the right side (PI. XXV, fig. i) is preserved
with No. 11,020. This bone is very nearly a third larger than the
corresponding bone in the large specimen of Ursus gyas, C. M.
No. 2,693, here used for comparison. The dorsal portion of the distal
trochlea is more oblique than in the latter, but otherwise there is
little or no difference in the details of structure of this bone in the
two specimens. In Tremarctos the shafts of the metacarpals are
more depressed and broader than in Arctotherium.
In No. 11,019 the manus is fairly well preserved and indicates at
once that the slenderness of the limb is likewise carried out in the
foot (See PI. XXV, fig. 5). In this individual the metacarpals are as
heavy as those in the Alaskan Bear referred to, but they are of greater
length. Some bones of the carpus, especially the scapho-lunar, are
actually smaller in size, but of equal and even greater height than
the corresponding bone of the Alaskan specimen. In this individual.
No. 11,019, the dorsal face of the trochlea of Me. Ill has the same
curious obliquity shown in the larger individual just described. In
the scapho-lunar under description there is no facet for a radial sesa-
moid, while in Tremarctos there is a facet, which articulates with a
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
291
bone of considerable size. In the Sumatran Bear this sesamoid is
smaller.
The hind limb and foot are not as well represented. The patella
is broad, thin, and having relatively small vertical dimensions. The
calcaneum of No. 11,020 is as long as that of a large specimen of U.
gyaSj but the transverse diameter of the tuber calcis is less and the
rugosities for muscular attachments are also less developed, and not
unlike what is seen in Tremarctos.
With No. 11,019 is associated a portion of a hind foot, including
the cuboid, navicular, ectocuneiform, and a complete metatarsal I.
Metatarsals III and V are represented by the proximal ends and
Mt. IV by the entire shaft. The cuboid differs in details of structure
from that of the Alaskan specimen used for comparison. In the fossil
the articulating contacts for the ectocuneiform have a greater antero-
posterior diameter, the facet for the navicular is more extensive
antero-posteriorly, as well as being more nearly straight fore-and-aft
and vertically. The greater antero-posterior extent of the facet for
the navicular is due to the fact that there is developed on the postero-
tibial angle a truncated process, which articulates above with the
calcaneum and with the navicular on its tibial face. This process is
slightly indicated on the cuboid of U. gyas, but takes no such promi"
nent part in the articulations for the calcaneum and the navicular.
The plantar hook on the navicular in Arctotherium is much better
developed than in the Alaskan species, and there is apparently a
distinct facet for the entocuneiform on the tibial angle of this hook,
while in U. gyas there is no indication of such a facet. In corre-
spondence with the facet on the cuboid that on the navicular has
straighter lines and is not convex, as is the case of the facet for the
cuboid in the Alaskan species. The ectocuneiform of the fossil has
the plantar hook more greatly developed than in the recent form,
otherwise there is little or no difference in the details of structure in
this bone in the two genera.
Metatarsal I has a round shaft and is distinctly slenderer than in
U. gyas. This is apparently true of the other metatarsals.
In Tremarctos the cuboid has the articulation for the astragalus
along the entire proximal tibial angle of the cuboid, while in the
Alaskan species it does not reach nearly so far, and in Arctotherium it
ends approximately half-way to the plantar angle. Except for the
difference noted and the relatively broader and flatter metatarsals.
292
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
there is upon the whole a close similarity between the tarsus and
metatarsus (so far as the material permits of comparison) in Tre-
marctos and Arctotherium.
Ursus americanus Pallas.
Ursus americanus Pallas, Spicii. Zool, Fasc. XIV, 1780, pp. 5-7.
The Black Bear is represented in the cave fauna by a pair of lower
jaws, No. 11,021, and a few other bones, which have been placed
under the same number, inasmuch as they perhaps belong to the same
individual. The dentition appears to agree quite perfectly with that
of the recent Black Bear. The ramus, however, is proportionally
shallow and slender when compared with that of the recent form. As
the fossil is that of an animal not fully adult, this fact may in part at
least account for the discrepancy. Furthermore, Professor Cope has
shown that the range of variation among the remains of the Black
Bear found in the Port Kennedy Bone Deposit is similar to that seen
in existing individuals.
Order INSECTIVORA.
Family SORICID^.
Subfamily Soricin.e.
Sorex frankstounensis sp. nov.
Type: Right mandible with all the teeth and a fragment of the
left mandible with Mi and M2, C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,159a.
Horizon: Pleistocene Cave Deposits.
Locality: Frankstown Cave, near Hollidaysburg, Blair County,
Pennsylvania.
Among the recent shrews Sorex personatus and S. albibarbis compare
most nearly with the materials under discussion. The new species
represents an animal smaller than either of the latter species, but the
jaws are similarly long and slender. The incisor is very long and
slender, with three distinct tubercles on the upper border, back of the
apex of the tooth. The antero-posterior diameter of P3 is greater
than that of P4, which is especially noticeable along the inner face.
The tooth has a low but trenchant anterior cusp, a long heel, sub-
triangular in outline, with the sharp apex of the triangle directed
Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XI, 1897-1901, p. 226.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
293
forwards. In 6'. personatus this tooth is broader and of less antero-
posterior diameter. The true molars are proportionally longer,
slenderer, and more hypsodont than in 5'. personatus. M3 in S.franks-
tounensis has a well developed posterior heel, while in the recent
species (C. M. No. 653) here used for comparison, the heel of M3 is
much less developed. In the fossil specimens the crowns of the teeth
are covered with a light brown pigment.
Fig. 8. Sorez frankstounensis Peterson, sp. nov.
Type. C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. ii, 159a. V3.
M E ASUREMENTS.
Total length of jaw including incisor to base of styliform process on angle
of jaw 8.5 mm.
Length of premolars 1.5 mm .
Length of molars 3 . mm .
Depth of mandible at Mi i . mm.
Blarina brevicauda (Say).
Sorex brevicauda Say, Long’s Exped. to the Rocky Mountains, I, 1823, p. 164.
In the material from the Frankstown Cave there are a number of
fragments of skulls, jaws, and other bones of shrews. The material
was badly scattered through the entire mass of remains from the
cave, making satisfactory study or classification almost impossible.
Nos. 11,166, 11,170, represent fragments of skulls, lower jaws, and
teeth provisionally referred to Blarina brevicauda. Of these No. 1 1,166,
the right lower jaw, with which has been associated an upper incisor
tooth, has been carefully compared with Professor Cope’s species
Blarina simplicidens from the Port Kennedy Bone Deposits ( CJ.
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. II, Art. VIII, 1899, p. 219). From
this comparison it is quite plain that the Frankstown specimen does
not belong with B. simplicidens. Pi upon which Cope based part of
his specific determinations is unfortunately lost, but the last true
molar is present and has a well developed heel as in B. brevicauda. A
further comparison is made with a specimen of Blarina brevicauda
taken at Ingomar, a suburb of Pittsburgh, and one taken in Butler
294
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
County, Pa. This comparison shows almost identical size, and
osteological and dental structure. In comparing the Frankstown
specimens with the illustrations in Dr. C. Hart Merriam’s work on
the Shrews (North American Fauna, No. lo, U. S. Dept, of Agri-
culture, Dec. 31, 1895, Pis. I, II) it is at once seen that both the
fossil and the recent specimens here used for comparison are smaller
than the type of B. brevicauda from Nebraska, which agrees with the
specimens studied by Merriam and others. Merriam states that the
largest specimens of B. brevicauda are from Western Nebraska, and
that those from eastern Nebraska are larger than specimens from the
Northern and Eastern states, while the smallest specimens are from
Massachusetts.
Family TALPIDT:.
Subfamily Talpin.e.
Genus Parascalops True.
Parascalops, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVII, 1894, p. 242 (Type Scalops
hreweri Bachman).
This genus is represented by two or three individuals. Of these
No. 11,067 is best preserved, consisting of the anterior portion of the
skull, the left lower jaw minus the vertical ramus, fragments of
vertebrse, and a few limb and foot bones. The genus was proposed
by Dr. Frederick W. True (/. c. p. 242), who in a later publication
furnishes us with a description of its anatomy together with a complete
history of the genus, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIX, 1897, pp. 67-
77). The few differences in structural detail between the fossil
specimens from the Frankstown Cave and Parascalops breweri Bach-
man, as described by True, may be of specific value, but I here prefer
only to call attention to these differences, without at this time estab-
lishing a new species.
Parascalops breweri (Bachman).
Scalops hreweri Bachman, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1842, p. 32.
The skull of No. 11,067 is badly mutilated, only the front being
preserved. The infraorbital foramen is large and bounded posteriorly
by a slight bar of bone as in Parascalops breweri described by True
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIX, 1897, p. 71) and also as in the
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
295
European mole, Talpa europcea. In the fossil skull the lachrymal is
broken, but the lower border of the lachrymal foramen is preserved
and it agrees with Parascalops both in its large size and in its position,
i. e. in front of and above the infraorbital foramen. In Talpa this
foramen is also very nearly as large and similarly located.
Fig. 9. Parascalops hreweri (Bachman).
C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 11,067. X3.
As in Parascalops hreweri the dental formula is: I3; C}; Pj;
total 44. The first upper incisor agrees with the recent form in
nearly all particulars. It is large, broad, flat, inclined inward and
comes in contact with the first incisor of the opposite jaw. In more
minute details I ^ differs from recent specimens in the somewhat
greater convexity in front, in having smaller transverse and greater
antero-posterior diameters, and the external accessory cusp located
further -down on the tooth than in Parascalops hreweri, represented by
C. M. Cat. Rec. Mamm. Nos. 609 and 610, and also in the specimen de-
scribed and figured by Dr. True. The second incisor is slightly larger
htan the third, which agrees with the specimens in the Carnegie Museum,
also agrees with the illustration, but not with the description, given
by True. In the fossil, as in the recent specimens, I^ and I^ are
smaller than I and are conical. The point of the canine is broken
off, but from the size of the base of this tooth I judge that it was at
least as large as in the recent specimens, with which it is compared,
and no doubt had the same conical form. P^ and P^ are nearly
subequal in size and conical, while the third is slightly larger, having
the, diameter fore-and-aft little greater than across. The posterior
accessory cusp of P^ appears to vary. In some of the recent specimens
and also in the fossil skull in hand there is no posterior accessory
cusp, while Dr. True describes a posterior accessory cusp as existing.
P^ is large, triangular, with a small anterior accessory cusp, a posterior
trenchant margin, and, so far as comparison may be made, the tooth
296
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
appears to agree perfectly with that tooth in recent specimens. The
molars also agree, the first being the largest, the second intermediate,
and the third the smallest. In the fossil specimen the upper and
lower jaws are interlocked, but it is possible to detect that the w-shaped
cusps and the prominent internal basal ledges, which True describes,
and which also are seen in recent specimens in the Carnegie Museum
are practically the same.
The first lower incisor is lost, there is, however, evidence of an
alveole for this tooth in the fossil jaw. I2. appears to be rather larger
than in recent jaws, while I3 is approximately of the same size. The
canine is about the same size as I3. In the interlocking condition of
the upper and lower jaws of the specimen under description the
crown and internal views are hidden.
Fig. 10. Parascalops breweri (Bachman). C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. ii, 159.
Nat. size. Two figures at left, humerus; figure at right, ulna.
In the fossil specimen from Frankstown Cave, C. M. Cat. Vert.
Foss., No. 11,159, the humerus is one-third longer than broad and the
length and breadth of the clavicle are equal. This corresponds per-
fectly with Dr. True’s description of these bones in Parascalops
breweri. The radius has the same length as the humerus, the ulna is
about one-fourth longer. The greater length of the ulna is chiefly
due to the long and heavy olecranon process. There is close similarity
between the humerus, radius, and ulna in Parascalops and the Euro-
pean mole {Talpa europcea).
Order CHIROPTERA.
Suborder MI CROC HI POP TER A.
Family VESPERTILIONIDiE.
Subfamily Vespertilionin^.
Genus Myotis Kaup.
Myotis Kaup, Skizzirte Entw. Gesch, u. Naturl. Syst. d. Europ, Thierw., I, 1829,
p. 106.
Peterson: Fossils of the Frankstown Cave.
297
Fragments of lower jaws, isolated teeth, and other fragments repre-
senting four or five individuals of Myotis are found in the collection
gathered at the Frankstown Cave. It is not possible to determine to
which species of the genus Myotis this material pertains, because the
specimens are inadequate for detailed comparative study.
Postscript.
Since this paper went to press I have received a publication from
the Carnegie Institution of Washington, issued in October, 1925, by
Drs. John C. Merriam and Chester Stock. On p. 4 of this work the
authors have proposed to separate the typical bears from Tremarctos
. and Arctotherium, designating the former as Arctmce and the latter
as T remar dill (B. On p. 7 Merriam and Stock accept Leidy’s genus
Ardodiis and say that “should the characters of Ardodits be shown
eventually to agree with those of Arctotherium, the former name has
priority, for Arctodus antedates Arctotherium Bravard.”
In the specimen from the Frankstown Cave the skull of Arctotherium
is poorly preserved, but what there is of it compares fairly well with
the better preserved crania of Arctotheres described by Merriam and
Stock. .The most noteworthy difference in the lower jaw appears to
be (judging from the illustrations given by Merriam and Stock) the
relatively greater depth of the horizontal ramus of the lower jaw and
the larger size of the paraconid of Mi in A. simum. P^ in A. cali-
fornicum has the metacone smaller than in the specimen from the
Frankstown Cave. Both upper and lower teeth in the latter are also
apparently longer and narrower than in the Californian specimens
and upon the whole more closely suggest the conditions found in
Tremarctos. M3 in A. simum has its triturating surface decidedly
triangular, a characteristic feature in the greater number of recent
ursines.
The figures and description of the appendicular skeleton of Arcto-
therium in the paper of Merriam and Stock appear to agree quite
closely with the specimens from the Frankstown Cave and call for
no comment.
O. A. Peterson.
Carnegie Museum, Dec. 3, 1925.
298
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIL
Meleagris superba Cope (?) No. 11,053.
Fig. I. Right femur, from the front.
Fig. 2. Scapula; view of proximal end.
Fig. 3. Femur; view of distal end and shaft.
Fig. 4. Portion of pelvis; external view.
Fig. 5. Tibio-tarsus, right side.
Fig. 6. Tarso-metatarsus, left; view of anterior face.
Fig. 7. Tarso-metatarsus, left; view of lateral face.
Fig. 8. Tibio-tarsus, left side.
Fig. 9. Femur, left; view of distal end.
Fig. 10. Humerus; anterior view of distal end.
Canis dims Leidy, No. 11,022.
Fig. II. Lower jaw; view of external face.
(All figures one-half natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XVII
Figs, i-io, Meleagris superba Cope (?).
Fig. II, Canis dims Leidy.
300 .
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy).
Upper figure. Alveolar View of Lower Jaws, No. 2330.
Lower figure. External View of Lower Jaws, No. 2330.
(Two-thirds natural size.)
O
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI. Plate XVIII
2 /
Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Leidy). X. /
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302
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Bodtherium bomhifrons (Harlan). No. 11,036.
Fig. I. Calcaneum, tibial view.
Fig. 2. Astragalus of left side.
Fig. 3. Cannon-bone, dorsal view.
Fig. 4. Calcaneum, dorsal view.
Fig. 5. First and second upper molars, buccal view.
Fig. 6. First and second upper molars, view of grinding face.
Fig. 7. Base of skull.
Figs. 8-10. First, second, and terminal phalanges, lateral view.
Figs. 11-13. First, second, and terminal phalanges, dorsal view.
(All figures one-third natural size.)
Plate. XIX.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Bodtherium bombifrons (Harlan). One-third nat. size.
304
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Bodtherium bomhifrons (Harlan), No. 11,036.
Fig. I. Anterior view of atlas.
Fig. 2. Lateral view of atlas.
Fig. 3. Lateral view of dorsal from the middle of the dorsal region.
Fig. 4. Posterior view of lumbar vertebra.
Fig. 5. Lateral view of axis.
Fig. 6. Lateral view of third cervical vertebra.
Fig. 7. Posterior view of dorsal, from posterior region.
Fig. 8. Lateral view of lumbar; same bone as fig. 4.
(All figures one-third natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI
Plate XX,
7
Bodtherium hombifrons (Harlan). One-third nat. size.
306
Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL
Bodtherium (?) bombifrons (Harlan).
Disarticulated parts of skull of young animal, No. ii,036&.
(Two-thirds natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
i
BodiheriumJ bombifrons (Harlan) juv. two-thirds nat. size.
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308
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Mastodon americanus (Kerr).
External face of lower jaw and dentition of young animal, No. 2332.
(One-half natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI. Plate XXII.
. Vert. Foss. No. 2332, One-half nat. size.
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310
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIIL
Mastodon americanus (Kerr).
Fig. I. Alveolar face of lower jaw and grinding face of dentition of young animal,
No. 2332.
Fig. 2. Grinding face of unerupted molar of right side of same individual as fig. i.
(One-half natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XXIII.
Mastodon americanus (Kerr). One-half nat. size.
312
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
Arctotherium haplodon Cope. -
Fig. I. Lower jaw; view of alveolar border, No. 11,020a.
Fig. 2. Lower jaw; view of external face, No. 11,020a.
Fig. 3. Upper first molar of left side; view of grinding face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 4. Upper first molar of left side, external face, No. 11,020.
Fig. 5. Upper fourth premolar; upper first and second molars; view of grinding
faces. No. 11,020.
Fig. 6. Fragment of maxillary with upper fourth premolar and upper first and
second molars. No. 11,020.
(All figures two-thirds natural size.)
AKWALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, ¥oL X¥L Plate XXIV.
I
Arctotherium haplodon Cope. Two-thirds nat. size.
314
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
Arctotherium haplodon Cope.
Fig. I. Radius and pes; view from front, No. 11,019.
Fig. 2. View of ulnar side of right ulna, No. 11,019.
Fig. 3. Scapula, right side; view of external face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 4. Ulna, left side; view of ulnar side. No. 11,020.
Fig. 5. Metacarpals III and IV; view of dorsal face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 6. Lumbar vertebra; view of posterior face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 7. Distal end of humerus; view of anterior face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 8. Axis; view of lateral face. No. 11,020.
Fig. 9. Dorsal vertebra; view of anterior face. No. 11,020.
(All figures approximately one-fourth natural size.)
annals CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI
Plate XXV
Arctotherium haplodon Cope. One-fourth nat. size
VII. HYRACODON PETERSON!, A NEW CURSORIAL
RHINOCEROS FROM THE LOWER OLIGOCENE.
By Horace Elmer Wood, IL
(Plate XXVI).
The specimen on which this species is based, was collected by
Mr. O. A. Peterson in 1901. He recognized that it was probably a
new species, cataloging it as “No. 3572, sp. nov.(?).” On the occasion
of a visit to the Carnegie Museum he called certain of its peculiarities
to my attention, and very kindly has permitted me to describe it. I
am indebted to Mr. Sidney Prentice for the drawing and photograph
illustrating this paper. The investigation, of which this article is a
by-product, was assisted by a grant from the New York Academy of
Sciences.
Order PERISSODACTYLA Owen.
Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea Gill.
Family HYRACODONTID^ Cope.
Hyracodon petersoni, sp. nov.
The holotype is in the Carnegie Museum, Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 3572,
collected by Mr. O. A. Peterson from the Titanotherium Beds of
Badland Creek, Sioux County, Nebraska, in 1901.
The most striking specific characters are the very primitive P ^
and P^, with posterior outlets for the median valley, associated with
the very progressive M with the posterior buttress nearly obliter-
ated, approaching the Trigonias oshorni-stdige. This is the most
primitive species of Hyracodon as yet described.
The upper dentition is almost complete. Both upper first in-
cisors, the right upper third incisor and the roots or stubs of the
other front teeth are present. They are of the typical Hyracodon
type. Right P ^ has protoloph and metaloph separate and nearly
parallel, the metaloph, after slight wear, being fused with the
posterior cingulum. The basal cingulum surrounds the tooth on
315
316
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
interruption internally by the metaloph. P^-M^
three sides, anteriorly, internally, and posteriorly, except for a slight
are present on
both sides, as is left M The hypocone of
is joined about' equally firmly to the proto-
cone, and to the rest of the metaloph. There
is a trace of an external cingulum on the
metacone, and a very small crista. P^-M^
have very large cristae. P^— 4 completely
surrounded, anteriorly, internally, and pos-
teriorly, by a well-developed basal cingulum.
P^ has the hypocone still closely attached to
the protocone, although the future separation
is indicated by a groove on each side of the
slope of the ridge. There is scarcely any
tendency for the metaloph to fuse with the
hypocone, though they would become con-
fluent in extreme old age. The median valley
escapes posteriorly. There is a distinct external
cingulum on the metacone. P^ is almost
identical, except that the posterior slope of
the hypocone is more abrupt, and that the
external cingulum is unusually sharp on the
metacone, and extends across the paracone.
There is no internal cingulum on the molars.
M ^ has an external cingulum on the meta-
cone. M ^ has a greatly reduced posterior
extension of the ectoloph. Near the crown
there is scarcely any ridge, but it is quite
Fig. I. Dentition ot well-marked basally, joining the posterior
Hyracodon petersoni cingulum, with a definite postfossette.
Wood. XI
Measurements.
Anterc-posterior length I ^-C ^ over all
Anterc-postericr diameter N
Transverse diameter D
Antero-pcsterior diameter I ^
Transverse diameter D
Antero-posterior diameter C ^
Transverse diameter C ’
Antero-posterior length P --M ^ over all
Right
Left
27 . 0
mm .
28 . 7
mm
4.2
mm .
4.0
mm
( )
7-3
mm
4.8
mm .
(
)
4.0
mm .
(
)
4-7
mm .
(
)
3-8
mm .
(
)
(
)
95-7
mm
Wood: Hyracodon Petersoni.
Antero-posterior length P ^-P over all . . .
Antero-posterior length M ^ over all .
Antero-posterior length Diastema
Width P h
Antero-posterior diameter P ^ .
Width P^
Antero-posterior diameter P ^ .
Width P^
A T^, iT^ o -J- ri V 1 ir n o rii P 4
Width P^
Antero-posterior diameter 17
Width Ml
Width M2,
Antero-posterior diameter M ^ .
Width M3,
I.
53-8
mm .
(
317
)
(
)
45-0
mm .
(
)
52.0
mm .
(
)
16 . 0
mm .
10 . 7
mm .
(
)
II . 0
mm .
(
)
(
)
13.6
mm .
iS-4
mm .
15-2
mm .
(
)
14.4
mm .
(
)
18.5
mm .
IS-S
mm .
14.7
mm .
20 . 8
mm .
20 . 6
mm .
17-3
mm .
17-3
mm .
20 . 2
mm .
20 . 2
mm .
19. 1
mm .
18. 5
mm .
22 . 4
mm .
21.7
mm .
(
)
16 . 2
mm .
(
)
22 . 1
mm .
It is possible, both morphologically and stratigraphically, to derive
all other known species of the genus Hyracodon from Hyracodon
petersoni^ or perhaps, from something very close to it, with a larger
posterior buttress on M There have been two recent revisions of
the genus Hyracodon, by Troxell (1921) and Sinclair (1922), In
general, I agree with Sinclair, that he has established the type of H.
nehraskensis, and that the well-defined species in good standing are:
H. arcidens, H. nebraskensis, H. apertus, H. leidyanus, and also, of
course, H. petersoni. H. arcidens mimus Troxell and H. selenidens
Troxell appear to be minor variants of H. arcidens, which it is of
doubtful value to recognize nomenclatorially^. A brief key to the
species of the genus Hyracodon is appended.
Hyracodon petersoni, sp. nov., Titanotherium Beds, no premolars
molariform, median valleys of P® and open widely to the rear.
Hyracodon arcidens Cope, Titanotherium and Oreodon Beds, no
premolars molariform, protoloph curves around metaloph in P'^-P"^,
fusing as a continuous crescent after slight wear.
Hyracodon nebraskensis (Leidy), Oreodon and Protoceras Beds,
^Hyracodon priscidens Lambe (Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 2, XI, Sect. 4, pp. 37-42,
1905) from the Titanotherium Beds of Saskatchewan, should probably, as Sinclair
states, be referred to H. arcidens. It differs rather less from H. petersoni than
do other specimens of H. arcidens, furnishing a stratigraphic, and, to some extent,
a morphological intermediate.
318
Annals of the Carnegie Msueum.
protoloph and metaloph of parallel, but intimately joined by
a “mure.”
Hyracodon apertus Sinclair, Oreodon and Protoceras Beds, protoloph
and metaloph of P^ separate and parallel.
Hyracodon leidyanus Troxell, Protoceras Beds, (earlier range
doubtful), protoloph and metaloph separate and parallel, on both
P ^ and P
References.
Troxell, E. L., “ New Species of Hyracodon," Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. II,
July, 1921, pp. 34-40.
Sinclair, W. J., " Hyracodons from the Big Badlands of South
Dakota," Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. LXI, No. i, Aug. 29, 1922,
pp. 65-79.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XXVI.
Hyracodon petersoni Wood. Type.
M. Cat. Vert. Foss,, No. 3572. Natural size.
C.
VIII. OPHIDIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA IN THE CARNEGIE
MUSEUM : A CRITIQUE OF DR. L. E. GRIFFIN’S "CATA-
LOG OF THE OPHIDIA FROM SOUTH AMERICA
AT PRESENT (JUNE, 1916) CONTAINED
IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.” 1
By Afranio Do Amaral, B. Sc., L.M.D., D.P.H.
In 1916 Dr. L. E. Griffin published in the Memoirs of the Carnegie
Museum an extensive paper on the South American Snakes contained
in that Museum. In the summer of the year 1924 I visited the
Carnegie Museum and was given permission by Dr. Douglas Stewart,
the Director, to make a thorough study of the material upon which
Dr. Griffin had founded his paper. At the outset I wish to express
to Dr. Stewart as well as to Dr. Arthur W. Henn, the Curator in
charge of the collection, my sincere thanks for the courtesies extended
to me upon the occasion of my visit to Pittsburgh.
Dr. Griffin in his paper lists eighty-eight species of snakes from
South America, of which number he describes ten as new to science.
I had the privilege of examining every specimen listed by Dr. Griffin,
and I made a careful study of all of them, especially the types of the
species named by Dr. Griffin. In the following notes I take up first
the identifications made by Griffin of species named by others, in
which it seems to me that in a few cases he has fallen into error, and
secondly the species, which he has described as new.
I.
Griffin’s Species No. 15, Elaphe dichroa (Peters).
(Mem. Car. Mus., VII, p. 174.)
In this case I am convinced that we are dealing with a young
specimen of Drymobius bifossatus (Raddi). Dr. Griffin correctly
identified two adult specimens of Drymobius bifossatus, as may be
seen at p. 176 of his Memoir, but in the case of the specimen, bearing
the Catalog No. 329, he has, I think, fallen into error.
^Memoirs Cam. Mus., VII, No. 3, Nov., 1916, pp. 163-278, pi. XXVIII.
319
320
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Griffin’s Species No. 33, Liophis albiventris (Jan).
(Alem. Car. Miis. VII, p. 187.)
Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) I, 1908, p. 115) a few years
before Dr. Griffin wrote his paper, showed that Liophis albiventris
(Boulenger, Cat. Snakes B. M., II, 1894, p. 130) is strictly synonymous
with L. tceniuriis, which must be placed in the genus Aporophis.
Accordingly the specimen in the Carnegie Museum, Cat. No. 278,
must be identified as Aporophis tceninra (Tschudi).
Griffin’s Species No. 83, Lachesis lanceolatus (Lacepede).
Mem. Car. Mus. VHI, p. 222.
I have recently shown (Amer. Jour. Trop. Med., IV, 1924, p. 448,
and Contrib. Harvard Inst. Trop. Biol. & Med., H, 1925, p. 26) that
Lachesis lanceolatus as used by Boulenger (Cat. Snakes B. M., HI,
1896, p. 535) is a composite of Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758),
Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1824), and Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda,
1884.
The specimens, which Griffin identified as L. lanceolatus undoubtedly
belong to the following species:
a. Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus): specimens Nos. 159, 244, 245, 247, 248,
249, 250, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 313, 372, and 2019.
h. Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda: specimens Nos. 43 and 121.
c. Bothrops jararaca Wied: specimens Nos. 246 and 252.^
d. Bothrops chloromelas (Boulenger): specimen No. 373.^
Griffin’s Species No. 87, Lachesis peruvianus Boulenger.
Mem. Car. Mus., VII, p. 226.
As shown in Footnote 3, this is Bothrops chrysomelas (Boulenger).
It may be proper to call attention to the fact that the common
Brazilian names “Sucury” and “Sucurujuba” (not “Sucurujaba”) do
not apply to the species Dimades plicatilis (Linnaeus), as erroneously
stated by Mr. J. D. Haseman (See p. 175 of Griffin’s paper) but to
the Anaconda, Eunectes miirinus (Linnaeus).
^Specimen No. 252 is said to have come from Peru, which seems to me quite
improbable, inasmuch as this species seems not to occur in that country.
^On page 223 of Griffin’s paper this specimen is listed under Lachesis lanceolatus,
while on page 226 it appears as Lachesis peruvianus . As a matter of fact it does
not belong to either of these species, but to Bothrops chloromelas (Boulenger).
Do Amaral: South American Ophidia.
321
II.
Dr. Griffin describes ten species of snakes in the Carnegie Museum
as new to science. They are the following:
No. I, Helminthophis hondensis, p. 165; No. ii, Aporophis melano-
cephalus, p. 171; No. 13, Atractus tcsniatus, p. 173; No. 35, Liophis
elcBoides, p. 187; No. 46, Rhadincea orina, p. 195; No. 48, Tropidodipsas
spilogaster, p. 197; No. 56, Clelia euprepa, p. 203; No. 57, Clelia
peruviana, p. 204; No. 75, Elaps colomhianus, p. 216; No. 77, Elaps
hollandi, p. 218.
Having critically examined the types of all these species, I have
found only the following to be valid:
No. I, Helminthophis bondefisis, type from Bonda, Colombia;^
No. II, Aporophis melanocephalus, type from Las Juntas, Bolivia;
No. 13, Atractus tceniatus, type from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia;
No. 77, Elaps hollandi, type from Bonda, Colombia.
The remaining species I think must be invalidated, and I set forth
in the following paragraphs my reasons for so believing.
No. 35, Liophis elaeoides Griffin.
No striking difference can be traced between L. typhlus (Linnaeus),
as defined by Boulenger (Cat. Snakes B. M., II, 1894, p. 138) and
either the type or any of the thirteen paratypes of L. elceoides Griffin.
So far as 'the coloration and markings are concerned, Griffin stated
that L. elceoides is uniformly dark green above, its young having no
nuchal band. Nevertheless, I must point out, first, that Boulenger
himself states that adult specimens of L. typhlus may be uniformly
olive or green above, and, secondly, that one may find young speci-
mens of the latter species which show no nuchal markings. This
variation, which is known to occur in the young of other species, such
as Leimadophis viridis (Gunther), Liophis cohella (Linnaeus), L.
miliaria (Linnaeus), etc., as a rule is related to the geographical
■^Concerning the scutellation of the head in H. bondensis Griffin the reader is
referred to my revision of the genus Helminthophis Peters, published in the Pro-
ceedings of the New England Zoological Club, IX, 1924, p. 28, footnote, in which
I stated that “Griffin, guided by the position of the eye, which of course is a
character liable to show some variations due to the sliding of the head skin over
the skull, was misled into taking the upper prseocular of his type specimen as its
ocular, and the lower praeocular as the subocular.”
322
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
distribution of the species. This also seems to be the case with L.
elceoides, inasmuch as its type comes from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, a
locality not far from the State of Matto Grosso, where young speci-
mens of L. typhlus having no nuchal band are not at all uncommon.
Accordingly I think it to be advisable to regard L. elcBoides Griffin
as a synonym of Leimadophis typhlus (Linnaeus).
No. 46, Rhadinaea orina Griffin.
The description given by Griffin was based upon five young speci-
mens. In my opinion it is likely that either for this reason, or because
Griffin did not have at hand a large series of young Liophis miliaria
(Linnaeus) for comparison, he was led to assign specific rank to these
five specimens. According to my opinion all of them belong to
L. miliaria (Linnaeus), or to a local race of that species.
No. 48, Tropidodipsas spilogaster Griffin.
Griffin apparently was not familiar with Syhinomorphus turgidus
(Cope) otherwise he would not have considered Nos. 42 and 47 in the
Carnegie Museum as representing a new species.
Specimens of S. turgidus having only two or three pairs of chin-
shields, instead of four pairs, as stated by Boulenger (Cat. Snakes
B. M., Ill, 1896, p. 456) are not at all uncommon, especially in
material taken in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The slip made by Dr. Griffin in the specific as well as the generic
determination of the two specimens contained in the Carnegie Museum
seems to support my own view as to the close relationship existing
between the genera P etalo gnathus and Tropidodipsas and those which
Boulenger included in the so-called family AmhlycephalidcE. The
latter group should be considered as a subfamily of the ColuhridcE^
under the name Dipadince, as I have proposed in the Proceedings of
the New England Zoological Club, VIII, 1923, p. 95.
In short Tropidodipsas spilogaster Griffin is strictly synonymous
with Sibynomorphus turgidus (Cope).
No. 56, Clelia euprepa Griffin.
In this case also Griffin erred both as to genus and species. The
specimens. Nos. 108 and 109 in the Carnegie Museum, upon which
he based his description, do not represent a new species, nor are they
Do Amaral: South American Ophidia.
323
related to the genus Pseudoboa {Clelia). They are undoubtedly
typical specimens of Lycognathus cervinus (Laurent!) .
No. 57, Clelia peruviana Griffin.
Specimen No. 377, Carnegie Museum, the type of Griffin’s species,
agrees with Pseudoboa petola (Linnaeus) even in the number of gas-
trosteges and urosteges. It is true that Boulenger (Cat. Snakes
B. M., Ill, 1896, p. 102) gives V. 191— 222 and C. 78-126 for the latter
species, but these figures refer to only forty specimens. Having
examined a larger series, consisting of two hundred and thirteen
specimens, contained in Brazilian as well as North American collec-
tions, I have found V. 173-231 and C. 61-130. For this reason, and
also because the unique specimen of C. peruviana Griffin does not
differ from Pseudoboa petola (Linn^us) in any other character, I
think it advisable to regard peruviana as a synonym of petola.
No. 75, Elaps colombianus Griffin.
Founding his work on Boulenger’s “Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum,” which is rather confusing as regards the Elapince,
Griffin described Nos. 197, 198, 2031, and 2033 in the Carnegie
Museum, all from Colombia, as a new species. As I have recently
shown in the Revista do Museu Paulista, XV, pp. 13-25,
Micrurus {Elaps) corallinus (Wied) must be divided into three
subspecies, as follows: M. corallinus corallinus for Brazil, Argentina,
Paraguay, and Peru; M. corallinus riesii for Trinidad and probably
for Venezuela; and M. corallinus dumerili for Colombia and Ecuador.
Therefore the above-listed specimens, which all agree with M. coral-
linus, as well as Nos. 199, 261, 341,^ and 1236 Carnegie Museum,
which were rightly identified by Griffin himself as this species, must
all be referred to Micrurus corallinus dumerili.
Sao Paulo, Brazil, September, 1925. '
®In case No. 341 really came from Matto Grosso, Brazil, it should be referred
to M. corallinus corallinus.
IX. A NEW AETOSAURIAN REPTILE FROM THE
MORRISON FORMATION OF UTAH. i
By Charles W. Gilmore,
Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology,
U. S. National Museum.
(Plates XXVII-XXIX.)
Although for fifty years the fresh-water beds of the Morrison
formation have been repeatedly searched for remains of fossil verte-
brate life, they still yield specimens of rare scientific interest. In
1917, Mr. LeRoy Kay, a member of the Paleontological Staff of the
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, discovered within the boundaries of
the Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, a nearly complete articu-
lated skeleton of a small aetosaurian reptile, which, through the
courtesy of the Director of that Museum, Dr. Douglas Stewart, has
been submitted to me for study. The specimen was uncovered during
the construction of a new trail which passes upward along the north
and east sides of the upturned “hogback” in which the dinosaur
quarry is located, and was found in a sandstone layer about one
hundred feet below the level of the heavy cross-bedded sandstone, in
which dinosaur remains have been found in much abundance.
The presence of a carapace of overlapping bony scutes extending
from the skull to the end of the tail, and features observed in the
structure of the skull and other skeletal parts, seem to show the
affinities of this animal to be with the Aetosauria, thus marking
the first occurrence of this suborder in the Morrison formation of
North America. In size it closely approaches the Triassic Stegomo-
suchus {Stegomus) longipes (Emerson and Loomis), but differences in
osteological structure and its much later geological occurrence show
it to be an undescribed form, for which the new genus and species
HoplosMchus kayi are proposed, the specific name being in honor of
Mr. LeRoy Kay, the discoverer of the specimen.
^Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
325
326
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Class REPTILIA.
Order THECODONTIA R. Owen, 1859.
Suborder AETOSAURIA Nicholson and Lydekker, 1890.
Family STEGOMOSUCHID^ von Huene, 1922.
Hoplosuchus kayi, gen. et sp. nov.
Type: No. 11,361, Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. It consists of a
nearly complete articulated skeleton. Collected by LeRoy Kay,
July, 1917.
Type locality: Dinosaur National Monument, near Jensen, Uinta
County, Utah. .
Geological occurrence: Morrison (Jurassic), one hundred feet below
the level of the Dinosaur Quarry.
Generic and specific characters: Skeleton small, lizard-like; skull
triangular; supratemporal fossae apparently roofed over; pineal fora-
men doubtfully present; quadrate fixed, steeply inclined forward;
external nares placed far forward; internal nares forward of middle
of palate; orbits large, centrally placed, directed outward and slightly
forward; small pre-orbital fossae; infratemporal fossae relatively
small, triangular in shape; pterygoids meeting strongly on the median
line in front of basisphenoid and with descending processes; teeth
thecodont; lower jaws apparently without external mandibular fora-
men. Limbs slender, fore limb slightly shorter than the hind; fifth
digit of pes apparently wanting; metatarsals elongate, slender. Dorsal
armor consisting of a paired series of oblong plates. Tail completely
enclosed by bony armor.
The nearly complete articulated skeleton lay on its belly with the
limbs folded up beneath the bony dermal carapace, which roofs over
the vertebral column and other underlying bones. The skull and
lower laws were articulated, the mouth widely distended, which, with
the sinuous bend in the tail, appears to register a silent protest
against the agony endured during the animabs dying moments (See
PL XXVIII). Few of the bones are displaced and most of those
which are missing protruded from the rock in which the main portion
of the skeleton was enclosed.
Many of the detailed features of both skull and skeleton are rendered
obscure because of the delicate nature of the bone and the oblitera-
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
327
tion of all sutures, and also from the fact that grains of sand have
been forced into the surface of the bone in such a manner that they
cannot be removed. Furthermore, most of the vertebral column,
ribs, and much of the pectoral and pelvic arches remain hidden in
the matrix beneath the bony carapace and are not available for de-
tailed study.
Description.
The total length of the specimen, as preserved, with the beak of
the skull and tip of the tail missing, is one hundred and eighty milli-
meters measured between perpendiculars. It is estimated that in
life it may have had a total length of over two hundred millimeters.
The body from the back of the skull to the center of the pelvis has
a greatest length of seventy-two millimeters.
Skull. The skull is uncrushed and completely preserved, except
for the loss of the premaxillary portion of the nose. Certain palatal
and internal parts are obscured by adhering matrix, which it was
deemed unwise to remove for fear of permanently injuring the delicate
fossil. The complete coalesence of all the cranial sutures adds still
further difficulties to a proper interpretation of the structure of the
skull, but there is no doubt as to the general position of most of
the bones, although their exact extent remains uncertain.
Fig. I. Skull of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Type, No. 11,361, C. M. Cat.
Vert. Foss., dorsal view. P.F. supposed pineal foramen; sc, portions of dorsal scutes
One and one-half natural size.
Viewed from above (See fig. i) the skull is broadly triangular in
outline. That the muzzle is missing is shown by comparison with
the jaws which, when placed in an articulated position, project beyond
the end of the skull as now preserved. The fact of the external nares
opening forward without bony division also lends weight to the
328
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
belief that the snout must have been longer. A tentative restoration
of this missing part is shown in Figure 2. The preservation of the
bone around the narial opening is of such a nature that it is quite
impossible to surely determine whether the edges are broken or not.
The upper surface of the cranium seems to be completely roofed
over by bone, but again one is in doubt because of the peculiar nature
of the preservation. Since supratemporal fossae are present in all
known aetosaurians, it appears reasonable to expect to find them in
the skull under discussion, especially since most of the important
structural features of the specimen are typically aetosaiirian in
character. Supratemporal fossae are found in Stegomosuchus longipes
as was first definitely pointed out by Lull, ^ and the affinities of the
present specimen seem to be nearest to that genus. *
On the median line between the orbits is a small, foramen-like
depression surrounded, except in front, by a rounded, raised border
of bone. (Fig. i, P.F.) This strongly suggests a parietal foramen.
A reason for doubting the authenticity of this determination is the
extremely anterior position of the depression forward of a transverse
line drawn across the back of the orbits, which, from analogy, one
concludes would lie wholly within the frontal bone, a location un-
known in any other reptile either living or extinct. True, the pineal
foramen is occasionally found at the junction of the frontal and
parietal bones, as in Sphenodon and in some ichthyosaurian and
mosasaurian reptiles, but in none, except some members of the last
group, does it ever occur so far forward in relation to the orbits. Its
absence in nearly all other members of the Aetosauria is further
reason for questioning its authenticity, and, until the production of
additional evidence, I am inclined to regard this foramen as of ac-
cidental origin. Should it eventually be shown to be a true parietal
foramen, it would be an important character in distinguishing Hoplo-
suchus from other members of the suborder.
The* orbits are entirely roofed over by bone which renders them
invisible from a superior view, resembling in this respect the dino-
saurian genus Stegosaurus. There is no indication of a supraorbital
fossa such as was thought to be present in Stegomosuchus. ^ (See
fig. 4.) Beginning at a transverse line drawn at the back of the
No. 24, State of Connecticut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1915, p. 107,
fig. II.
^Emerson and Loomis, Amer. Journ. Sci., (4) Vol. XVII, 1904, p. 378.
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
329
orbits, the top of the skull is strongly inclined downward toward the
nose; transversely this surface is shallowly concave. Viewed from
above, the posterior outline of the skull is broadly concave from side
to side. Viewed from the side, the skull is low, the depth being about
one-third the total length. The orbit is of large size, subcircular in
outline, and centrally placed in relation to the longitudinal diameter
of the skull; it looks outward and slightly forward. Its position in
the skull is intermediate between that of Aetosaurus and Stegomo-
\
siichus, resembling the former in shape and size, and the latter in its
anterior placement.
Fig. 2. Skull of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Type, No. 11,361, C. M. Cat,
Vert. Foss., viewed from the left side, a.o.f., anteorbital fossa; fr, frontal; ju.
jugal; la, lachrymal; pa, parietal; po, postorbital; qu, quadrate; sq, squamosal.
One and one-half natural size.
In front of the orbits and separated from them by the lachrymal
are small, triangular shaped preorbital fossae (See fig. 2), their small
size furnishing a striking contrast when compared with such aeto-
saurian forms as Aetosaurus, Scleromochlus, or Ornithosuchus. Its
size is even more reduced than in the American Stegomosuchus or the
South African Chasmatosaurus.
In the temporal region, many features approximating the structure
of the crocodilian skull are found, namely the strongly inclined and
fixed quadrate and quadratojugal, which are rigidly joined to the
roof of the skull internal to the upper end of the postorbital bar, as
in the eusuchian Crocodilia. These bones thus enclose a small tri-
angle-shaped infratemporal fossa immediately behind the orbit, and
distinctly separate it from an upper elongated auditory channel, which
posteriorly appears to be without osseous border. This channel is
strongly overhung laterally and posteriorly by the squamosal, which
bends downward at its posterior extremity. The hinder end of the
330
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
squamosal is pointed and free and is not in close relation with the
paroccipital process, as is general in the Crocodilia.
Among described Aetosauria, Erpetosuchus granti Newton^ most
nearly approaches the above condition. Although this portion of
the Stegomosuchus skull is rather imperfectly preserved, a somewhat
similar division of the area below the supratemporal bar is suggested
in the diagrammatic figure given by Emerson and Loomis (See fig. 4).
The differences between that specimen and the one here considered
may, however, be more apparent than real, since much uncertainty
existed in the minds of the authors regarding the precise structure of
this region in the Triassic genus. The postorbital bar is slender and
stands perpendicularly, and is not inclined inward at the top, as in
the crocodiles; neither does it lean backward as in many of the aeto-
saurians.
Viewed from the back the skull is subrectangular in outline. The
small, subcircular occipital condyle is placed high up toward the roof
of the skull. On each side a large process passes off from the exoc-
cipital region, the outer expanded end of which seems to come into
close relation with the overlying squamosal bone. The posterior
surface of these ends appears to be continuous ventrally with a con-
stricted descending bone, the lower extremity of which is expanded
and reaches nearly to the level of the posterior branch of the ptery-
goid. It seems hardly possible that all of this bone could belong to
the paroccipital process, but, in the absence of all sutures, its identifi-
cation remains in doubt. It may represent a process from the basi-
pterygoid, or, more probably, an inner wing-like development from
the quadrate. The other parts of the occiput are hidden by matrix,
which it was deemed inexpedient to remove.
The palate is in an almost perfect state of preservation (See fig. 3)
and all uncovered, except the foremost part, but none of the sutural
contacts can be determined. The pterygoids meet strongly on the
median line in front of the basisphenoid and there is no evidence of
pterygoid teeth, such as are found in Proterosuchus fergusi Broom. The
pterygoid sends down a large pointed process, against the outer edge
of which the inner surface of the mandible plays as' in Erpetosuchus
granti and especially in the Crocodilia. Posterior to these descending
processes, lateral divergent processes are continued backward from
Thilos, Trans., Vol. CLXXXVB, 1894* Pk S3. %• u
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
331
the main body of the pterygoid to meet the quadrates, with which
they seem to be firmly joined on their inner sides.
exoc
oc
■sc
p*
Fig, 3, Skull of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Type, No. 11,361, C. M, Cat.
Vert. Foss., palatal view, exoc, exoccipital; in?, internal nares; ju, jugal; oc, oc-
cipital condyle; qu, quadrate; pi, palatine; pt, pterygoid; sc, portions of dorsal
scutes. One and one-half natural size.
The pterygoids are much constricted between the post-palatine
vacuities which are of good size. It is quite probable that both the
palatines and pterygoids help to form the inner boundaries of the
post-palatine vacuities. Passing forward from the constricted area
between these vacuities, the palatines rapidly widen to meet the
maxillaries. Whether the maxillaries develop a palatal plate cannot
be determined from this specimen. The roof of the mouth is highly
arched, especially that portion lying between the teeth. There is a
suggestion of a median trough slightly approaching the condition
found in the palate of Erpetosuchus granti Newton, but not so clearly
defined as in that species. The posterior nares seem to be outlined by
a thin filament of bone running through the matrix in the anterior
portion of the palate, but this has resisted all attempts at further
development. If correct in this supposition, the posterior nares open
backward from beneath a thin shelf of bone bridging across the
forward portion of the mouth. Their outline cannot certainly be
determined, though they are tentatively represented as shown in
figure 3, I.N.?
Lower jaw. — Both rami are preserved, but only their external
surfaces are freed from the investing matrix. The lower jaw, corre-
sponding with the skull, is narrow in front, but the rami diverge
regularly, as they proceed backward. They are relatively slender,
fully coalesced on the median line, and give no evidence of sutural
332
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
union. The symphysis is comparatively short. There may have been
a mandibular foramen, although the evidence on that point is not
conclusive. Teeth appear to occupy the rami for one-half their total
length. None of the sutures of the jaw can be detected so that
nothing is to be learned regarding the extent of the individual ele-
ments.
Teeth. — The teeth are thecodont with long, subcylindrical roots,
which are deeply inserted in the jaws. None of the upper teeth have
their crowns sufficiently well preserved to determine their characters,
nor can their total number be ascertained. In the right ramus there
is evidence of not less than fourteen teeth, which probably closely
approximates the number in the complete series. The forward teeth
of the dentary have a decided backward rake. There is a suggestion
of a Carina on both front and back edges of the crowns of a few dentary
teeth, but this evidence is very obscure. Haughton ^ points out that
in Chasmatosaurus, “a feature of the teeth is the manner in which the
bone of the alveolar border grows on to the older teeth, e. g., the
Mosasaurs.”
Measurements of Skull.
Greatest length as preserved 31.0 mm.
Greatest width 23.0 mm.
Greatest width between orbits at center 16.0 mm.
Greatest width across external nares 7.0 mm .
Depth in front of orbits 7-5 mm .
Depth at orbits 11.3 mm.
Longitudinal diameter of orbit 10. o mm.
Vertical diameter of orbit 6.8 mm.
Distance from posterior end of squamosal to back of orbit 12.0 mm.
Distance from end of snout, as preserved, to front of orbit 9.5 mm.
Width between center of distal ends of quadrates, about 18.5 mm.
Measurements of Lower Jaws,
Length 32.0 mm.
Width across posterior ends of rami .22.0 mm.
Width at symphysis '• 7-0 mm .
Greatest depth of ramus 5-0 mm.
Greatest depth anterior end 2.0 mm.
Length of symphysis, about 5-0 mm.
Vertehrce. — The ventral portion of the centra of three anterior
cervicals, a posterior sacral, and four anterior caudals are all that is
‘^Ann. Transvaal Museum, Vol. XI, 1924, p. 95,
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
333
visible of the vertebral column in the present state of preparation
of the specimen (See PL XXVIII). It is quite probable that the
entire backbone is present, for the few vertebrae exposed are in
articulated series. Whether the vertebra are amphicoelous or pleuro-
coelous cannot be ascertained. The cervical centra are moderately
concave with a suggestion of a keel. The posterior sacral is broadly
flattened below, with wide, heavy, transverse processes, extending
outward to support the ilia. The caudal centra are strongly concave
from end to end, and those posterior to the first have long transverse
processes, which reach to the outer border of the carapace. These
processes are given off from the posterior half of the centrum. The
centrum of the second caudal has a length of 4 mm. The third caudal
seems to have borne the first chevron. The tail is broad and flat as
in Aetosaurus.
Ribs. — A few slender ribs of each side project downward from the
matrix beneath the carapace but they are too imperfect to supply
satisfactory information. None gives evidence of the presence of
uncinate processes.
Fig. 4. Skeleton and Skull of Stegomosuchus longipes (Emerson and Loomis).
Type. About one-half natural size. (After Emerson and Loomis.)
Dermal armor. — The dorsal side of the body was protected by a
bony covering consisting of a double row of rectangular plates, which
join by their shorter diameters on the median line (See PI. XXVII,
fig. i). The rear margin of each scute overlaps the front of the
succeeding. The outer margins of the dorsal scutes are oblique to
the inner margin as in Stegomus arcuatus Marsh, while in Stegomo-
suchus longipes (Emerson and Loomis) the two margins are parallel
or with only a slight tendency to diverge at the rear edge of each
plate (See fig. 4). Posterior to the sacrum their outer edges are
334
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
flanked by small subtriangular scutes similar to those found in the
presacral region in Stegomosuchus longipes. The posterior half of
the tail, however, shows evidence of having been entirely enveloped
by bony armor. It has been impossible to determine the total number
of bony segments forming one of these tail rings, but that there were
not less than six distinct elements is certain.
Between the head and the pelvis there are certainly twenty-two
sets of plates, possibly one or two more, the uncertainty of the precise
number being occasioned by a fracture across the carapace immedi-
ately posterior to the skull, which destroyed a transverse area. It is
presumed that the number of sets of dermal plates equals the number
of presacral vertebrae, i. e., there being one set for each vertebra as
in Aetosaurus. If this be true, the presacral series would closely
approach the extant Crocodilia which have twenty-four vertebra in
front of the sacrum.
This feature is in itself an important distinction between this
reptile and the armored Triassic Stegomosuchus which is said to have
twenty-eight sets of dermal plates, although von Huene^ was of the
opinion that there are not more than twenty-five presacral vertebra.
In the neck and anterior dorsal region the plates are so firmly
coalesced on the median line that their union can no longer be seen.
More posteriorly, however, and continuing well backward above the
tail their median junction is clearly defined.
The fourth segment posterior to the sacrum bears the first small
triangular scute, which is smaller than any of those immediately
following. On the left side of the fifth caudal segment and in juxta-
position to the small triangular scute of this segment is found the
first evidence of ventral plates. This is a rectangular scute about
subequal in size to the dorsal scutes and articulated with the small
triangular scute previously mentioned. That the under side of the
remaining portion of the tail was armored is clearly indicated in this
specimen, although the details of its structure are more or less obscure.
It is also quite evident that the tail was flattened dorso-ventrally.
The dorsal scutes of the tail become narrower transversely and longer
antero-posteriorly from the sacrum backward.
The arrangement and relationships of the dorsal scutes are clearly
shown in Plate XXVII, fig. i. Scutes in the mid-dorsal region have
®GeoL und Pal, AbhL, Jena, Vol, XIII, pt. i, 1914, p. 19.
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Repttle.
335
a fore-and-aft width of 4.5 mm. and a transverse diameter of about
10 mm. The narrowness fore-and-aft of many of the cervical segments
is probably due to the bending upward of the neck thus causing the
scutes to slide over one another. There is no evidence of a wide
segment in the middle of the cervical region, such as was found in
Stegomosiichus longipes (See fig. 4).
Taken as a whole the carapace is slightly constricted in the region
of the neck, gradually widening to the middle of the dorsal region,
and again becoming progressively narrower proceeding toward the
extremity of the tail.
On the dorsal surface of the scutes there are indications of pitting
but the character of the preservation is such that one cannot be
certain. This apparently is also the condition in Stegomosiichus, as
contrasted with the radially arranged strise ornamenting the scutes
in Aetosaurus.
Allowing two segments for the sacrum there are twenty-three sets
of caudal segments to the point where the tip of the tail protruded
from the rock and was lost.
Pectoral girdle. — The scapula and coracoid of both sides are present,
but all of these bones are so situated that it is impossible to obtain
either a full conception of their shape or to determine their individual
characteristics. The scapulae are partially hidden beneath the over-
lying carapace, and the coracoids project downward between the fore
limbs in such a manner that they cannot be fully developed. The left
scapula, which is most fully exposed, shows the expanded articular
end bending strongly inward, as in Erpetosuchus. Over all it has a
greatest length of 12.8 mm. The upper or free end is rather squarely
truncated and without especial backward expansion, in this respect
resembling the crocodilian scapula more nearly than that of the
armored Aetosaurus.
The scapula of Aetosaurus, as illustrated by von Huene, ® shows a
decided backward extension of the upper end. The outer surface of
the blade is gently convex transversely, becoming flattened toward
the upper extremity and concave toward the lower or articular end.
Both scapulae, as found in this articulated specimen, lie with their
longest diameters practically parallel with the vertebral column, but
whether this represents the natural angulation of these bones, or. that
®Acta Zoologica, 1920, p. 477, figs. 26 and 27.
336
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
they have been flattened down from a more vertical position by
postmortem causes, is impossible of determination.
The coracoids are slightly separated from their respective scapulae.
The surface of the coracoid which articulates with the scapula corre-
sponds in thickness and outline with the corresponding surface of the
latter bone. The external border of this surface makes an oblique
angle with the longitudinal axis of the bone. The glenoid surface
faces outward and is situated on a process, which is sharply set off
from the main mass of the bone, as in the Crocodilia. The portion
below this expanded end cannot be seen sufficiently well to determine
its other characteristics. A coracoid foramen has not been recognized,
though it may be present.
In the present stage of preparation of this specimen none of the
other elements of the girdle have been disclosed.
Fore leg and foot. — Both articulated fore limbs are present, but the
left fore foot is entirely missing and a single metacarpal and one
phalangial bone is all that remains of the right.
The humerus is relatively slender in proportion to its length. It is
expanded at both ends, more especially the proximal, the planes of
the proximal and distal expansions cutting one another at a consider-
able angle, as in the Sauria, instead of being nearly parallel, as in
the Crocodilia. The humerus viewed from the side is sinuously
curved from end to end, so that the proximal end curves slightly
backward and the distal end slightly downward. On the posterior
side of the distal end the bone is decidedly grooved. The deltoid
crest is prominently developed and located near the proximal end of
the bone. There is no indication of either entepicondylar or ectoepi-
condylar foramina. The humerus is somewhat shorter than the femur,
having a total length of 19.3 mm. whereas the latter is 26 mm. long.
Measurements of humerus.
Length 19 -30 mm.
Breadth of proximal end 5 • 50 mm .
Breadth of distal end 3 ■ 00 mm .
Least diameter of shaft i • 75 mm.
The radius and ulna of both fore limbs are closely applied to one
another, the radius having a tendency to cross the front of the ulna, a
condition noted by Emerson and Loomis in Stegomosuchus (Stegomus)
longipes,"^ a condition closely simulating the mammalian forearm.
^Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. XVII, 1904, p. 378.
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
337
The radius is a slender, straight-shafted bone, slightly shorter than
the ulna, and slightly expanded at the proximal and distal ends. It
has a greatest length of 17.5 mm.
The ulna is characteristic in form, being heavy at the proximal end
and small at its distal end. It slightly exceeds the humerus in length,
a condition found also in Crocodilus americanus. The left humerus,
which is most perfect, has a greatest length over all of 19.4 mm.
A single poorly preserved articulated metacarpal appears to have
a length of about 7 mm. The preservation of this bone is such that
it shows no other details of value. A small fragment of bone attached
to its distal end may represent a phalangial, but it shows no features
by which its identification can be fully established. There is no
positive evidence of the presence of an ossified carpus.
Pelvic arch. — There is reason for believing that the complete pelvic
arch is present, but the articulated hind limbs are folded up in such
a manner along both sides that it has been quite impossilbe to expose
the forward part of the arch to view. By removing the matrix from
the rear the uncrushed and articulated ischia are partially disclosed.
Their distally expanded ends meet broadly on the median line and at
the center send backward an obtusely pointed projection. The pelvic
orifice has a greatest vertical depth of 7 mm. The line of articulation
with the ilium cannot be surely determined, so that it is impossible
to say anything about this important feature. Neither can it be
determined whether the ischium excludes the pubis from contact
with the ilium, as in the Crocodilia, a most important structural
feature and one that would be of the greatest importance in the
positive determination of the true relationships of the present speci-
men. The outlines of the ilium cannot be delimited and the pubes
are entirely hidden in the matrix. ^
Hind leg and foot. — Except for the loss of a few phalanges both
hind limbs and feet are completely preserved. The fact that both hind
legs are folded up parallel to one another appears indicative of an
upright mammalian posture of the limbs in life, rather than the
sprawling pose of a crawling reptile.
The femur is expanded at both ends, with the planes of these ends
oblique to one another as in the humerus. The shaft of the bone has
a forward arcuation and the proximal end bends decidedly upward
much as in the lacertilian reptiles. The anterior surface toward the
distal end is shallowly grooved longitudinally. The other features of
338
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the femur are hidden from view, either by adjacent bones or the
enveloping matrix. Over all the femur has a length of 25 mm., being
the longest bone of the appendicular skeleton.
The right tibia is exposed for its full length on the posterior side,
but it is folded up beneath the femur in such a manner that none of
its other characteristics are disclosed at this time. It has a greatest
length of about 21 mm.
The fibula is long and slender. Its detailed features are obscure
like those of the tibia. The tarsi are apparently complete in both
limbs, but the bones are so merged into one another that it is quite
impossible to differentiate the separate elements. The calcaneum
can be recognized from its position below the fibula and also from its
prominent backward projection, which is especially well shown in the
right tarsus. In this respect it resembles other Aetosauria, such as
Aetosaurus and Scleromochlus.
The hind foot consists of four digits, there being no trace of a fifth
in either pes. The metatarsus is much longer than the metacarpus.
The metatarsals are long and slender, and closely articulated at their
proximal ends. The inner one is the shortest, the second and third
about subequal in length, and the fourth slightly shorter than the
median pair. In the number of digits and relative length of meta-
tarsals they bear a close resemblance to the crocodilian pes. The
complete digital formula is unknown. The complete proximal row
of phalanges is -present on the right foot and the inner two on the
left. The third is the longest and stoutest. The third metatarsal is
about one-half the length of the tibia. A second phalanx is preserved
on the fourth toe of the right hind foot, but all other distal phalangials
are missing.
Affinities.
The anterior position of the external nares; the forward location of
the internal nares; the large orbital, opening laterally; the small, but
distinct, preorbital vacuity; the triangular infratemporal fossa; the
fixed quadrate; the deeply socketed thecodont teeth; the fore limb
shorter than the hind; the fifth digit of the pes, -either absent, or very
much reduced; and a dorsal armor of a series of oblong paired plates
are a combination of structural features in Hoplosuchus characteristic
of the suborder Aetosauria {Pseudosuchia).
On the other hand the failure to recognize the existence in this
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
339
genus of supratemporal fossae, and the presence of what appears to
be a distinct pineal foramen are structural features unknown in the
other members of this suborder. Some doubt exists as to whether
the so-called pineal is a true foramen in this skull, or whether it only
represents an accidental opening. Under the glass it appears to be
authentic, although its position so far forward between the orbits is
without parallel among other Reptilia, with the possible exception of
the Ichthyosauria. The matter of the absence of supratemporal fossae
I do not consider so important, as they might have been roofed over
secondarily. However, on account of these uncertainties of skull-
structure, the present reference of this specimen to the Aetosauria
{ Pseudo suchia) is made with reservations.
In size, general contour of the skull, and in the placing and relative
proportions of the lateral openings of the cranium, Hoplosuchus kayi
finds its nearest counterpart in the skull of Stegomosuchus. Still
closer resemblances between these two genera are found when the
skeletal parts and the dermal armor are compared. Unfortung^tely
the skull of Stegomosuchus is not fully known, so that it cannot be
contrasted throughout with the specimen under consideration. This
observation applies particularly to the important postero-lateral
portion, which, in the rather sketchy outline published by Emerson
and Loomis (See fig. 4), leaves one in doubt as to how much de-
pendence can be placed on it, as illustrating the actual structure. The
perpendicular position of the quadrate, having in front of it two
lateral fossae, separated by a slender and nearly horizontal bar, in
the light of the skull of Hoplosuchus at once suggests that the above
mentioned bar may after all represent an inclined quadrate and
quadratojugal, and, if this supposition be true, the small triangular
fossa above the bar would represent the auditory channel and the
one below the true infratemporal fossa. Whether this is the correct
interpretation or not must, however, await the discovery of better
preserved specimens. Furthermore, doubt of the existence of an
external mandibular foramen in Stegomosuchus is also expressed by
the broken line used in indicating its probable position.
In the large size of the orbit Hoplosuchus approaches Aetosaurus,
although its -submedian position in relation to the longitudinal
diameter of the skull finds its nearest resemblance in Stegomosuchus.
A further similarity between these two genera is the greatly reduced
anteorbital fossa, as contrasted with the large preorbital vacuities in
340
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
such genera as Erpetosuchus, Ornithosuchus, Aetosaurus, and Sclero-
mochlus.
The inclined quadrate-quadratojugal with strongly overhanging
squamosal of Hoplosuchiis finds its closest resemblance in the Elgin
Erpetosuchus granti. This is a crocodile-like feature of the Aetosaitriar
which reaches its extreme development in Eloplosuchus. The skull
resemblances of certain members of this suborder to the Dinosauriay
Crocodilia, and Pterosauria have been noticed by several writers, but
in Hoplosuchiis the trend of development appears to be toward the
Crocodilia, as shown by the presence of a fixed quadrate, which is
strongly inclined forward and articulating dorsally internal to the
upper end of the postorbital bar, the presence of a reduced infra-
temporal fossa with a large auditory channel lying above and behind
this fossa, pterygoids completely united on the median line in front of
the basisphenoid and with descending plates, thecodont dentition,
elongated coracoids, four elongated digits in the pes, and a produced
calcaneum. The articulated ischia also have a crocodilian aspect,
although they are not greatly unlike those of Aetosaurus.
The forward position of the posterior nares gives the palate a lizard-
like character and quite unlike any Mesosuchia or Eusuchia, but
resembles the condition found in Erpetosuchus and Ornithosuchus. The
preorbital vacuity finds no counterpart in the Crocodilia, but is
present in many of the Dinosauria.
The appendicular skeleton, so far as it can be compared, shows a
remarkably close resemblance to the long, slender limbs of Stegomo-
suchus longipes, the closest similarity existing in the relative propor-
tions between fore and hind limbs, and between the several segments
composing them. In view of this, I refer the new genus Hoplosuchiis
provisionally to the family Stegomosuchidce.
Restoration.
On Plate XXIX is shown a skeletal restoration of Hoplosuchiis
kayi somewhat less than natural size. While there are many critical
points regarding the skeletal anatomy of this animal yet to be de-
termined, the tentative restoration serves to graphically display
some of its more striking characteristics, such as the upright, cur-
sorial type of limbs, the flatness of the tail, and the general slenderness
of the whole animal.
Gilmore: A New Aetosaurian Reptile.
341
The missing parts and the obscure form of many of the bones in
the original skeleton have been restored after other aetosaurians, and
apart from the skull and dermal exoskeleton, the detailed form of
most of the remaining elements is subject to revision with the dis-
covery of better preserved specimens. However, the proportions of
the animal may be relied on as being approximately correct.
Practically nothing is known of the structure of the fore foot and
little of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the scapulae and poorly pre-
served coracoid of the former and the ischia of the latter only
being present; these parts, therefore, have been almost entirely
restored.
It is presumed that the dermal armature was more extensive than
is here represented, but its complete development can be depicted
only after discovery of better specimens.
Hoplosuchus seems to have been a cursorial terrestrial animal, as is
evidenced by the slender body and long, light limbs, formed of nearly
straight-shafted bones. A further reason for the adoption of the
upright, mammalian-like pose of the limbs is furnished by the parallel
position of the legs in relation to the body, as preserved in the matrix,
a position not likely to be assumed in the preservation of a skeleton
of a low, sprawling reptile.
REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.
Boulenger, G. a. On Reptilian Remains from the Trias of .Elgin.
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Vol. CXCVI, 1903, p. 175-189,
fig. 9, Pis. V-X.
Broom, R. On the South African Pseudo suchian Euparkeria and
Allied Genera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, pp. 619-633,
Pis. LXXV-LXXIX.
Emerson, B. K., and Loomis, F. B. Stegomus longipes, a New
Reptile from the Triassic Sandstones of the Connecticut Valley.
Amer. Journ.-Sci., (4) XVII, 1904, pp. 377-380, PI. XXII.
Frass, O. Dyoplax arenaceus, ein neuer Keupersaurier. Jahresb. d.
Ver. f. vaterl. Naturk. in Wiirttemberg, Vol. XXIII, 1867, p. 108.
Aetosaurus ferratus, Fr., die gepanzerte Vogelechse aus dem
Stubensandstein bei Stuttgart. Jahresb. d. Ver. f. vaterl. Naturk.
in Wiirttemberg, Vol. XXXIII, 1877, pp. 1-21.
342
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Haughton, S. H. a New Thecodont from the Stormherg Beds. {Spheno-
suchus acutus, g. et sp. nov.). Ann. South African Museum,
Vol. XII, 1915, p. 98.
On a New Type of Thecodont from the Middle Beaufort Beds.
Ann. Transvaal Mus., Vol. XI, pt. i, 1924, pp. 93-97, Pis. VII
and VIII.
Hoepen, E. C. a New Pseudosuchian from the Orange Free State.
Ann. Transvaal Mus., Vol. V, 1915, pp. 83-87.
Huene, F. von. Beitrdge zur Kenntnis und Beurteilung der Para-
suchier. Geol. u. Palaont., Abh. Jena, 10 pt. i, 1911, pp. 61-122.
Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Archosaurier. Geol. u. Palaont.
Abh. Jena, Vol. 17, pt. i, 1914, pp. 1-53, 7 Taf.
■ Osteologie von Aetosaurus ferratus 0. Frass. Acta Zpologica,
1920, p. 465.
The Triassic Reptilian Order Thecodontia. Amer. Journ-
Sci., (5) Vol. 4, 1922, pp. 22-26, I fig.
Kurzer Uberblick iiber die triassische Reptilordnung The-
codontia. Centralbl. f. Min., Stuttgart, 1922, pp. 408-415, i fig.
Lull, R. S. Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley. State Geol. Nat.
Hist. Survey of Connecticut, Bull. No. 24, 1915, p. 98.
Marsh, O. C. A New Belodont Reptile (Stegomus) from the Con-
necticut River Sandstone. Amer. Journ. Sci., (4) II, 1896, pp. 59-
62, PI. I.
Newton, E. T. Reptiles from the Elgin Sandstone: Description of
Two New Genera. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, CLXXXV,
1894, pp. 573-607, Pis. LIII-LVI.
Woodward, A. S. On a New Dinosaurian Reptile {Scleromochlus
taylori) gen. et sp. nov. from the Trias of Lossiemouth, Elgin.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 63, 1907, pp. 140-144,
PL IX.
344
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIL
Skeleton of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Type, No. 11,361, Cam. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Fossils.
Fig. I. Dorsal View.
Fig. 2. Lateral View, Right Side.
(Both figures natural size.)
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVL
Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore.
346
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIIL
Skeleton of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore. Type, No. 11,361, Cam, Mus. Cat.
Vert. Fossils. Lateral View, Left Side. (Natural size.)
C, caudal centra; Ca, tarsus; F, femur; H, humerus; Is, ischium; Me, meta-
carpals; Met, metatarsals; F, phalanges; R, ribs; Ra, radius; Sc, scapula; Ti,
tibia; Ul, ulna.
AKWALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, ¥oL XVL
1
348
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
Restored Skeleton of Hoplosuchus kayi Gilmore, viewed from the left side.
(About natural size.) Some missing parts restored from other Aetosaurians.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
CONTE NTS a
Editorial Notes . . . . . . .....
In Memoriam, William McConway ...
Neotropical Homoptera, Part 5. By Herbert
•Osborn . ... . . .' . . ■ . . . . '
The Fossils of the Frankstown Cave, Blair County,
Pennsylvania. By O. A. Peterson . . . . .
Hyracodon petersoni, A New Cursorial Rhinoceros
f^om the Lower Oligocene. By Horatio Elmer
Woon . . _ . . . . . . '. . . . ' .
Ophidia from South America in the Carnegie
Museum. By Afranio Do Amaral . . ...
A New Aetpsaurian Reptile from the , Morrison
Formation of Utah. By C. W- Gilmoj^e ... .
I45~i5l
■■
' 'a, ■
152-154
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i55“248
249-314
■ ■ I'l
-- 11
■
315-318
.(•A
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319-322
'
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325-348
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Serial No. 129
Publications of the Carnegie Museum
ANNALS
■■■ L :
OF THE
-
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
V'
VoL. XVI. Nos. 3-4.
-n; '
April, 1926
y:
'Av-
s ;A
For sale by Messrs. Wheldon & Wesl6y, .Ltd., 2-4, Arthur St., New
Oxford St., London, W. C. 2, England: Messrs. R. Friedlander u. Sohn,
II Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. \¥. 6, Germany: Maruzen Company, Ltd.,
11—16, Nihonbashi, Tori-Sanchome, Tokyo, Japan: and at the Carnegie
Museum, Jschenley Park, Pittsburgh, Penna., U. S. A.
d-
:(
ANNALS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
VOLUME XVI, PARTS 3 and 4.
Editorial Notes.
The present double number of the ANNALS completes the Six-
teenth Volume of this publication. The Tenth Volume of the
MEMOIRS was duly completed and issued in bound form about the
middle of October, 1925. A number of articles are on hand which
will appear in the Seventeenth Volume of the ANNALS and the
Eleventh Volume of the MEMOIRS.
The Section of Mineralogy has received from the American Mag-
nesium Corporation, through Mr. R. B. Mellon, a very beautiful
specimen of metallic magnesium. These crystals are purer than any
other metal commercially produced, containing only .02% of other
elements. This is the first specimen of magnesium ever produced in
this state of purity. The hexagonal crystals have great brilliancy
and show no signs of oxidation.
On January 9, 1926, an exhibit of “New Things in Science, and
Recent Acquisitions by the Museum” was opened. The event was
preceded by a largely attended reception, at which a great company
of the friends of the Carnegie Museum was present.
Something new or especially interesting from every Section of the
Museum was shown and a Curator or Custodian was in attendance
at each exhibit to explain the specimens in an intimate and popular
manner.
The Section of the Decorative Arts was supplemented by collec-
tions lent by Cartier and by Duveen Brothers of New York City. A
349
350
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
portion of the large collection of oriental textiles made by the late
Charles Graham and deposited in the Museum by Mr. and Mrs. F.
G. McKelvy was displayed for the first time.
The cooperation of a number of the Research Laboratories in
Pittsburgh added much to the interest of the exhibition. Among
those supplying exhibits were the Mellon Institute, the Carnegie
Institute of Technology, the Macbeth-Evans Glass Company, the
Firth-Sterling Steel Company, the U, S. Bureau of Mines, the West-
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, the General Electric
Company, the Koppers Company, the Radio Corporation of America,
the Duquesne Light Company, the Equitable Gas Company, the
Motion Picture Machines Company, and The Standard Chemical
Company.
Through the courtesy of the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company an ex-
hibition of musical instruments was opened on Sunday, January 31st.
One of the finest collections of violins made by the great masters of
the art, which has ever been assembled, was displayed. These violins
are the personal property of Mr. Rudolph Wurlitzer. In all there
were twenty-four specimens, including five made by Antonius Stradi-
varius, one by Joseph Guarnerius, and one by Jacobus Stainer. There
was also a viola, which is undoubtedly the finest specimen in existence,
made by Gaspar de Salo in the year 1575.
In addition, examples of other instruments used by a symphony
orchestra were shown, and also the instruments used by modern
dance orchestras. One case was filled with primitive musical instru-
ments from Africa, China, India, and Japan. These are the property
of the Museum. There was also a collection showing the development
of the piano from the harpsichord and clavichord to the present day
perfected grand piano, and a reproducing piano. Among the instru-
ments which are historically notable was the piano of Stephen C.
Eoster, presented to the Museum some years ago by Mr. Henry
Butterfield of Boston, a relative of the famous composer.
The public not only had an opportunity to see these instruments,
but also on two occasions to hear them. One evening, after a lecture
by Mr. J. C. Ereeman on “Old Violins and Their Makers,” the Yost
String Quartet played on the instruments; and on the evening of
Eriday, February 12th, a concert in which the same instruments were
used, was given by Victor Saudek and his Little Symphony Orchestra,
Editorial Notes.
351
the concert being broadcast from the Museum over the radio by
Station KDKA of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing
Company.
On January 30, 1926, Mr. George Alexander Ehrman of 2314 Sarah
Street, Pittsburgh, died in the sixty-fourth year of his age. Mr.
Ehrman, we are informed, has provided that his entire collection of
insects, together with his library of entomological books, shall become
the property of the Carnegie Museum.
Mr. Ehrman was one of a small company of men devoted to ento-
mological pursuits, who at the beginning of the last decade of the
Nineteenth Century began systematically to collect the insects of
western Pennsylvania. The labors of this small group, of which he
was one of the most active members, resulted in a very great extension
of our knowledge of the insect fauna of the region.
After devoting himself for a number of years to the study of' the
lepidoptera and coleoptera of western Pennsylvania, Mr. Ehrman,
attracted by their beauty and variety of forms, began to systematically
collect the species of the genus Papilio from all parts of the world.
Shortly before his death he informed the writer of these lines that he
believed that he had succeeded in acquiring representatives of nearly
all of the species, which have been described as belonging to this genus,
together with a great many sub-species and aberrational forms. While
Mr. Ehrman specialized in the genus Papilio to a remarkable extent,
he was not oblivious of the lepidoptera in general, and his collection
contains the types of a number of species which he described, many
of them from tropical western Africa, especially Liberia, where he had
correspondents. Early in his entomological studies he became in-
terested in the coleopterous genus Cychrus, and by purchase and
exchange brought together a remarkable collection of these striking
and often brilliant beetles, which composes a part of the collection
bequeathed by him to the Carnegie Museum.
Mr. Ehrman published a score or more of articles in various scien-
tific journals, some of them longer, some of them shorter. More than
a dozen of these appear in the early issues of the Entomological News;
others in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society; and still
others in the Canadian Entomologist. He also published several
papers in other journals than those here mentioned.
Mr. Ehrman in early life completed a course in the public schools
352
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
of Pittsburgh and was then compelled to face the necessity of acquiring
his own livelihood. He began his career in a glass-house. He advanced
step by step in his calling from being a “gatherer” until he became a
foreman. Being of an inventive turn of mind he devised a number of
appliances, which were adopted and came into general use in factories
for the manufacture of both blown and pressed glass. By industry
and thrift he acquired a competence, his only extravagances being
the expenditure of considerable sums of money in enlarging and
enriching his entomological collections, and here he never was hindered
by considerations of economy in acquiring his desiderata, especially
in the genus Papilio. After having for many years served as an
employe of the Macbeth-Evans Glass Company and the United
States Glass Company, he was in the later years of his life employed
in the Research Laboratory of the Mesta Machine Company in West
Homestead. He never married. He leaves a brother, Mr, Albert
Ehrman of Pittsburgh, and two sisters, Mrs. Elizabeth Fritz of
Pittsburgh, and Mrs. Kate Roessler of Terre Haute, Indiana.
The reference made in the foregoing brief notice of our deceased
friend, Mr. George A. Ehrman, recalls to the writer of these lines the
fact that largely through the efforts of men, who like himself possessed
an innate love of natural history, there has taken place during the
last three decades a more or less intensive study of the fauna and
flora of western Pennsylvania. The truth is that through the efforts
of this small company of enthusiasts there has been carried on what
might be aptly described as a biological survey of western Pennsyl-
vania and more particularly of Allegheny County. Some of the
results of this work are embodied in the Annals of the Carnegie
Museum. The first considerable list of species occurring in south-
western Pennsylvania was the List of the Coleoptera of Southwestern
Pennsylvania, published by Dr. John Hamilton in the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society, VoL XXI, 1894, pp. 1-36. The
following is a catalog of the papers relating to the fauna and flora of
the region, which have been from time to time issued, principally in
the Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
I. A Local List of the Genus Catocala. By George A, Ehrman,
Pittsburgh, Pa. EntomologicalNews, VoL III, 1892, pp. 168— 169.
This list was subsequently supplemented by Mr. Ehrman in a
brief paper published by him in The Entomological News, Yol.V , p. 212.
Editorial Notes.
353
2. The Crayfish of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. By E. B.
Vvolliamson. Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. I, 1901, pp. 8-13.
3. A Preliminary List of the Vascular Flora of Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania. By John A. Shafer. Annals Carnegie Museum,
Vol. I, 1901, pp. 14-127.
4. The Reptiles of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. By D. A. Atkin-
son. Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. I, pp. 145-157.
5. Supplement to Dr. John Hamilton' s List of the Coleoptera of South-
western Pennsylvania. By Henry Klages. Annals Carnegie
Museum, Vol. I, 1901, pp. 265-294.
In this paper Mr. Klages enumerated three hundred and eighty-
eight species and twenty-six varieties, bringing the coleoptera of the
region up to a total of over twenty-five hundred species. Since the
list published by Mr. Henry G. Klages appeared, numerous species,
not enumerated in the list of Hamilton or of Klages, have been
discovered, many of them having been described by the late Col.
Thomas L. Casey, U. S. A. It is no exaggeration to say that probably
the total number of species found in the region is now known to exceed
three thousand.
6. The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania.
By W. E. C. Todd. Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. 1 1, 1903,
pp. 481-596.
7. A Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of Western Pennsylvania.
By P. Modestus VVirtner, O. S. B. Annals Carnegie Museum,
Vol. HI, 1905, pp. 183-232.
8. The Crawfish of Western Pennsylvania. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann.
Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. HI, 1905, pp. 387-406.
9. Additions and Corrections to the List of the Vascular Flora of Alle-
gheny County, Penyisylvania. By Otto E. Jennings. Annals
Carnegie Museum, Vol. Ill, 1906, pp. 473-479.
This list shows that the total number of species found within the
narrow limits of Allegheny County is approximately one thousand.
10. A Preliminary List of the Lepidoptera of Western Pennsylvania,
Collected in the Vicinity of Pittsburgh. By Henry Engel.
Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. V, 1908, pp. 27—136.
According to this list there were over sixteen hundred species of
lepidoptera known to exist in the region at the time of the publication
of the list. A revision of the list would show that this number has
been very largely increased in recent years.
354
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
II. A Preliminary List of the Unionidce of Western Pennsylvania,
etc. By A. E. Ortmann. Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. V,
pp. 178-210.
In addition to the lists hereinbefore mentioned, dealing with recent
forms, it may be added that a number of papers have been published
in the Annals of the Carnegie Museum cataloging the invertebrate
fossils found in various sections of the sedimentary rocks of the region.
These proceeded principally from the pen of Mr. Percy E. Raymond.
A few vertebrate fossils from near Pittsburgh were listed and described
by Dr. E. C. Case, Annals Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV, 1907, pp. 234-241.
From the foregoing resume it will be seen that the local students of
nature have not been slumbering and there is probably no limited
area in the country which has received more intensive study from the
standpoint of the naturalist. Material is in hand for the publication
of lists of other orders of insects than those which have been cataloged;
and it is understood that Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd will shortly publish
a very extensive and carefully prepared Catalog of the Birds of western
Pennsylvania. The fishes and the mammals, rapidly vanishing, are
the only groups which have not been thus far cataloged. It is hoped,
however, ere long to supply this deficiency.
X. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES AND VARIE-
TIES OF RHOPALOCERA IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
By a. Avinoff.
(Plates XXX-XXXIII.)
In the course of studying and arranging the Rhopalocera in the
Carnegie Museum some species and forms have been found to be
new to science and descriptions of them are given on the following
pages.
The figures on the accompanying plates which will make the de-
scriptions more intelligible and facilitate correct identification are of
natural size. The types are preserved in the Carnegie Museum.
PAPILIONID^.
' Genus Papilio Linnaeus.
I. Papilio aurivillianus sp. nov. (PI. XXX, fig. 2.)
Allied to P. latreillanus Godart.
Upper side: Markings creamy-white without the green tinge, which
is so characteristic of P. latreillanus theorini; without any ante-
marginal markings; the markings of the discal band smaller, those in
the median cell reduced to a sagittate cream-white spot opposite to
the fifth marking in the discal row of maculations, not extended so
far as to subtend the two terminal discal markings, as is the case in
P. latreillanus . Antemarginal markings of the hind wings smaller
than in P. latreillanus.
Underside: as in P. latreillanus theorini] the body with white
markings on the sides, not tinged with orange at the extremity, as
in that form.
In size somewhat larger than P. theorini.
The type, the only specimen of the female sex taken, was found at
Lolodorf, Cameroon, together with a considerable series of males of
P. theorini. It is barely possible that it may be a female of P. theorini
and not a distinct species. In the literature there does not seem to
be any reference to the female of P. theorini, except that Aurivillius
in Seitz’ “Grosschmetterlinge der Erde,” makes the general remark
concerning the whole Tyndaroeus-group that ‘both sexes are alike.’
Apparently, if the female of P. theorini were known to its author as
355
356
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
being distinct in coloration and markings from the male, he would
not have failed to mention it. Thus a probability remains that this
butterfly is specifically distinct from P. latreillanus.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 55 mm.
Type: a unique female, from Lolodorf, Cameroons, C. M. Acc.
No. 4366, A. I. Good, coll.
2. Papilio stewarti sp. nov. (PI. XXX, fig. i.)
Allied to P. hellanichus Hewitson and P. scamander Boisduval.
Pattern of front wings similar to that of P. hellanichus, whereas the
hind wings more closely approach the pattern of P. scamander.
Upper side: wings dark fuscous; front wings with seven straw-
yellow spots forming one antemarginal row as in P. hellanichus; a
discal row of nine larger spots running in a straighter line and further
from the median cell than in P. scamander ; the median cell terminating
with a yellow spot as in P. hellanichus. Hind wings with a row of
seven spots crossing the wing outside of the median cell as in P.
scamander; six yellow antemarginal spots and an orange spot at the
lower angle; the dark area between these series of spots irrorated
with bluish scales in interneural spaces. The tail of hind wing twice
as long as that of P. scamander and P. hellanichus.
Underside: front wings with the spots larger and lighter than on
upper side; hind wings light yellow with the veins, which are black,
narrowly margined on both sides with brown-black; a narrow irregular
dark band crosses the median cell and extends to the internal border;
there is a complete antemarginal band; between the latter and the
discal band there are bluish irrorations; the antemarginal markings
are yellow with the inside edges tinted with orange.
Body with double row of white lateral spots.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 50 mm.
Type: one male, Samaipata, Bolivia, 1500—2500 m., March, 1920;
C. M. Acc. No. 6448, Jose Steinbach, coll.
I take pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Douglas Stewart, the
Director of the Carnegie Museum.
3. Papilio garleppi Staudinger, 9- (Pk XXXI, fig. i, cf ; fig. 2, 9.)
The female of this species has never before been described or
figured.
In general it resembles the polybio s-iorm of P. torquatus Cramer,
female. Hind wings deeply scalloped; the projections on M^ and M^
are slenderer and more elongated than at the extremities of the other
veins, but not produced as a tail on vein 3.
Avinoff: New Species of Rhopalocera.
357
Upperside: front wing dark brown with a large double white
patch adjacent to the median cell between median nervules two and
four; succeeded below by a faint light streak. Hind wing with an
antemarginal row of seven dull red spots; the second and third from
the anal angle being the largest, the fourth smaller and pointed in-
wardly; above the four first markings is a row of four lunular dull red
patches running across the interior discal part of the wing. The brov/n
division between these two rows is narrow in the second and third
interneural spaces; between the two red spots in the lower angle
there is a suffusion of blue scales. The ground-color of the exterior
part of the hind wings is somewhat darker.
Underside: the markings are similar to those of the upper side; the
red antemarginal row of the hind wings more developed, and partly
suffused with white scales.
Body brown with a narrow yellow lateral line.
Allotype: one female specimen from the Rio Japacani, 600 m.,
Bolivia, C. M. Acc. No. 5570, Jose Steinbach, coll. This female was
accompanied by a series of males. Together with the female there is
reproduced on PI. XXX, fig. i, a male of this rare species, which has
not been heretofore figured.
pieridt:.
Genus Catasticta Butler.
4. Catasticta hollandi sp. nov. (PL XXXII, fig. 2.)
Belongs in the group with C. uricoechecE Felder. It is one of the
largest species in the genus.
Upperside: black with light sulphur-yellow spots. The exterior
black part strongly contrasts with the yellow median part of both
wings. In the middle of this area is a row of sagittate yellow ante-
marginal spots parallel to the border. The marginal yellow markings
are more developed on the hind wings than on the primaries. The
black basal area of the front wings occupies a much larger extent
than in C. uricoechecE. On the hind wings it is narrower near the
base. There is no trace of the deep red color which characterizes the
lighter spots of C. uricoecheoe.
Underside: brown-black with white and yellow spots, similar in
pattern to those of A. uriccechece'. the band of yellowish white macula-
tions in the discal part of the front wings more developed than in the
latter species; the transverse discal white band of the hind wings
twice the width of the corresponding band in C. uricoechecE and C.
alhifasciata Lathy and Rosenberg. The yellow interneural markings
are prominent.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 30 mm.
358
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Type: one male from Pena Blanca, Santander, Colombia, February,
1917, C. M. Acc. No. 5935, Carriker, coll. The specimen was caught
in the same locality with C. uriccechece.
This remarkable species is dedicated to Dr. W. J. Holland, the
Director Emeritus of the Carnegie Museum.
5. Catasticta nivalis sp. nov. (PL XXXII, fig. i.)
Allied to C. corcyra Felder.
Upper side: both wings pure white; apical part of front wings
black, as in C. corcyra, but with a row of white spots along the inner
part of this area; these white spots are not equally well developed in
all the specimens of the series before me. Cilia of the front wings
black; on the totally white hind wings the cilia are slightly black at
the ends of the veins.
Underside : white; front wings with the apex reddish brown,
marked by yellow interneural streaks; a few brownish markings at
the end of the median cell, and more at its base. Hind wings irrorated
with reddish brown; the yellow interneural streaks intercepted by an
irregular discal fuscous band, composed of interneural brown spots,
located in the middle of each of the yellow interspaces, and not coales-
cing with the brown suffusions on either side of the veins near the
median cell, as in C. corcyra. The yellow streaks are extended into
triangular maculations on the edge of the wings; veins brown; two
basal red spots.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 23 mm.
Type: a male from Pueblo Nuevo de Ocaho, Colombia, 6000-
7000 feet, September, 1916. Numerous paratypes from Los Ventahas,
Santander, Colombia, and the type-locality, September 1-7, 1916;
C. M. Acc. No. 5787, M. A. Carriker, Jr., coll.
6. Catasticta flisa Herrich-Schaeffer, dilutior, subsp. nov.
(PI. XXXH, fig. 6, c:^;fig.3, 9.)
This subspecies differs from typical C. flisa in the greater extension
of the white middle band of both wings; the white band is especially
broad within toward the base of the wing. On the under side all the
yellow markings of the secondaries at the apex of the primaries are
much smaller and of a lemon-yellow, not golden-yellow color.
Length of costal margin of fore wing, cf , 25 mm.; 9 , 27 mm.
Type: one male; one female, allotype; four females, paratypes.
Chaochi, Colombia, C. M. Acc. No. 5430, cf, Parish coll.; C. M. Acc.
No. 5348, 9 , type. Parish, coll.
Avinoff: New Species of Rhopalocera.
359
7. Catasticta angulifera sp. nov. (PL XXXII, fig. 4.)
Allied to C. boliviana Butler and C. strigosa Butler, with the same
peculiar shape of the front wing, bent in the middle at the costal
edge.
Upper side: brown; front wings with a diffused grayish spot at the
end of the middle cell, and with two transverse rows of indistinct
smoky-gray markings on the fore wing; the markings of the inner
row do not extend inwardly so far toward the base, which is suffused
with brown, as in C. boliviana; the brown part of the wing dividing
the two rows runs more nearly parallel to the exterior border than
in C. boliviana and C. strigosa, being further removed from the edge
on the inner part of the wing. The five lighter spots in the outer
part of the hind wing are indistinct and narrow; the lighter basal
area is suffused with •the brown ground-color, which spreads broadly
along the veins, leaving the grayish coloration only on the interneural
spaces.
Underside : lighter brown; two rows of yellowish markings and a
spot in the middle cell are as on the upper side. Marginal interneural
markings yellow; hind wings with yellow marginal triangular spots.
As usual in the genus, a row of yellow spots in the middle of the
cells, surmounted inwardly with dark brown markings, similar to
those in C. boliviana and^ broader than those in C. albina Lathy and
Rosenberg. The purplish coloration between the antemarginal rows
of yellow spots is not so prominent as in C. boliviana. The transverse
whitish discal band of markings indistinct, and the yellow ante-
marginal markings as in C. boliviana and C. modesta Lucas. The two
usual red markings are found at the base of the hind wings.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 29 mm.
Type: female, C. M. Acc. No. 5282, S. M. Klages, coll., Las Ouiguas,
Venezuela.
8. Catasticta lactea sp. nov. (PI. XXXII, fig. 5.)
Allied to C. manco Doubleday.
Upper side: yellowish white, instead of gray as in C. manco. This
cream-color is sharply contrasted with the brown-black of the marginal
part of the primaries. The brown-black basal and costal suffusion of
the front wing extends over the median cell at the extremity, on which
there occurs an indistinct creamy spot. The row of seven cream-
colored antemarginal spots are larger than in C. manco; the small
interneural spots on the edge are noticeable only near the apex. The
extension of the cream-color on the hind wing is much greater than
is the case with the corresponding gray color on the wing of C. manco.
This light area on the inner part merges with the large arrow-shaped
spots, which are plainly visible only on the front part. Marginal
light spots more distinct toward the anal angle.
360
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Underside: front wings cream-white, with the pattern of the upper
side and the yellow marginal and apical markings smaller than in C.
manco, the brown being more extended and thus reducing the size of
the maculations. Hind wings brilliant white, as in C. manco^ but the
dark bands are wider, especially the discal and submarginal bands; all
the yellow markings are deeper in color.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 24 mm.
Type: male, thirty-two male paratypes, C. M. Acc. No. 5348,
Parish, coll., Chaochi, Colombia, November, 1914.
9. Ixias clarki sp. nov. (PL XXX, fig. 3.)
Upperside : dark brown; inner third of front wings sulphur-yellow,
with the brown-black coloration extending from the costal part
across the base of the wings. An orange-yellow patch on the discal
part of the wings, covering the end of the median cell and extending
outwardly; a small black discocellular spot at the end of the cell,
located approximately in the center of the orange-yellow patch; basal
half of the hind wings, except a black area at the immediate base,
sulphur-yellow, leaving a broad brownish black external area, which
on both wings is more extended than in any other known species of
the genus.
Underside: lemon-yellow; slightly irrorated with reddish brown
scales in the marginal area and with the reddish brown antemarginal
maculations characteristic of the genus on both wings. A triangular
blackish spot at the inner angle of the front wing and a small black
discocellular dot on both the front and hind wings.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 26 mm.
Type: a male from Baguio, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 5000 feet;
three male paratypes from same locality; C. M. Acc, No. 5989, G.
Haslam, coll., B. Preston Clark, don.
This species is dedicated to Mr. B. Preston Clark, the generous
friend of the Carnegie Museum, who donated the specimens, together
with a number of other species taken at the same place.
10. Catopsilia statira Cramer, schausi subsp. nov. (albinic).
The male differs from the typical form in being uniformly white
in color, with a slight general greenish tinge, as in the outer part of
the wings in C. statira, without any accentuation of the basal yellow
characteristic of typical C. statira. Female, like the normal C. statira,
slightly yellow, with margins of wings narrowly black, and with a
dark discal spot on the primaries.
Length of dorsal margin of fore-wing, U, 32 mm.; 9 ? 31 mm.
Type: male; allotype, female; C. M. Acc. No. 6540, VVm. Schaus,
coll., Guatemala.
Avinoff: New Species of Rhopalocera.
361
II. Dismorphia spectabilis sp. nov. (PI. XXXIII, fig. 7.)
Allied to D. tricolor Grose-Smith, and D. lysianax Plewitson.
Upperside: brown-black; a broad oblique patch of sulphur-yellow
on the primaries, extending from about the middle of the costa over
the median cell toward the inner angle, reaching slightly over the
second median vein; the end of the median cell with a brown-black
spot coalescent inwardly with the ground-color. Before the apex are
two diffused yellow spots, the front one being less distinct, which
markings are not present in D. lysianax and D. tricolor. On the inner
margin is a dull red stripe reaching slightly over the first median vein
and not extending as far outwardly as in D. lysianax and D. tricolor]
the tint of the red is intermediate between the bright red of D. tricolor
and the usual fulvous of the allied Dismorphias. Hind wings similar
to those of D. tricolor, except that the red is duller; the extent of the
middle red band is longer, reaching the exterior slightly yellow-red
spot, which is separate in D. tricolor and that the costal red band is
broader.
Underside: similar to the upper side, but paler; three distinct
yellow spots situated near the apex, the lower two externally marked
with white; hind wings suffused with light brick-red, which remains
distinct only at the base; seven white antemarginal interneural spots
larger than in D. tricolor.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 30 mm.
Type: female, from River Japacani, Bolivia, C. M. Acc. No. 5047,
Jose Steinbach, coll., August, 1913.
The present and the two allied species are each thus far only known
from single female specimens. The correct locality of D. tricolor
remains undetermined.
Since the foregoing description was written, the author has seen in
a recent supplement of Seitz’ “Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde,” the
figure of a species, which may prove to be closely related to, or identical
with, this form.
12. Dismorphia lysandra sp. nov. (PI. XXXIII, fig. 5, U ; fig. 6, 9 .)
Allied to D. lysinoides Staudinger and D. lysinoe Hewitson.
Upperside : front wings with a transverse milky white band as
in D. lysinoe and two milky white spots, one outside of the costal end
of the median cell and another between the second and third median
nervules. A transparent line follows the inner edge of the median
cell from the base to three-quarters of its length, as in D. lysinoe.
Hind wings with white costal and orange antemarginal bands externally
framed with a black edge and inwardly with a broad black band
reaching the median cell; veins outside of the white area covered with
black scales.
362
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Underside: with a row of white antemarginal spots on both wings;
upper wings with a fuscous suffusion between these spots and the
white band; inner half of the wing white. Hind wing with a black
discal area, semi-transparent in the median cell; a somewhat diffused
orange band running along the costal side of the median cell, termi-
nating in a white spot, between which and the three enlarged ante-
marginal spots is extended the extremity of the orange antemarginal
band; base at costa bright orange. Underside of abdomen whitish,
contrasting with the dark dorsum.
The female is marked like the male, but on the upperside the apical
and subapical light spots are relatively smaller, the longitudinal band
on the cell is broader and curved, bending outwardly so as to cross
the lower margin of the cell near its outer extremity. The hind
wings, which are relatively smaller than in the males, are on the
upperside uniformly dark in color on the costal margin, due to the
absence of the sexual branding of the male. The underside corresponds
in the main to the same side of the male, except that the small white
subapical spot of the hind wing is much smaller.
Length of dorsal margin of forewing, (T, 25 mm.; 9, 22 mm.
Type: male; allotype, female; paratypes, one male, one female,
C. M. Acc. No. 7088, S. M. Klages coll., Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil,
November, 1922.
13. Dismorphia leuconoe Bates, subsp. melanina subsp. nov.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. 2.)
Differs from the form D. melanoides Rober, reproduced in Seitz’
“Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde,” Vol. \f, pi. 30, in the absence of
orange in the two hyaline spots near the margin of the front wing and
in having the transparent basal markings shorter.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 25 mm.
Type: one female from Pied Saut, Oyapok River, French Guiana,
C. M. Acc. No. 61 1 1, S. M. Klages coll., November, 1922.
14. Dismorphia pinthaeus Linnaeus, subsp. gracilis, subsp. nov.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. 4.)
Differs from the typical and other subspecific forms in having the
sulphur-yellow on both sides of the wings replaced by white. Extent
of the dark pattern reduced as in D. pinthceLis subsp. amelina Hopffer,
the basal marking of the primaries being reduced almost as in typical
D. pmthcens.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 21 mm.
Type: one male; two male paratypes, C. M. Acc. No. 7088, S. M.
Klages coll., November, 1922, at Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil.
Avinoff: New Species of Rhopalocera.
363
15. Dismorphia spio Godart, aberr. virago, aberr. nov.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. I.)
The usual lemon-yellow color of the female is replaced by bright
orange, as in the male.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 33 mm.
Type: one female, C. M. Acc. No. 4609, W. W. Worthington, coll.,
Arjuntas, Porto Rico, April, 1912.
16. Dismorphia astynome Dalman, chloronome, subsp. nov.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. 3.)
Two yellow apical spots, as in D. astynome Dalman; yellow in discal
parts very much extended and merging with the basal reddish orange,
in which area the black is limited to the narrow outlines of the veins;
a small discocellular spot and a cuneiform marking in the median
cell. The white area of the hind wings is reduced in extent as in D.
astynome.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 25 mm.
Type: one male, C. M. Acc. No. 3564, Sete Laguas, Minas Geraes,
Brazil, J. D. Haseman coll., May 6, 1908.
Genus Terias Swainson.
17. Terias tenera sp. nov. (PI. XXXI, fig. 4.)
Belongs to the group of T. dina Boisduval and T. calceolaria
Butler; wings rounded.
Upperside : bright chrome-yellow with narrow black margins on
both wings, growing slightly and gradually broader toward the apex
of the fore wings.
Underside: with a few indistinct brown spots near the apex of the
front wings and two brown spots near the front angle of the hind
wings, and one faint diffused reddish spot on the edge of the hind
wings at the anterior angle.
Length of discal border of fore wing 16 mm.
Type: one male, C. M. Acc. No. 4609, W. W. Worthington coll.,
Guayana, Porto Rico, March, 1912.
18. T. arbela Hiibner, gracilis, subsp. nov. (PI. XXXI, fig. 3.)
Upperside: differs from the typical form in having the basal part
of the hind wings whitish, which color gradually flows into yellow.
364
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
tinged with orange, at the anterior angle. The coloration of this
butterfly, not the character of the marginal bands, is similar to that
of T. gratiosa Doubleday and Hewitson.
Underside: pale yellow; brown markings of the hind wings well
developed, but the reticulations reduced to a few spots.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 20 mm.
Type: one male, C. M. Acc. No. 3441, Haseman coll., Bom Fim,
Bahia, Brazil, November, 1907.
Family DANAID/E.
Subfamily Ithomiin^.
Genus Sais Fliibner.
19. Sais klagesi sp. nov. (PI. XXXIII, fig. 8.)
Occupies an intermediate position between S. paraensis Haensch
and S. promissa Weymer. The shape of wings is broad as in S.
promissa.
Upper side: primaries as in S. paraensis, ground-color chestnut
brown; an irregular transverse yellow subapical band; two blackish
partly coalescent spots at the end of the median cell adjacent to the
yellow band. Apical part uniformly brownish-black, or in some
specimens with very indistinct chestnut-brown streaks along the
veins. This type of maculation represents in a rudimentary state the
interrupted broadly reddish brown suffusion of the corresponding
part of the wing in S. promissa and S. zitella Hewitson, whereas in
the forms of S. paraensis, the lighter subapical irroration takes the
form of an uninterrupted subapical band. Hind wings as in 5.
promissa and S. zitella with a discal band of brown-black spots and
a marginal blackish area with the ground-color between these two
bands of a darker chestnut tinge, interrupted by lighter coloration
along the veins.
Underside: like the upper side, but lighter in color, both wings
with the usual antemarginal whitish points.
More ample materials may prove that S. zitella, promissa, and the
above described form, are specifically connected, representing local
races of the same species.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 29 mm.
Type: male, C. M. Acc. No. 6963, S. M. Klages coll., Hyutanahan,
Rio Purus, Brazil, March, 1922; four male paratypes from the same
locality, and two from Nova Olinda, Rio Purus.
Avinoff: New Species of Rhopalocera.
365
Family NYMPHALID^.
Subfamily Heliconiin.u.
Genus Heliconius Latreille.
20. Heliconius doris Linnaeus, alberato, subsp, nov.
Like H. doris subsp. eratonius Staudinger, but the yellow markings
of the front wings replaced by pure white. The red area of the hind
wings is produced in somewhat shorter rays, as in II. transiens
Staudinger.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 42 mm.
Type: male, and one male paratype; C. M. Acc. No. 5538, S. M.
Klages coll., Las Quiguas, Esteban Valley, northern Venezuela.
21. Heliconius doris Linnaeus, azurea, subsp. nov.
(PI. XXXIII, fig. 9.)
Like II. doris coerideata Stichel, but with pure white instead of
yellow markings on the front wings, similar to the preceding form. The
blue basal area of the hind wings with short rays external to the
median cell.
Length of dorsal margin of fore wing 41 mm.
Type: male, and two male parat^qDes, C. M. Acc. No. 5538, S. M.
Klages coll., La Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela, 4500 feet.
+
22. Heliconius insolitus, sp. nov. (PI. XXXII, fig. 9.)
Allied to II. novatus Bates, from which it differs in having the
apical spots and discal band not divided by the usual brown-black of
the ground-color, but by russet, the brown-black being restricted
entirely to the narrow suffusion along the veins. The brown-black is
altogether much reduced in comparison with H. novalus, remaining
in the normal proportions only on the outer part of the wings between
veins two and four. The yellow in the interspace between veins two
and three is almost covered by the russet ground-color. On the hind
wings the brown-black margins of the discal row are much extended
inwardly toward the median cell.
On the underside, which is similar to that of II. novalus, the marginal
white spots are smaller. 'Fhe discal markings of the hind wings are
more extended than on the upper side.
Length of costal margin of fore wing 43 mm.
Type: a unique male, C. M. Acc. No. 5044, J. Steinbach coll.,
Provincia del Sara, Bolivia, 450 m.
366
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Subfamily NYMPHALiNiE
Genus Junonia Hubner.
23. Junonia coenia Hubner, bergi, subsp. nov.
(PL XXXII, fig. 7, d^; fig. 8, 9.)
Differs from the typical form in being smaller in size.
Upper side: more contrasting in color; the whitish band on the
front wings of a purer color; ground-color dark brown, with the orange-
russet well developed; eyes on the hind wings big and well defined.
Underside : lighter sand-yellowish, not as mottled as in the typical
North American continental form, represented on Hiibner’s original
plate. The black blue centered eyes of the hind wings more con-
spicuous than in the typical form.
L.ength of dorsal margin of fore wing, cf, 21 mm.; 9 , 23 mm.
Type: male; allotype female; paratypes, thirty-one males and
twelve females, C. M. Acc. No. 7418, St. George, Bermudas, Count
B. Berg and A. Avinoff colL, early July, 1924.
368
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Fig. I. Papilio stewarti Avinoff, sp. nov., cf, type.
Fig. 2. Papilio aurivillianus Avinoff, sp. nov., 9, type.
Fig. 3. Ixias clarki Avinoff. sp. nov., cf. type.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate XXX,
Papilio, Ixias.
370
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXL
Fig. I. Papilio garleppi Staudinger, cf .
Fig. 2. Papilio garleppi Stdiudingex, 9 , allotype.
Fig. 3. Terias arbela Hiibner, subsp. gracilis Avinoff, subsp. nov., U’, type.
Fig. 4. Terias tenera Avinoff, sp. nov., cf. type.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI,
Plate XXXI
Papilio, Terias.
372
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. I
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIL
. Cataslicta nivalis Avinoff, sp. nov., cf, type.
Catasticta hollandi Avinoff. sp. nov., cT, type.
Catasticta flisa Herrich-Schaeffer, dilutior Avinoff, subsp. nov., 9, allo ype.
Catasticta angulifera Avinoff, sp. nov., 9 , type.
Catasticta lactea Avinoff, sp. nov., d', type.
Catasticta flisa Herrich-Schaeffer, dilutior Avinoff, subsp. nov., cf , type.
Junonia ccenia Lliibner, hergi Avinoff, supsp. nov., cf , type.
Jiinonia ccenia Hubner, hergi Avinoff, subsp. nov., 9, allotype.
Heliconius insolitus Avinoff, sp. nov., cf,, type.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVL
Plate XXXII.
Cataslicta, Junonia, Heliconius.
1
i
1
r->T
V
7
“ /■
■y •,
>
\
t
i
-■S'
■ -I
374
Annals op' the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIIL
Fig. I. Dismorphia spio Godart, aberr. virago Avinoff, aberr, nov., 9, type.
Fig. 2. Dismorphia leuconoe Bate.s, melanina Avinoff, subsp. nov., 9, type.
Fig. 3. Dismorphia astynome Dalman, chloronome Avinoff, subsp. nov., 9, type.
Fig. 4. Dismorphia pinthceus Linnaeus, gracilis Avinoff, subsp. nov., type.
Fig. 5. Dismorphia lysandra Avinoff, sp. nov., 9, type.
Fig. 6. Dismorphia lysandra Avinoff, sp. nov., cf’, allotype.
Fig. 7. Dismorphia spectahilis Avinoff, sp. nov., 9, type.
Fig, 8. Sais klagesi Avinoff, sp. nov., d', type.
Fig. 9. Heliconius doris Linnaeus, azureus Avinoff, subsp. nov., 9, type.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI.
Plate XXXIII .
Dismorphia, Sais, Heliconius.
XL THE NORTH AMERICAN TINGITIDT: (HETEROPTERA)
DESCRIBED BY StAl.
By Carl J. Drake.
(Plate XXXIV.)
Fourteen species of Tingitidce described by StM have been recorded
from North America and the West Indies. Of this number three are
synonyms, while a West Indian species described by Uhler has been
wrongly determined by various workers and placed as a synonym of
a species described by StM from South America. This latter species
from South America, Corythaica monacha Stal, has not been taken in
the West Indies, although thus recorded in the literature.
The Mexican and Central American Tingitidce described by Stal,
either the types or specimens corresponding with the types, have been
very carefully figured by Champion. These species may be readily
determined by means of Champion’s figures and notes and the de-
scriptions given by Stal.
There has been some difficulty in arriving at positive conclusions
as to some of Stal’s species occurring north of Mexico, especially in
the genus Melanorhopola. Through the generous cooperation of
Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, and of
Dr. Yngve Sjostedt, Intendent of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet
at Stockholm, the services of Madame Therese Ekblom, a very
competent artist, have been secured to figure the types of certain
species described by StM occurring north of Mexico.
I. Monanthia monotropidia (Stal).
Monanihia (Physatocheila) monotropidia Stal, Rio Hemip., I, i860, p. 63 (Rio
Janeiro, 9 ; Mus. Holm, et Stal).
This is a common neotropical tingitid. Champion, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Rhynch., Vol. H, 1898, p. 47, PI. HI, figs. 24, 24a, and 24b,
figures a specimen from Chacoj, Guatemala, and states that he had
examined the type.
375
376
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
2. Teleonemia belfragii Stal.
Teleonemia {Teleonemia) belfragii Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 132 (Texas,
9 ; Mus. Holm.).
The type of this species has been figured by Champion, Trans.
E?it. Soc. Lond., 1898, p; 62, PI. Ill, fig. 8. It is a common species
in the southern United States and breeds upon the French Mulberry,
Callicarpa americana L.
3. Teleonemia scrupulosa Stab
Teleonemia {Teleonemia) scrupulosa Stal, Enum. Flemip., Ill, 1873, p. 132 (Bogota,
Rio Janeiro, cf., 9 ; Mus. Holm.).
Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch., Vol. II, 1898, p. 40,
PI. Ill, figs. 12 and 12a, published notes on the types and numerous
specimens from Central America and figured a specimen from Orizaba,
Mexico. T. scupulosa is very widely distributed, occurring in the
southern United States, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies,
and South America.
4. Melanorhopola clavata Stal. (PI. XXXIV, fig. b, 9 ;
fig. a, lurida Stal, cT : fig. c. tiniformis Stal,
Tingis {Melanorhopola) clavata St.ll, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 130 (New York,
Wisconsin, 9 : Mus. Holm.).
Tingis {Melanorhopola) lurida Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 131 (Illinois, cf;
Mus. Holm.).
Tingis {Melanorhopola) uniformis Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 13 1 (Illinois,
9 ; Mus. Holm.).
Stal’s types of these three forms are figured on PI. XXXIV. Num-
erous specimens are at hand from Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, New York,
and other states. The sexual dimorphism of the antennae and the
difference between the long- and short-winged forms probably ac-
counts for the synonomy of clavata (9) and lurida {&). The third
segment of the antennae is only slightly clavate (varying slightly in
some specimens) in the male (Plate XXXIV, fig. a) and, as a rule, it is
strongly clavate in the female (Plate XXXIV, fig. b). The elytra are
widely overlapping and widely rounded at the tip in the macrop-
teroLis form (Plate XXXIV, fig. a) and in the short-winged form
(Plate XXXIV, fig. b) they are only slightly overlapping, acute, and
distinctly divaricate at the apex. The third segment of the antennae is
Drake: N. A. Tingitid^. described by Stal.
377
somewhat variable in length, also in the deg’ree of enlargement towards
its tip. According to the type-figure, the antennal characters, of
uniformis (length and degree of enlargement towards tip) are nearly
intermediate between clavata and lurida. On account of page-priority,
clavata should be considered the specific name of these forms. M.
ohscura Parshley ( = M. lurida Stal), Psyche, Vol. XXIII, 1916,
p. 167, is also a synonym of M. clavata Stal.
5. Acalypta thomsoni Stal. (PI. XXXIVh fig. d.)
Acalypta Thomsonii Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 122 (Carolina meridionalis,
cf, 9 : Mus. Holm.).
The type of this species is figured on Plate XXXIV, the third and
fourth antennal segments being wanting. A. thomsoni, as deter-
mined by various American hemipterists, differs from the figure of
Stabs type in having the lateral carinae of the pronotum quite distinct,
two porrect spines on the head, and in the shape of the anterior
margin of the paranota.
6. Acanthocheila armigera Stal.
Monanthia {Acanthocheila) armigera Stal, Rio Hemip., I, i860, p. 61 (Rio Janeiro,
d', 9 ; Mus. Holm, et Stal).
Monanthia {Acanthocheila) spinulifera Stal, Rio Hemip., I, i860, 2, p. 61 (Rio
Janeiro, d, 9 ; Mus. Holm, et Stal).
Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch., Vol. II, 1898, p. 28,
figs. 19, 19a, 20, 20a, discusses the variations of the species and
compares them with Stabs type. A. armigera is common in Mexico,
Central America, the West Indies, and in the northern part of South
America. My series of specimens show all the variations in structure,
size, and color described by Champion. A. spinulifera Stal from
Rio Janeiro equals A. armigera Stal ( C/. Champion, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1898, p. 60).
7. Gargaphia patricia (Stal).
Monanthia {Phyllontochila) patricia Stal, Stett. Ent, Zeit, 1862, p. 324, (Mexico;
Mus. Holm.).
Gargaphia patricia Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 125 (Mexico; Mus. Holm.).
This common and widely distributed lace-bug was figured by
Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch., Vol. II, 1897, p. 9, PI. I,
figs. 12 and 12a.
378
Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
8. Gargaphia nigrinervis Stal.
Gargaphia nigrinervis Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 125 (Bogota, cf; Mus,
Holm.).
A typical example of this species is figured by Champion, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Rhynch., Vol. 11, 1897, p. 10, PL I, figs. 13 and 13a.
9. Gargaphia tilise Walsh.
Gargaphia fasciata Stal, Enum. Hemip., HI, 1873, p. 125 (Illinois, d'; Mus. Holm.).
G. fasciata Stal is a color-variation of G. tilicB Walsh (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phila., Ill, 1864, p. 408). It is the common tingitid of the linden
and is widely distributed in the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains. Gibson, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc., XIV, 1819, p. 195,
erroneously treated G. fasciata Stal as a distinct species. G. tilice is
a common and well-known species.
10. Corythaica monacha (Stal).
Tingis monacha StAl, Rio Hemip., I, i860, p. 64 (Rio Janeiro, cT, 9 ; Mus. Holm,
et Stal).
This species has been confused in the literature with C. planaris
Uhler. Drake and Bruner, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de
Historia Natural ''Felipe Poey,” Vol. VI, 1924, p. 151, pointed out
the difference between the two species (based on cotypes of both
species) and raised planaris to specific rank. C. monacha Stal has not
been examined by the author from the West Indies or Central America.
Published records of C. monacha Stal from the West Indies should be
treated as C. planaris Uhler. Many specimens of C. monacha Stal
are at hand from the northern part of South America. C. planaris
Uhler is the common tingitid of the egg-plant in the West Indies; it
also occurs in the northern part of South America. The synonomy
of these two species has been listed by Drake and Bruner.
II. Corythucha fusdgera (Stal).
Tingis fuscigera Stal, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIII, 1862, p. 325 (Mexico; Mus. Holm.).
Corythucha fusdgera Si kL, Enum. Hemip., HI, 1873, p. 122 (Mexico; Mus. Holm.).
Although Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch., Vol. II, 1897,
p. 7, PI. I, figs. 6 and 6a, published an excellent figure of C. fuscigera,
Drake: N. A. Tingitid^e described by Stal.
379
corresponding with Stal’s type, the species has been much confused
by American workers. Gibson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV,
1918, p. 78, confounded the true fuscigera Stal from Arizona (the only
specimen of C. fuscigera before Gibson from the United States),
Mexico, and Central America with several other species. C. fuscigera
Gibson (not Stal) from the United States equals (in part) C. pruni
Osborn and Drake, C. associata Osborn and Drake, C. cesculi Osborn
and Drake, C. padi Drake, C. juglandis Fitch, and C. fuscigera Stal
(Arizona). Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. Amer. N. Alex., 1917, p. 213,
failed to separate C. distincta Osborn and Drake, and C. ohliqua
Osborn and Drake from the true fuscigera Stal and wrongly placed
ohliqua, a very distinct species, as a synonym oi fuscigera. C. fuscigera
Gillette and Baker, Hemip., Colo., 1895, p. 57, is C. distincta Osborn
and Drake. Uhler determined both C. distincta and C. ohliqua as
C. fuscigera. It is practically impossible to separate these species in
the published records from the United States. The writer has only
seen specimens of C. fuscigera Stal from Arizona (north of Mexico)
but it undoubtedly occurs elsewhere on the southern border of the
United States.
12. Corythucha decens (Stal).
Tingis decens Stal, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIII. 1862, p. 324 (Mexico: Mus. Holm.)
Corythucha decens Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, 1873, p. 123 (Mexico, Tabasco; Mus.
Holm.),
This species has also been figured by Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Rhynch., Vol. II, 1897, p. 7, PI. I, figs. 7 and 7a. Uhler’s records of
C. decens in the United States should probably be referred to C.
mom7/i Osborn and Drake. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. Amer. N. Alex.,
1917, p. 214, catalogues C. decens from Pennsylvania, the District of
Columbia, Texas, and California. The records from Pennsylvania
and the District of Columbia represent C. marmorata Uhler; the
specimens from Texas and California are to be referred to C. morrilli
Osborn and Drake. The true C. decens StM has not been taken in
the United States. The writer has examined tN'^pical specimens of
C. decens from Central America, which agree with Champion’s figure
and it cannot easily be confused with C. marmorata or C. morrilli.
380
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.
Fig. a. Melanorhopala clavata Stal, cp, = lurida Stal (Type of lurida Stalj.
Fig. b. Melanorhopala clavata Stal, 9, Type.
Fig. c. Melanorhopala clavata Stal. (Type of nnijormis Stal.)
Fig. d. Acalypta thomsoni Stal. Type.
(All figures greatly magnified.
Wn'
‘ rr ^ f.
A
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI.
Plate XXXIV.
Melanorhopola, Acalypla.
XIL DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
OF DEEP WATER GEMPYLOID FISH, DIPLO-
GONURUS MADERENSIS.
By Adolfo Cesar di Noronha/
Family GEMPYLID^.
Diplogonurus Noronha, gen. nov.
Body elongate, fusiform, covered with small scales. Head elongate.
Teeth few, robust, pointed, in a single row on the jaws, vomer, and
palatine. Gill-openings very large. The four gill-arches with small
teeth. Pseudobranchiae present. First dorsal with long base con-
tinuous with the second, which is opposed to the anal. Ventrals
present. Finlets of dorsal and anal numerous. Belly not trenchant;
trunk of tail with a keel on each side. Lateral line obsolete; scales
small, ctenoid, surrounded by other scales with pores and tubes.
Diplogonurus maderensis Noronha, sp. nov.
Body fusiform, little compressed, the height of the trunk little
greater than its thickness; head and eye large; head four times in
total length; eye five in head, its horizontal diameter nearly equal to
the vertical, which is little less than the interorbital space; profile
straight, lightly convex between the eyes; anterior nostril oval, back
of a vertical slit; mouth not reaching front margin of eye; posterior
extremity of pre-maxillary not reaching to opposite middle of orbit;
Fig. I. Head of Diplogonurus maderensis Noronha. Length of head, 20 cm.;
diameter of orbits, 4 cm. Weight of specimen, 6 kilos.
upper jaw sharp, lower vertically truncate at tip; pre-maxillary broad
in front, growing narrow behind; maxillary narrow in front, broadening
behind; teeth in simple parallel rows on the border of the maxillary,
acute and recurved, the exterior inclining toward the apex of the
^Translated from the original French of A. C. di Noronha by Dr. David Starr
Jordan.
381
382
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
mouth, the interior more recurved; teeth of moderate length, those
of the lower jaw well spaced, the space about equal to the distance
between four teeth; the teeth along edge of upper jaw also spaced,
but smaller than lower teeth, diminishing backward, those of the
middle part of each side of the jaw about as long as those on vomer
and palatines; vomerine teeth forming a crescent; palatine teeth in a
long line on either side, advancing to the front of the head of the
vomer; phar^mgeals with teeth of the same fashion, the upper larger
than the inferior; tongue coal-black, large, flat, unarmed, and nearly
square, its anterior angles rounded. Cheeks and opercles covered
with small scales, thin, nearly circular, mostly cycloid, reaching
forward to below the eye; jaws smooth, naked, as are the snout and
interorbital space; scales of trunk nearly circular, thin and flexible,
with a central nucleus, and edges scarcely pectinate, a small portion
of the edge free and furrowed, showing a large number of concentric
circLili, very fine. The lateral furrows or radii are mostly parallel, not
converging, nor reaching the nucleus. Among these simple normal
scales are a great number of others, tubular and emarginate, more
rigid, distributed everywhere, if I may judge from the position of
the skin conserved; tubular scales apparently generally distributed,
seeming by their form to have the same role as the scales of the lateral
line of ordinary fishes. The general color of the body is blackish
brown, with a small darker spot corresponding to each normal scale.
MEASUREMENTS OF TYPE
Weight 6 kilos Tongue
Total length 8o cm. Teeth of mandible
Head 198 mm. Pre- maxillary. . . .
Eye 42 mm. Teeth on vomer. .
Teeth on palatines 18 on each side
30 mm.
13 -b 14 = 27
37 on each side
II
To what family does this genus belong? In spite of its affinities
with Gempylus it seems to me to constitute a new family, Diplogonuridce,
as none of the Gempylidce have a keel on the trunk of the tail. The
fishermen of Madeira call it Escolar de Natural recognizing justly
its relation to the common Escolar , Ruvvetus pretdosus Cocco, from which
it is distinguished at first by its spiny covering, the higher and
deeper head, and especially by the presence of an abdominal keel, and
the absence of keel on the tail.
The two species are captured from the surface down to great
depths, but it seems that only the young are pelagic. It appears
also that Diplogonuriis is caught at a greater depth than the “Escolar,”
sometimes near the bottom, probably as a rule at a depth of 800
yards. In last September, besides the type example from Cama
Di Noronha: Diplogonurus Maderensis.
383
de Lobos, there was caught one of these fishes in singular condition,
measuring a little less than a meter. This was on the surface of the
sea after a great storm, near the Island of Porto Santo, where the
fish, separated from its habitat, was about collapsed. It was recognized
only with difficulty by the fishers of Porto Santo, a fact which proves
its rarity. In the same place more than twenty years ago a boy bathing
caught in his hands a little living fish of Tetragonurus cuvieri Risso
which species likewise is called “Escolar de Natura.” This specimen,
like the larger one, seems to have been separated from its true habitat.
This specimen is still in my collection. Two other individuals of the
new species have been presented lately in the market of Cama de
Lobos; one, very young, weighed little more than two kilograms,
while the othfer weighed twenty-two. Afterwards fishermen found
examples weighing thirty kilograms or more. The flesh is said to be
white and extremely fine-flavored, like that of Ruvettus, but excessively
fat. This fact renders the flesh of both extremely laxative, for which
reason they are preferred as food when salted.
XIII. ANEW SPECIES OF DEEP WATER SHARK
(SQUALIOLUS SARMENTI) FROM MADEIRA.'
By Adolfo Cesar di Noronha.
( Plate XXXV.)
In the present paper I give an account of a deep-sea shark taken
in Madeiran waters during the month of September, 1923, by fisher-
men from the village of Cama de Lobos, with the lines they use for
the capture of the common Peixe espada preto” or Black Swordfish
{Aphanopus carbo Lowe).
These long lines have procured for me, from the horizon of that
fish, many interesting deep-sea species, some of them unknown to
science, others rare, or at least not yet recorded from these waters.
Among the latter I may in passing mention P seudotriacis microdon
Capello, Centroscymnus ohscurus Vaillant, Somniosus rostratus (Risso),
besides several other Teleostean fishes.
/
Of the species here described, a single female example was obtained,
(C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7976a). It must have come from a depth, in
all probability, of between about five hundred and eight hundred
fathoms, for the Aphanopus fishing apparatus is formed of a long
line suspended vertically, with some one hundred and fifty hooks
fixed by short snoods along its lower part, from about five hundred
fathoms below the surface as far as its end, which reaches far down,
generally to a depth of eight hundred fathoms.
It belongs to the genus Squaliolus, lately described by Dr. Hugh
M. Smith and Lewis Radcliffe, from the Philippines. (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. XLI, 684. Feb. 9, 1912.)
The genus may be thus defined:
^The article herewith printed was submitted to the Editor of the Annals some
time ago by Dr. David Starr Jordan. It was accompanied by a photograph showing
the ventral aspect of the specimen, which is now the property of the Carnegie
Museum. This view has been supplemented by a lateral view and both are re-
produced upon Plate XXXV. W. J. Holland.
385
386
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Squaliolus Smith and Radcliffe.
. Squaloid sharks of very small size, the body elongate, little com-
pressed, with thick head and slender caudal peduncle. Dermal
scutella minute, not stalked, prismatic. Mouth little arched, a
straight oblique groove running backward from its commisure. Teeth
of different forms in each jaw, those in the lower few in number, all
simple, their cusps with subrectangular bases, the cusps of the upper
teeth erect, narrow, pointed; those of the lower jaw triangular,
turned aside, their inner margins thus forming oblique incisorial
edges; a median tooth with erect, equilateral cusp in the symphysis
of lower jaw. Nostrils lateral-inferior, near the front margin of
snout. No nictitating membrane. Spiracles superior, behind eyes.
Anal fin absent; first dorsal fin with a small front spine hidden in
the skin; second dorsal spineless, with a much longer base than that
of the first; caudal fin well developed.
Very small sharks from deep water, nearly black in colour.
Squaliolus sarmenti Noronha, sp. nov. (PI. XXXV)
Plead 4.5 in length; depth 8 in snout; about 2.75 in head; eye 6 in
head; about 2 in snout; 1.9 in width of snout; 3.4 in preoral portion
of snout; space between spiracles equal to width of snout.
Body rather elongate, somewhat robust, rounded-trihedral in
section, the upper and lower profiles describing a gentle curve as far
as the ends of second dorsal and ventral fins, and thence proceeding
in a straight line as far as the root of the caudal fin. The caudal
trunk short, very slender in profile, flat above and below, depressed,
subrectangular in section, all the lower region betw'een the anus and
caudal fin being flat.
Head narrow, thick, rounded above and below. Snout short,
thick, narrow, a little more convex below than above, with an angular
front margin. Upper part of head with — at each side of the median
line — a very well-defined row of pores, which is continued by the
lateral line. Eyes moderate, their anterior edge midwa)^ between end
of snout and spiracles. Nostrils very large, nearer tip of snout than
eye, the space between their inner ends being a little greater than
.half their own length. Mouth small, very slightly curved, on the
vertical from posterior margin of eye-slit; labial fold extending a
little way along upper margin of mouth; lips thin.
Teeth of the upper jaw presenting several rows in use at once, the
cusps ver}^ narrow, sharp, conico-compressed ; lower teeth 7 + 1+8
in number, showing a single row in use, their triangular cusps rather
narrow, not very much inclined outward or backward, the upright
mesial tooth not so high as the others.
The last of the small five branchial openings touching with its
inferior end the front of the root of the pectoral fin.
Di Noronha: Squaliolus sarmenti.
387
The body, blackish brown above and slaty black below, is covered
with a fine shagreen consisting of small sessile quadrangular tubercles,
each with four ridges. The top of each tubercle has a pit in the centre
and four heads in the periphery corresponding to the four ridges.
Excepting the caudal fin, which is in the greater part scaly, all fins
are covered with tubercles only at their bases. They have their
free edges white, the larger part of the surface of the pectorals, ventrals,
and second dorsal, being of that colour.
The first dorsal fin has its origin nearer the pectorals than the
ventrals, and bears in its anterior border concealed in the skin a
small spine, a third as high as the front margin of the fin. The
second dorsal unarmed, with a fleshy base a little shorter than three
times that of the first dorsal, its vertical height equal to two thirds
of the said second dorsal. Pectorals subrectangular not short, almost
naked and white, their end nearly reaching the vertical from the
dorsal spine. Ventral fins, with fleshy base, a little higher than second
dorsal, their length a little greater than half of the same dorsal, the
distance of their origin from the tip of snout equal to two thirds of
the total length of the fish. Caudal fin not far from homocercal, the
tail entering into it in a straight line and very slightly bending up-
wards only at its end; the two lobes triangular, both developed,
almost symmetrical.
The species is named after my old friend. Prof. Alberto Arthur
Sarmento, the Madeiran naturalist, who has been engaged here for
many years in the diffusion of knowledge of natural science.
From the Philippine species, Squaliolus laticaudus Smith and Rad-
cliffe, Squaliolus sarmenti seems to differ in the more posterior in-
sertion of the first dorsal. In Squaliolus laticaudus the distance from
snout to first dorsal is 2.1 in length to base of caudal; in S. sarmenti
it is 2.4. The pectoral in S. laticaudus reaches well past front of
first dorsal; in S. sarmenti only to the concealed spine. The distance
from spiracles to insertion of first dorsal is 3.6 in body in S. laticaudus]
4 in A. sarmenti.
The following are the dimensions of the example obtained:
Body: Total length 246 mm.
Greatest height (under first dorsal) 31 mm.
Height of caudal peduncle 5 to 6 mm.
Head: Length 54 rnm.
Width at spiracles 23 mm .
Length of snout 19 mm.
Width of snout (near anterior margin of eye) 17 mm.
Preoral portion of snout 31 mm.
Diameter of eye 9 mm.
Interorbital space 19 mm.
388
Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
First dorsal: Distance from snout 92 mm.
Length of base. 10 mm.
Vertical height. 7 mm.
Length of anterior margin 12 mm.
Length of spine 4 mm .
Second dorsal: Distance from end of first dorsal. 70 mm.
Length of base 27 mm.
Vertical height 5 mm.
Pectorai.s: Distance from snout 62 mm.
Width of base 8 mm.
Length.... 21 mm.
Ventrals: Distance from snout. 162 mm.
Length of base. 15 mm.
Vertical height. 6 mm .
Caudal: Distance from end of second dorsal 16 mm.
Distance from end of ventrals 40 mm.
Length 31 mm.
Height 36 mm.
Comparing this species with the Madeiran members of the squaloid
group, we find that its dermal denticles are quite of the same model
as Etmopterus pusillus (Lowe), only they are comparatively larger in
the present species, for the larger specimens of E. pusillus of our
collection, some of them not less than 47 centimetres in length, have
dermal scutella of the same absolute size. The nearly naked paired
and dorsal fins, all with white margins, are further features common
to the two species considered.
The lower teeth, apart from their entire edges, by their reduced
number, their inclination and the presence of a mesial tooth, approach
those of Scymnorhinus licha (Bonnaterre) ; but, more exactly, they
approach nearer to those of Centro scymnus obscurus, Vaillant, and of
C. crepidaier (Bocage and Capello), than S. licha, in which species
the lower teeth deviate little from the upright position. On the other
hand, the upper teeth present a closer resemblance by their conical
pointed cusps to those of S. licha and C. crepidater than to any other
species, but the upper jaw describes a single arch, as it happens gen-
erally, and not a sinuosity, as is the case with the genus Centroscymnus.
The family place of this genus of sharks is not difficult to find, and
depends only on the way by which systematists treat the sharks of
the squaloid. group. If we accept a single family, the Squalid^, in-
cluding not only all forms with two dorsal spines, but also those
which are spineless, this new form is entitled to enter there immedi-
ately, without any objection. But if the group must comprise more
Di Noronha: Squaltolus Sarmenti.
389
than one family, characterized either by the presence of two dorsal
spines, or by the total absence of them, in this case, as Squaliolus has
a single very small dorsal spine, a new family, the Squaliolidce, must
be recognized.
Adolfo Cesar de Noronha.
/
Cruces, Funchal, Madeira, November, 1923.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI. Plate XXXV.
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XIV. FOSSIL BIRDS FROM THE GREEN RIVER DEPOSITS
OF EASTERN UTAH.
By Alexander Wetmore.
(Plates XXXVI-XXXVIL)
During field-work for the Carnegie Museum in the season of 1923,
Messrs. Earl Douglass and LeRoy Kay discovered on White River in
Utah about two miles from the Colorado line a deposit, in which were
a considerable number of bones of birds. These specimens, which
were distributed over the surface of a large slab of hard sandstone,
came from the lowest levels of the Green River Formation in the
Eocene. Though a considerable number of individual bones are
represented, the majority are fragments of ribs, radii, or similar
bones, which offer no characters for identification. Among them
there are a few bones from other parts of the body, all more or less
crushed, but in condition to permit definite determination. From
these I have described three species, which are characterized in the
following pages.
The three species herein named seem to have no definite connection
with birds which have been previously described from the Eocene,
and distinctly add to our small fund of knowledge of the bird-life of
that remote period. All three seem to have been adapted to life on
or around water, and appear allied to two groups, the Auks and the
Avocets, among modern birds. To enable proper understanding of
their characters, study of these specimens has been prolonged over a
period of months, during which the fossils have been compared with
large series of modern forms in the collections of the United States
National Museum. The specimens were all disassociated, so that
correlation of different parts of the skeleton has come through a
process of analogy.
For the privilege of examining this material I am indebted to Dr.
Douglas Stewart, Director of the Carnegie Museum, and Mr. O. A.
Peterson, Curator in Mammalian Paleontology of that institution.
The illustrations of the species described, which appear upon Plates
XXXVI-XXXVII, were drawn by Mr. Sidney Prentice.
391
392
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Family ALCID^F^.
Nautilornis gen. nov.
Generic Characters: Humerus (PI. XXXVI, figs. 1-4) somewhat
similar to that of Alca Linnseus,^ of the subfamily Alcince, but caput
humeri considerably reduced; entire humeral head relatively larger
and broader; shaft somewhat rounder, less flattened; depression for
brachialis inferior large and well impressed; radial tubercle much
larger and more rounded. Type: Nautilornis avus sp. nov.
I. Nautilornis avus sp. nov. (PI. XXXVI, figs. 1-8.)
Type: C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,358, a right humerus, nearly
complete.
Horizon: Eocene, bottom of Green River Formation. Collected on
White River, Utah, two miles from the Colorado line, 1923, by Earl
Douglass and LeRoy Kay.
Description: Head of humerus broad and relatively flattened,
somewhat distorted by crushing; caput humeri long, narrow, smoothly
rounded, with a deep excavation penetrating far back beneath its
posterior margin, which forms' a pronounced overhang above the
cavity below; tuberculum internum low and poorly marked, ap-
parently continuous at its proximal margin with caput humeri; crista
superior long and pronounced, forming a thin curved plate, concave
toward the posterior surface, which extends down in a gradual slope
to merge with the blade-like margin of the shaft, somewhat crushed
and distorted with part of margin broken away; crista inferior and
surrounding area missing, with fossa subtrochanterica evident, but
distorted; a low incisura capitis and a well marked tuberculum
externum, which is partly broken away; a shallow coraco-humeral
groove, partly obliterated by crushing; bicipital surface broad and
rounded; bicipital groove very faint; deltoid groove rather broad and
open; anterior end of shaft on posterior surface distinctly angular, on
anterior face flattened; shaft throughout length much compressed,
with the anterior face more or less plane, and the posterior surface
rounded; shaft narrowed in transverse diameter below middle and
then expanded again toward lower end; distal end of bone crushed
and partly broken away; a broad concavity for the insertion of the
brachialis inferior, quite different from the shallow impression in the
Auks; a broken margin marking former presence of a distinct ectepi-
condylar process; radial tubercle distinctly rounded, with sharply
^Syst. Nat., 'Ed. 10, Vol. I, 1758, p. 130. Type, by subsequent designation,
Alca torda Linnaeus.
Wetmore: Birds from Green River Beds, Eastern Utah. 393
angular impression on outer face, cut in under margin of tubercle
and separating it from the plate which supports the ectepicondylar
process; the tubercle in question supported on an extension of the
shaft, which throws it well outward.
Measurements of type: Total length, 105.3 mm.; lateral diameter
of shaft at narrowest point 6.5 mm.; diameter at right angles at same
point 4.7 mm.
Remarks: There is in the collection a second humerus (PI. XXXVI,
fig. 4) attributed to Nautilornis avus, also from the right side of the
body, which is somey^hat more crushed and distorted than the speci-
men chosen as the type. Though in itself incomplete, this second
example shows a few characters absent in the type. The head of the
bone is more complete on the lower or inner side, showing that the
boae was here extended outwardly as a broad shelf, which joined
the shaft at an angle of nearly ninety degrees, as in Alca torda. The
depression of the fossa subtrochanterica is evident, though its actual
form has been lost through crushing. The shaft has much the form
described in the type. The specimen as preserved is approximately
1 14.5 mm. long.
Comparison of the two humeri depicted on PI. XXXVI, figs, i and 4
will at once reveal decided discrepancies in the conformation of the
head. The differences indicated seem due to crushing and distortion
and to the breaking away of bone in the type. The original condi-
tion was perhaps more or less between the two forms shown. It has
seemed best in illustrating these specimens to show them more or
less as they are, rather than to attempt an uncertain restoration.
Two fragmentary tibio-tarsi, much crushed, if they are properly
allocated under this species, indicate that it had longer, more robust
legs than are found in modern Auks. The more nearly perfect of
these, the lower end of the bone, (PI. XXXVI, figs. 5-7) has the
condyles more flattened than is the case in Alca torda, and the channel
between the two on the anterior face deeper and more pronounced.
The depth of the condyles in this bone is as follows: outer 6.9 mm.,
inner 5.5 mm. The shaft in the second specimen is much crushed. If
properly restored it indicates a relatively long leg, as the part pre-
served measures 83.0 mm. in length, and apparently terminates just
below the peroneal ridge.
The proximal end of an ulna (PI. XXXVI, fig. 8) attributed to this
form has the usual hook-like inner projection found in other Auks.
It appears that Nautilornis was an Alcid with a wing adapted for
394
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
flight under water, though somewhat less specialized in this respect
than modern forms. Both wing and leg appear to have been relatively
longer than in modern species of Auks. The genus is considered as
representative of a subfamily to be known as the Nauiilornithinod,
distinct from existing subfamily groups in the characters which have
been mentioned. It is possible, judging from its apparently longer
wings and legs, that Nautilornis was less distinctly aquatic in habit,
more an inhabitant of littoral playas, where it may have waded about
on bars or in shallows in addition to disporting in deeper waters.
2. Nautilornis proavitus sp. nov. (PI. XXXVI, fig. 9.)
Type: C. .M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,359, ^ partly complete
sternum.
Horizon: Eocene, bottom of Green River Formation. Collected on
White River, Utah, two miles from the Colorado line, 1923, by Earl
Douglass and LeRoy Kay.
Specific Characters : Size decidedly smaller than that of Nautilornis
amis.
Description: Spina sternalis broken away, but indicated by roughened
surfaces; groove for reception of coracoid extending in to base of
spina sternalis, decidedly broadened inward from its center, rapidly
constricted toward the base of the spina sternalis, narrowing slowly
toward outer margin; anterior lateral process broken away; five
articulations for ribs indicated, spaced with regard to one another
about as in Alca, the margin to which they attach much broadened;
Carina long, but low, projected anteriorly, but with part of point
broken away; free margin smoothly rounded in a long gradual curve.
Measurements of type: Height of keel at highest point 16.3 mm.;
length of base of keel, as preserved (imperfect behind) 58.0 mm.;
length of coracoidal articulation 12.8 mm. All measurements ap-
proximate.
Remarks: The specimen under discussion consists of a sternum,
more or less crushed, in two halves of matrix, which have been broken
apart at the center, leaving part of the keel in one side and a part
in the other. On the right hand side is preserved the anterior margin
of the body of the sternum, which, however, has been broken away
from the keel and partly pushed out of place. This part comprises
the anterior margin of about one-third of the left half and most of
that from the right. The articular surface for the ribs is present on
the right portion, where it has been pushed out to one side. Scattered
fragments of the body are found on both sides but are incomplete.
Wetmore: Birds from Green River Beds, Eastern Utah. 395
The keel is quite perfect, though the anterior projection is partly
missing. Posteriorly the keel is practically complete, but the xiphoid
portion of the body is entirely gone, so that there is no indication of
lateral processes, or of the broad apron which is developed in diving
birds to protect the viscera from pressure. The drawing illustrating
the type specimen is accurate, but is partly diagrammatic as the two
upper fragments are drawn in place and not as they appear distorted
in the specimen.
Among other bones in the present collection I find two coracoids,
right and left, considerably broken and crushed, which are of a proper
size to accompany this specimen. The more perfect of these two is
somewhat similar to the same bone in Alca torda, so far as may be
ascertained, but has the lower articulation relatively less broadened
at its widest point. In addition to these there is a fragmentary lower
end of a right tibio-tarsus much crushed and broken, which I also
attribute to this species, as it resembles a similar fragment placed
with Nautilornis avus, but is smaller. The allocation of the three
fragments, which have been mentioned is not wholly positive.
The broken sternum taken as the type of the present species has
been extremely puzzling and it was only after realization that parts
of it have been pushed out of place that its proper position in classi-
fication was ascertained. It represents an auk-like bird of small
size, but with characters somewhat less specialized than is the case
in modern forms of this family. Its reference to the subfamily
N autilornithincE is assumptive, since no part of the sternum of N.
avus, upon which species that subfamily is based, is available, so that
it may possibly belong to another group. It has, however, seemed
proper in this case to follow a conservative course, as it appears that
the two birds in question are somewhat allied. Faint signs of missing
characters of the two hint at possible greater divergence from modern
Auks than the systematic rank allotted to them indicates, but in view
of variations among existing species these are disregarded.
Nautilornis proavitus was apparently a bird of diving habit, as
indicated by the thickening of the costal attachments to overcome
water pressure, but from the form of the keel of the sternum may
have used the wings to fly beneath the water to a less extent than
modern Auks. In size it was apparently somewhere between the
Ancient Murrelet and the Pigeon Guillemot.
396
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Family PRESBYORNITHID.F: fam. nov.
Presbyornis gen. nov.
Generic Characters : Somewhat similar to Recurvirostra Linnaeus, of
the family Recurvirostridce, but limb-bones, particularly the tarso-
metatarsLis, relatively much thicker and heavier, with the inner
trochlea less elevated on the shaft, the outer trochlea more rounded,
less elongated, and the shaft distinctly grooved in front for the greater
part of its length. Type: Presbyornis pervetus sp. nov.
3. Presbyornis pervetus sp. nov. (PI. XXXVII, figs. 10-20.)
Type: C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 11,360, nearly complete left
tarso-metatarsus.
Horizon: Eocene, bottom of Green River Formation. Collected on
White River, Utah, two miles from the Colorado line, 1923, by Earl
Douglass and LeRoy Kay.
Description: Proximal face of head of bone somewhat broken, so
that the inner glenoid facet is the only one distinctly indicated; this
is deeply cupped and irregularly circular; intercondylar prominence
strong and broad, in form an isosceles triangle with rounded outlines;
anterior surface of bone excavated in a broad groove, that below the
head is deep, while beyond it becomes shallow, in which condition it
extends down for slightly more than three-fourths of length; tubercle
for insertion of tibialis anticus tendon slight; talon somewhat broken
away, but apparently with two slight crests, of which the one toward
the inner side was longer and stronger; groove between the two ap-
parently slight; posteriorly the talon, cut away to merge with the
shaft a short distance below the head; inner face of bone with surface
flattened but rounded, cut away posteriorly toward head to base of
talon; shaft externally much flattened, with well defined angles,
marking junctions with anterior and posterior faces; a raised line
extending down center of posterior surface from base of talon to
center of shaft, where it is obliterated, perhaps by crushing, as a
similar line begins a short distance below and continues nearly to
trochlea; shaft relatively strong and heavy; inner trochlea distinctly
rounded, only slightly elongated; a posterior projection broken away
so that it is indicated merely by a roughened spot on the bone; a
shallow pit on outer face, bounded anteriorly by a rounded boss;
lower margin extended down only to level of upper margin of middle
trochlea; inner face hollowed out by a distinct concavity; middle
trochlea larger, projecting well beyond the two lateral ones, strongly
grooved around entire free surface; outer distal margin projecting
beyond the inner; lateral outline elliptical, upper posterior margin
Wetmore: Birds from Green River Beds, Eastern Utah. 397
somewhat undercut, as the process here is projected backward; outer
and inner faces strongly excavated; lower margin of outer trochlea
elevated about 2.2 mm. above lower margin of middle trochlea; in
lateral outline irregularly rounded, more or less elliptical with a well
developed backward projecting flange, which projects posteriorly
beyond the thicker central portion of the bone; outer face slightly
excavated.
Measurements of type: total length 114.4 mm.; smallest transverse
diameter of shaft 4.6 mm.; breadth of head (approximate) 9.8 mm.;
breadth across trochlea 10.2 mm.
Remarks: The general contours of the tarso-metatarsus, selected
as the type of the new species described above, are strikingly similar
to those of Recurvirostra, the main distinction being in the proportions
of the bone, which, though only slightly longer than in the Avocet, is
much stronger and heavier. The antiquity of the specimen lends
much weight to these readily apparent differences, so that it has
seemed advisable to segregate the species in a separate family, the
Presbyornithidce, to stand as the lowest member of the suborder con-
taining the shore-birds.
Among the many bones found more or less closely associated with
the type of Presbyornis there are a few fragments, which are assumed
to belong to the same species. These are all badly crushed and broken
and offer few characters of value. For convenience they are compared
with Recurvirostra.
The lower portion of a tibio-tarsus (PI. XXXVII, figs. 13-17) in-
cluding the condyles and possibly one-third of the shaft, bears out
the characters of strength and robustness found in the tarso-
metatarsus. The internal condyle in lateral view is long and narrow,
with the upper anterior margin nearly straight, and a large raised
tubercle on its outer face for tendinal attachment. The external
condyle is broader and more rounded. The space between these two
articular points, the intercondylar sulcus, is comparatively broad and
is deep, with steeply sloping border walls. The shaft is robust. It
differs from Recurvirostra in the straight upper margin and the strong
outer tubercle of the internal condyle, broader intercondylar sulcus,
and stronger general form. The transverse breadth across the con-
dyles is 9.5 mm.; the depth of the external condyle 5.8 mm.; and the
depth of the internal condyle 5.4 mrh.
Broken bits of a right humerus appear to belong to this same
species. The proximal end is represented by the caput humeri with
398
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the tuberculum externum. The articular surface is long and narrow,
swollen at the caput humeri, and restricted toward the external
tubercle. Below the head on the posterior surface at the head of the
shaft is an evenly rounded depression which is rounded amd broad, not
narrow and ridged, as in Recurvirostra. The lower end of the same
bone (PI. XXXVII, fig. i8) is represented by the trochlea with a
fragment of the shaft, perfect only on the anterior face. A broken
face represents the base of what was apparently a well-marked
ectepicondylar process. The general conformation is similar to that
of Recurvirostra, except that the ulnar trochlea is relatively longer.
The greatest transverse breadth across the trochlea (not an accurate
dimension because of distortion due to crushing) is 12.7 mm.
A right coracoid (PI. XXXVII, fig. 19) allotted here lacks the
precoracoid and outer angle at the lower end and is somewhat crushed.
It is relatively strong and heavy, of flattened form, probably accentu-
ated by crushing which has destroyed much of the original appearance
of the lower articular surface. A notch appears to represent the
presence of a subclavicular foramen. The total length of this bone
as restored is 36.3 mm.
An ulna considerably crushed comes from a wing of large size,
probably twice as large as that of an Avocet, as it measures 115.2 mm.
It is too badly crushed to permit description.
A right metacarpal (PI. XXXVII, fig. 20) partly embedded . in
matrix, is in general contour like that of Recurvirostra, but is longer
and heavier. The pisiform process is at a lower point, and the first
metacarpal is relatively longer. The fossil is also more excavated on
the outer side at the base of the first metacarpal, and the carpal
articulation is extended to a lower level. Otherwise no great differ-
ences are noted.
We may conceive that Preshyornis pervetus was an inhabitant of
mudbanks at the borders of Eocene bays, streams, and lakes, where
it waded freely and swam with equal ease. The suggestion is that it
was heavier in the body and, therefore, more truly aquatic than the
Avocets, which, though they swim readily, are content in the main
to utilize their long stilt-like legs in wading. The family Preshyorni-
thidce may be considered typical of an ancestral stock, from which
existing Avocets and Stilts have descended.
Wetmore: Birds from Green River Beds, Eastern Utah. 399
Incert^ sedis.
In addition to the bones which have been described, there are in
the present collection a considerable number of crushed and broken
fragments, which cannot be placed. These consist mainly of radii,
/
ulnae, and fragments of ribs, though among them are some bits of leg
bones and one sacrum. Definite characters from which these may be
successfully identified are missing; part of them undoubtedly belong
to the three forms described above, while some probably come from
another species. It is considered wholly inadvisable to give any of
these specimens names. Such action will bring no actual increase in
knowledge, since they can be placed in a systematic list only in the
scrap-basket indicated by the heading of the present paragraph. They
have been long buried, let them now rest in peace.
400
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. I
Fig. 2
Fig. 3,
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6,
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI. •
Nautilornis avus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov. Type. Posterior view of
right humerus. Slightly less than natural size.
Nautilornis avus. Type. Radial view of right humerus. Slightly less
than natural size.
N autilornis avus. Type. Anterior view of right humerus. Slightly less
than natural size.
N autilornis avus. Type. Posterior view of right humerus ascribed to this
species. Slightly less than natural size.
N autilornis avus. Outer face of fragmentary right tibio-tarsus allocated
to this, species. Slightly less than natural size.
N autilornis avus. Inner face of tibio-tarsus shown in Fig. 5.
Nautilornis avus. Distal articulating surface of tibio-tarsus shown in
Fig- 5-
N autilornis avus. Proximal end of right ulna attributed to this species.
Natural size.
Nautilornis proavitus Wetmore, sp. nov. Lateral view of sternum. Type.
Somewhat restored, natural size.
N autilornis Wetmore, gen. nov,
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Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. 10.
Fig. II.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIL
Presbyornis pervetus Wetmore, gen. et sp. nov. Anterior view of left
tarso-metatarsus. Type. Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus Posterior view of left tarso-metatarsus. Type.
Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Lateral view of left tarso-metatasus. Type. Some-
what less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Anterior view of right tibio- tarsus, ascribed to this
species. Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Posterior view of tibio-tarsus shown in Fig. 13.
Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Inner surface of tibio-tarsus, shown in Fig. 13.
Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Outer surface of tibio-tarsus, shown in Fig. 13.
Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Lower articular surface of tibio-tarsus shown in
Fig. 13. Somewhat less than natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Lower end of right humerus ascribed to this species.
Natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Anterior aspect of right coracoid attributed to this
species. Natural size.
Presbyornis pervetus. Inner face of right metacarpal identified as this
species. Natural size.
Plate XXXVII.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Presbyornis Wetmore, gen. nov.
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XV. DESCRIPTION OF A FOSSIL HAWK FROM THE
MIOCENE OF NEBRASKA.
By Alexander Wetmore.
(Plate XXXVII I.)
From material collected for the Carnegie Museum a number of
years ago in the Agate Springs Quarries of Sioux County, Nebraska,
I have recently received, through Mr. O. A. Peterson of that insti-
tution, a complete metatarsus of an extinct hawk, with a claw from
the foot of some related form. In the observations on these specimens,
which follow, the hawk is described as a new form.
I. Geranoaetus ales sp. nov. (PL XXXVIII, figs. 1-5.)
Type: C. M. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 1828, a complete right meta-
tarsus.
Horizon: Miocene, Lower Harrison Beds, Quarry No. 2, Agate
Springs Fossil Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska. Collected by W.
H. Utterback, summer of 1906.
Specific Characters : metatarsus similar to that of Geranoaetus
melanoleucus (Vieillot),^ but smaller; base of talon extended farther
down on shaft; head of talon swung toward center of bone; posterior
semilunar groove relatively smaller and less open.
Description: Proximal face of head rudely rectangular in general
outline; external glenoid facet slightly excavated, the depression
elongated from front to back across head; internal glenoid facet more
deeply cupped, rounded elliptical in form; intercondylar tubercle
broad and flat, with a slightly irregular surface; internal glenoid facet
at slightly lower level than outer one; anterior semilunar groove very
slightly indicated; posterior semilunar groove deep, with external
margin decidedly less than internal, due to projection of talon; internal
margin rather evenly rounded; a round, excavated depression below
head on anterior face, the upper margin sloping steeply to the proximal
end of the bone, prolonged upward as an angle that extends up on
projection of intercondylar tubercle; the two superior foramina are
contained in this pit, which beyond them is constricted toward the
inner side by the projecting tubercle for the tibialis anticus, and
^Spizaelus melanoleucus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., XXXII, 1819, p. 57.
(Paraguay.)
403
404
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
continues into the anterior groove; crests for transverse ligament (for
tendon of extensor digitorum communis) sharp-edged, slight, but
distinctly evident, separated by a flattened space; tubercle for tibialis
anticus strong, located externally to center of shaft, elongated in
form, elevated at lower end, and merged gradually with shaft above;
shaft rather slender, slightly expanded at upper end, tapered gradually
to center, below which it is uniform for a distance, and then expanded
to form a support for the trochlea; posterior face excavated by a
broad channel that occupies entire surface, bounded by sharp, raised
margins, broad and open above, deeper and narrower toward center,
practically disappearing at level of attachment of first metatarsal; on
anterior face below head a slightly indicated anterior sulcus, which
disappears entirely at center of shaft; outer face nearly plane, with
a very gradual curve toward middle; external ligamentous ridge very
slightly indicated; both margins of external surface gently curving,
expanded toward center, and then gradually reduced, with sharp
angled junction throughout with anterior and posterior surfaces con-
tracted to a very narrow plate immediately above inferior foramen;
inferior foramen rather small, placed in an ovoid expansion at the
lower end of a short, slightly impressed groove; surface of shaft internal
to this groove nearly flat; inner margin of shaft a thin, compressed
line, which from above swings in a graceful backward curve to below
center, and then trends forward to terminate above articulation of
first metatarsal, below which it is straight and more rounded; external
head of talon very slightly elevated above level of internal glenoid
facet, produced as an irregular knob-like process, which is truncate
above, notched on its external face, and internally and below slopes
gradually to merge into shaft; internal head of talon a produced
compressed plate with an outer, somewhat expanded process which
is partly broken away; above the talon it is sharply truncate, below it
slopes rather abruptly in a knife-like margin to merge into the shaft,
where it is continued as a faintly raised line for approximately 25
millimeters; external superior foramen opening behind internal to base
of outer crest of talon; internal superior foramen indicated behind by a
small pit external to lower margin of internal crest of talon; articular
facet for first metatarsal cut at an oblique angle across sharp inner
margin, with greater portion lying on posterior face, sharply cut
above, with a slight, raised boundary, disappearing below; external
trochlea a flattened plate which swings out at a slight angle, cut away
on inner side for free half to a narrow plate one-half as wide as rest
of bone; middle trochlea somewhat broader, at free end swung slightly
outward, with a shallow articular groove extending completely around
the free portion; outer and inner faces decidedly excavated; internal
trochlea with a broad, central portion, excavated on inner face, with
a triangular ala interna projecting outward from its posterior margin;
a rather deep excavation on external surface.
Measurements: Total length 90.2 mm.; greatest breadth of head
Wetmore: Fossil Hawk from Miocene of Nebraska. 405
15 mm.; greatest breadth across trochlea, 16.2 mm.; smallest trans-
verse diameter of shaft, 7.6 mm.; distance from center of tubercle for
tibialis anticiis to upper end of shaft, 14.9 mm.
Remarks: The type, the only specimen seen, is well fossilized, and,
like most specimens from the Miocene of the type-locality, is colored
a pale greenish slate. It is in a remarkable state of preservation, as
it is perfect, except for slight wear on the projecting points of the
hypotarsus and the outer trochlea.
For some years past I have been uncertain as to the actual generic
relationship of the fossil Aquila dananus Marsh ^ described from the
broken distal end of a left tibio-tarsus collected by A. H. Ewing in
Jul}', 1870, from Loup Fork deposits in Nebraska. No illustration
accompanied the original description, but a reproduction of a photo-
graph of the type is given by Shufeldt. ^
During a recent visit to the Peabody Museum, Yale University, I
had opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. Richard S. Lull and
Dr. M. R. Thorpe, to examine this type (Cat. No. 293) and to compare
it with pertinent recent material, which I had brought with me for
the purpose.
From this examination it appears that Aquila dananus represents
a member of the genus Geranoaetus, and should be known as Gera-
noaetus dananus (Marsh). The species was slightly smaller than
Geranoaetus melanoleucus, the only modern form of the genus, but in
general configuration is strikingly similar to that form, except that
the opening above the supratendinal bridge appears broader, with a
more gradual slope of the side of the shaft into the fossa beneath. The
type evidently comes from a juvenile specimen, which had attained
full size, but in which the bones had not completely ossified. It is
probable that it comes from a bird which had just left the nest. It
is well fossilized.
As Marsh’s measurements, the only ones which have been published,
are in lines, it may here be of value to give dimensions in millimeters
taken from the type: Total transverse breadth across condyles,
16.9 mm.; greatest diameter of outer margin of internal condyle
1 1. 1 mm.; distance from center of tubercle on outer face of internal
condyle to lower margin, 5.4 mm.
“^Aquila dananus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., (3) II, August, 1871, p. 125.
^Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., XIX, February, 1915, pi. 2, fig. 13.
406
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Geranoaetiis dananus appears wholly distinct from other species at
present placed in the genus. G. ales, the only one with which it might
be confused, i's distinctly smaller, as indicated by the comparative
difference in measurement between the lower end of the tibio-tarsus
and the head of the metatarsus in similar hawks, a difference well
without the range of individual variation due to sex. The difference
in size between dananus and ales was easily evident when the articular
surfaces of the two types were compared directly.
In past ages in number of species the long-legged eagles grouped
in the genus Geranoaetus apparently paralleled modern Buteo. The
seven known at the present time are as follows:
Geranoaetus dananus (Marsh) ....
“ ales Wetmore
contortus Wetmore. . .
“ conierminus Wetmore.
“ grinnelli (Miller)
“ fragilis (Miller)
“ melanoleucus (Vieillot)
Miocene;
Miocene;
Upper Miocene;
Lower Pliocene;
Pleistocene;
Pleistocene;
Pleistocene and Recent.
This type of hawk thus has persisted from Miocene times until the
jiresent period. The modern bird is restricted in present range to
South America, but has been identified by L. H. Miller in Pleistocene
cave-deposits in California.
2. Buteonidae?
A large, somewhat worn clatv, (C. M. Cat. VTrt. Foss., No. 2207)
secured by O. A. Peterson in Lower Harrison Miocene deposits.
Quarry No. i. Agate Springs Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska, in
Jidy, 1908, represents an eagle, somewhat smaller than the Golden
Eagle, of uncertain generic relationship.
408
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Fig. I
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.
. Geranoaetus ales Wetmore, sp. nov. Anterior face of right metatarsus.
Tj’pe. 4/3 nat. size.
. Do. Posterior view of right metatarsus. Type. 4/3 nat. size.
. Do. Lateral view of ri^it metatarsus. Type. 4/3 nat. size.
. Do. Outline of head of right metatarsus. Type. 4/3 nat. size.
. Do. Distal outline of trochleae of right metatarsus. Type. 4/3 nat. size.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate XXXVIII.
Geranoaetus ales Wetmore, sp. nov.
(4/3 natural size.)
XVI. NOTES ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN
SOUTHERN FLORIDA.*
By Ernest G. Holt and George Miksch Sutton.
(Plates XXXIX-XLIV.)
On January 12, 1924, the senior author, proceeding from Miami,
established headquarters at the Royal Palm State Park. From this
base the neighboring Long Pine Key was worked and a special trip
was made to Flamingo and the offshore keys, January 17-20, January
26-31 were spent at ’Gator Lake; and on February 6 the region was
abandoned altogether to take up work on the Kissimmee Prairies.
The junior author arrived at Coconut Grove on March 10 and the
next day set out in an automobile with Mr. Semple and made camp
near the old club-house about two miles east of East Cape. On March
15 camp was moved to a point on the canal-road just south of East
Fox Lake. March 19 to 26 were spent at ’Gator Lake. This camp
was struck on March 27 and the return to Coconut Grove, via East
Cape, begun. Coconut Grove was reached .on the 28th and daily
excursions were made into the surrounding country until April i, when
*The paper here presented embodies the results of the observations made by
Mr. Ernest G. Holt on a field-trip to southern Florida in the winter of 1923, under
the auspices of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and on a field-trip to
the same general region made in the spring of 1924 by Mr. George Miksch Sutton
of the Carnegie Museum. Mr. Holt’s expenses were borne by Dr. George W.
Crile, one of the Trustees of the Museum in Cleveland; Mr. Sutton went to Florida
as the guest of Mr. John B. Semple of Pittsburgh, who has done much to increase
the ornithological collections of the Carnegie Museum.
Although working quite independently of each other, the two observers have
combined their notes, restricting their report to that part of the mainland of
Florida which lies south of Palm Beach, including one or two Keys on Biscayne
Bay visited by Dr. Crile and to several small Keys lying off East Cape visited by
Mr. Holt. Mr. Holt’s notes from the Florida Keys as well as his observations
north of Lake Okeechobee are purposely omitted, it being thought best by the
joint authors to confine their report to localities visited by both of them.
The kindness of the authorities of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in
giving us permission to use Mr. Holt’s observations is gratefully acknowledged.
At the time he made them he was a member of the staff of the Cleveland Museum.
W. J. Holland, Editor.
409
410
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
an auto trip was made up the coast almost to Palm Beach. April 2
the Tamiami Trail was followed to a point about fifty miles west of
Miami; April 3 Hialeah and the country west to the end of the road
were visited; and a cruise, at the invitation of Mr. L. H. Somers, to
Elliott’s and Seiberling’s Keys on April 4 concluded the field-work.
The Country.
The region about Miami, and in fact almost the whole of the East
Coast, has suffered extensive “improvement” at the hand of man.
Tomato-fields now occupy the swales among the pines, while one of
the finest semitropical hammocks has given way to the streets 'of
Miami. The pine-woods themselves retain more nearly their original
character than any other type of country, and it is probable that the
fauna of this plant association has undergone correspondingly little
change.
In our region the pines { Finns carihcea) extend westward some miles
from the coast between Miami and Homestead, and below the latter
place occur still farther out in the Everglades on a series of oolite
“islands,” or out-crops known as keys. Such an “island” is Long
Pine Key (PI. XL, fig. i) on the eastern end of which the Royal
Palm State Park corners. A single species of saw palmetto {Serenoa
serrulata) furnishes the dominant undergrowth in the pine woods. The
characteristic birds were; Little Sparrow Hawk, Red-cockaded
Woodpecker, Flicker, Loggerhead Shrike, Pine Warbler, and Brown-
headed Nuthatch.
Royal Palm State Park lies eleven miles southwest of Homestead,
just within the edge of the Everglades, and is reached by a good road
from that place. Its most striking feature is the tropical jungle,
known as Royal Palm Hammock, with the stately palms {Roystonea
regia) which give it its name. Other characteristic trees are the live
oak (Quercus virginiana), gumbo-limbo (Elaphrium simarnba), and
strangling fig (Ficus aurea). The most conspicuous bird was the
Florida Crow.
Beyond Royal Palm Hammock the road to Cape Sable passes out
into the Everglades and continues on an embankment of rock and dirt
thrown up during the excavation of a drainage canal from the western
boundary of the Park, in a southwesterly direction, to East Cape.
The Everglades (PI. XL, fig. 2 and PL XLI, fig. i) defy description.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 411
The mere statement that they are a vast expanse of sedges, more or
less wet, and dotted here and there with bushy hammocks fails utterly
to convey the sense of distance, wildness, and freedom which chiefly
impresses the traveler within their borders. Saw-grass {Mariscus
jamaicensis) and switch-grass (Spartina sp.) are the dominant plants,
and herons are, of course, the principal birds. Florida Red-shouldered
Hawks and Kingfishers also abound, while at the time of our visits
Palm Warblers were legion.
A few miles from the coast mangroves {Rhizophora mangle) appear
and become progressively larger and more numerous to the south,
until the Everglades give way entirely to a great wooded swamp
(PI. XLI, fig. 2) so nearly tropical that true mahogany thrives there
and the mangroves reach a height of seventy feet. Finally the road
emerges at Flamingo from this dense jungle and leads out over a
narrow strip of prairie, which extends between the shore and the
swamp some nine miles west to East Cape. . The Spanish bayonet and
several cacti are perhaps the most characteristic prairie plants.
’Gator Lake, where each of us spent much profitable time, is a very
shallow, brackish body of water overlying very deep muck. It is
about three-quarters of a mile in diameter, approximately circular,
and lies in the Everglades five miles northeast of East Cape. A rank
marginal growth of red mangroves screens the lake from the open
Everglades, which surround it, and furnishes roosting and nesting
places for many species of water-birds. The most notable was the
Wood Ibis. Here oppossums, otters, raccoons, cotton-rats, shrews,
marsh-hares, and a wild-cat {Lynx) were seen, and alligators were
common.
The keys offshore at Flamingo are mere mud-banks grown up to
black mangroves {Avicennia nitida), with a ground cov-er of saltwort
{Batis maritima) , and always fringed with red mangroves {Rhizophora
mangle). The larger keys are open in the center, and the very largest
support a dense growth of thorny undergrowth, including cactus, of
xerophytic appearance.
More detailed description of the region is not warranted here,
Southern Florida has long attracted the attention of geologists,
botanists, zoologists, and, in ever increasing numbers, those enthusi-
astic amateurs, collectively known as “nature-lovers.” Volumes have
\
been written in description and praise of its beauties and wonders. Of
412 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
these we might suggest the following to those who would pursue the
subject:
Sanford, Samuel. The Topography and Geology of Southern Florida.
2d Annual Report, Fla. State Geological Survey, Tallahassee,
1909, pp. 175-231-
Safford, W. E. Natural History of Paradise Key and the Near-by
Everglades of Florida. Annual Report Smithsonian Institution
for 1917, pp. 377-434-
Simpson, Charles Torrey. In Lower Florida Wilds. New York,
1920, 8vo., 404 pp.
In the following list, all records prior to March i, 1924, result from
the senior author’s observations, while all subsequent notes, excepting
those relating to the breeding farther north of the Water-turkey, were
made by the junior author. The nomenclature and sequence of the
one hundred and twenty-three forms listed follow the Third Edition
of the A. 0. U. Check- List of North American Birds and the i6th,
17th, and 1 8th Supplements thereof.
SPECIES OBSERVED.
1. Larus argentatus. Herring Gull. Two were seen offshore at
Flamingo, January 18.
2. Larus atricilla. Laughing Gull. A large flock of adults in
changing plumage was repeatedly observed near Flamingo, March
12-15. The birds stayed almost exclusively about a shallow pond a
short way in from the beach. Most of their feeding was done afoot,
the whole flock wading about like sandpipers, sometimes up to their
bellies in the water. At Palm Beach and Miami the gulls about the
harbor were almost always on the wing, individuals occasionally
dropping into the water beside a morsel to devour it. One Laughing
Gull in immature plumage was observed many times on ’Gator Lake,
at close range.
3. Larus Philadelphia. Bonaparte’s Gull. Several were seen
whirling about at Palm Beach on March 10.
4. Gelochelidon nilotica aranea. American Gull-billed Tern.
One individual was seen several times, March 12 and 13, near Flamingo,
flying about or resting with the Laughing Gulls. Its visits were
usually brief, however, and, when the gulls paused to rest, the tern
often went out to sea.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida.. 413
5. Sterna caspia imperator. CouEs’ Caspian Tern. But one in-
dividual of this species in full summer plumage was noted, a bird
seen when we were en route to Elliott’s Key on April 4. Numerous
birds in winter dress were recorded in March at Flamingo, near East
Cape, at Coconut Grove, and at ’Gator Lake, and on April 4 off
Seiberling’s Key. They were very wary. Their notes were surprising
and were so varied as to be sometimes confusing. One note might
be syllabilized as tchak-kee, and there were also high, thin squeals,
which were characteristic. In feeding the birds kept well offshore,
except during strong winds, when they usually beat back and forth on
the lee. The heavy bill proved to be a good field mark.
6. Sterna maxima. Royal Tern. Several were seen offshore at
Flamingo on January 17 and 18, one was noted over ’Gator Lake,
January 28, and another was seen over Little Cat-tail Lake,
January 30.
7. Rynchops nigra. Black Skimmer. On January 18 four flocks,
each of about twenty-five skimmers, were seen at dusk, flying west-
ward just off shore at Flamingo. They were moving in a compact
group and so low that they barely cleared the surface of the water.
Two days later the same phenomenon was observed in two flocks of
about twenty and forty individuals. A single bird was seen on
March 26 at ’Gator Lake, passing over to the northward.
8. Anhinga anhinga. Water-turkey. In January this species
was noted in the slough just east of Royal Palm Hammock; at ’Gator
Lake, where an adult female with active ovaries was taken on the
28th; and on Little Cat-tail Lake. In March it was observed
rather commonly at East Fox and ’Gator Lakes. Several nests were
found at varying heights in the mangroves, but although some of
them looked fresh, no eggs or young birds were found. Most of the
birds were obviously mated, however. In this connection it may be
of interest to observe that at Bassenger a large downy white young
with black pin feathers in the wings was seen in the nest on February
II, while at Gainesville fresh eggs were taken as late as April 19.
As the Snake-birds sat in the dense foliage of the mangroves they
were often very difficult to see, and were sometimes closely ap-
proached. At such times they left their perches with a great commo-
tion, and hollow squawks, which sounded like the rumbling of air in
lead pipes. When the birds were surprised near the water, they
414
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
dived characteristically and as a rule were not seen again. But their
soaring was even more amazing than their other abilities. When
circling about, their heads seemed particularly long and slender.
Once, when we slowly pushed through the terrible saw-grass at East
Fox Lake, a pair of Snake-birds came out from the mangroves and
circled above us for half an hour, apparently watching our every
movement. At the edge of the lake, in some cat-tails, two were seen
with their wings partly open and hanging loosely, standing idle for
some minutes before plunging into the water. Very often when
there was a commotion of any kind about ’Gator Lake the Snake-
birds would join the Wood Ibis circling high above.
9. Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus. Florida Cormorant. Few
cormorants were found at ’Gator Lake in January. Individuals were
also noted in the drainage canal in that vicinity and near Ingraham
Lake. On the Oyster Keys off Flamingo, however, they were abundant.
There hundreds of cormorants roosted in the mangroves with other
hundreds of Brown Pelicans. January 18, on an unnamed key a
little farther out, hordes were found in the marginal mangroves and
in the water about the edge of the island, keeping up a mighty splashing
as an accompaniment to a perfect hubbub of voices. Their old flimsy
nests of sticks were stuck all over the overhanging branches of the
mangroves, while the ground beneath was strewn with empty egg-
shells.
Along the canal near East Fox Lake, Florida Cormorants were
often seen fishing in March. They were recognized at a great distance
by their steady, direct flight. At ’Gator Lake they were then par-
ticularly common and were observed every day as they sat on the
protruding stubs along shore, or floated in a scattered silent group in
the middle of the lake. In leaving a perch they almost always first
descended to the water with a splash, and then with wing-tips striking
the surface, and great clumsy feet beating simultaneously to propel
the body along faster, they would gradually rise. Occasionally we
came very near the females, as they sat lazily on their perches, tails
often half under water, and with grayish-green eyes staring at us. The
males, on the other hand, were not easily approached and were
usually observed in a separate flock out in the lake. The iris of the
male is a startlingly clear, bright green. Cormorants were numerous
on the piles and the old wharf near East Cape.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 415
10. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. White Pelican. Houston Irwin
of Flamingo reports that a flock of fifty or seventy-five White
Pelicans was seen on a small lake back of East Cape about January i,
1924.
11. Pelecanus occidentalis. Brown Pelican. In January pelicans
and cormorants were roosting by hundreds on West Oyster Key, just
off Flamingo. The eastern point of the island is covered thickly
with a pure stand of rather large mangroves and it was here that the
birds gathered in greatest numbers. The sun was sinking into the Gulf,
as we landed on the key and slipped quietly through the trees to the
roost, where scores upon scores of birds were with much preening
settling themselves for the night. It was a weird place in the gloom,
in a world of roots, mud, and dark glossy green leaves; weirder still
were the noises that filled the air. The cormorants, so far as could
be observed, were silent; but the queerest of vocalizings, guttural
pig-like grunts, and much popping of enormous beaks disclosed the
perches of the pelicans.
Pelicans were often seen at ’Gator Lake, where both adult and
immature birds were noted. We very closely approached one un-
suspecting young pelican. He was obviously trying to catch fish, and
his clumsy, sprawling attempts were very funny. The pelicans and
vultures roosted almost side by side in one of the larger clumps of
mangroves in the lake.
12. Fregata aquila. Man-o’-war-bird. Two were seen soaring
over West Oyster Key, January 20; they were also observed at
Coconut Grove, flying overhead, March 10 and ii; and at ’Gator
Lake, March 22 and 24. One thing particularly noted was, that,
when the birds were sailing into the wind, their tails seemed not to
be forked, but composed simply of a single long feather. Only when
they turned quickly was the deep furcation obvious. There is an
impression among residents thereabouts that the ‘‘Man-o’-war Hawk”
actually has but a single long tail-feather.
13. Mergus serrator. Red-breasted Merganser. A flock of
seven was observed near Coconut Grove, as we were on our way to
Elliott’s Key, April 4.
14. Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal. No teal were seen
at ’Gator Lake in January, but they were extremely abundant there
416
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
March 19—26, and were usually found in the small, very muddy coves
along the edge of the lake. Often large flocks were seen sitting among
the mangrove roots, or running about in the open spaces between
clumps of grass. They were surprisingly wild, and even at a great
distance, as soon as we were observed, they would set up an a-gitated
calling and begin moving about uneasily. It was interesting here to
see a Red-shouldered Hawk capture a male Blue-wing. The hawk
had somehow cornered its victim along the edge of the mangrove
bushes, and, although the duck would dive when its pursuer struck,
the hawk was ever ready to grab it when it reappeared, and the
contest eventually became too strenuous for the duck.
Although many of the teal seemed to be mated, no courtship antics
were observed.
15. Marila affinis. Lesser Scaup Duck. On January 17 a lone
adult male was taken in the canal at Bear Lake and hundreds of
ducks, presumably of the same species, were seen well out in the
shallow water of the lake itself. A flock of about twenty-five was
noted on ’Gator Lake, January 26-29, single birds were taken at
the same time on the canal in that vicinity. March 19-26 these ducks
were abundant on ’Gator Lake, where they usually kept out in the
open water, or rested on one of the open banks on the southern shore.
During this time no particular change in the number of ducks present
was noted, but the fact that more species were not seen leads to the
conclusion that a great many of the ducks, which must have wintered
thereabouts, had left for the north. Upon two occasions ducks other
than teal and “Blue-bills” were seen, but could not be certainly
identified. One such pair were very likely Shovellers; the others may
have been Florida Ducks. On April 15 Mr. Semple saw only a few
“Blue-bills” and Blue-winged Teal remaining at ’Gator Lake.
16. Ajaia ajaja. Roseate Spoonbill. Two richly colored, ap-
parently fully mature birds were seen on the wing at ’Gator Lake,
January 26, and two days later one was flushed from the Wood Ibis
rookery, where it had gone to roost. “K,” our camp-man, seemed
abashed to find the “pinks” so scarce, after having assured us that
we could easily obtain them at ’Gator Lake. Local hunters told us
that there were none this year at Cuthbert Lake, so “K” decided that
were any left in the Cape Sable region they must be at Little Cat-tail
Lake. A special trip to that place, however, proved vain.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 417
March 19—26 several Spoonbills were found at ’Gator Lake, almost
always together in a flock. The birds evidently had become attached
to certain suitable portions of the lake, for they were usually seen in
one of two or three sheltered muddy pools along the edge, back among
the trees. They often circled about with the Wood Ibis in the sky,
at which times their rosy plumage was very noticeable. A specimen
which was crippled fell into the water. When captured it grunted
and obviously tried to keep under the surface. When its head was
under, an unusual protuberance was noticed on the chin, and upon
examination it was found that the gular sac was tightly filled with air
which the bird would not give out when taken from the water. The
air was apparently retained even when the bill was opened. Although
it struck with its bill, it could not bite at all hard; in fact, when it
nibbled a finger, it gave the impression that so doing was hurting the
bird! The specimen collected had not yet acquired its full breeding
dress (March 22).
17. Guara alba. White Ibis. January 20 two lone adult females
with inactive ovaries were shot from the mangroves on West Oyster
Key, where they had gone to roost with the cormorants and pelicans.
January 26-29 both adult and immature birds were common at
’Gator Lake in mixed flocks, numbering up to about twenty-five
individuals. White Ibises were seen at East Fox Lake on March 17.
For several days thereafter only a few isolated individuals were
noted, but toward the end of the March sojourn at ‘Gator Lake they
suddenly became more abundant and were seen in flocks of from
fifty to seventy birds. Many wore the mottled plumage of im-
maturity.
One evening, as we rounded the point of a mangrove clump at
’Gator Lake, a great commotion was heard back among the trees, and,
having pushed our way in silently, we saw a large flock of White
Ibises feeding at a pool. What a noisy, careless group! Chasing each
other, fighting, squealing, and running about excitedly, they hardly
had time to notice us. Then, when we were observed, there was a
tremendous whir of wings, and most of the birds rose directly (if
clumsily) and were off. Those remaining, in statuesque poses, watched
intently for danger.
The White Ibis and the herons roosted in the Wood Ibis rookery.
Here in the evening the noise was indeed riotous. They never could
418
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
settle down without much quarreling over perches. The notes of the
White Ibis were more insistent and cackling, and were repeated more
rapidly than those of the Wood Ibis. Long files of White Ibises
coming in for the night seemed to fly very rapidly. The birds gave
the impression of being weighted towards the rear, or of having
insufficient wing-feathers to keep a proper balance.
i8. Mycteria americana. Wood Ibis. At ’Gator Lake a breeding
colony of Wood Ibis occupied a cluster of tiny muck and mangrove
islands just off the north shore. This colony was divided into two
unequal parts, a main division, taking possession of almost the whole
of a separate group of islets; and a smaller section, occupying the
nearest point of a neighboring island. January 26-29, activity in the
rookery was at its highest pitch. Young were in every stage of de-
velopment from unhatched embryos to husky nestlings able to stand;
but none was yet venturing out of the nest.
A careful survey of the main division was made on January 29,
when it was found to comprise a total of two hundred and thirty nests
arranged in ten groups, each of from four to thirty-three nests. These
nests were placed all over the peripheral branches of the trees, and
only in mangroves, at elevations ranging from five feet above the
water to about twenty-five feet up in the tops of the tallest trees. A
single large mangrove supported the whole of the largest group of
nests, thirty-three. The nests themselves were constructed rather
carelessly of twigs and vines, and the fresher ones, which still held
eggs, were lined with one or two green mangrove sprays. The nests
were strikingly small for the size of the builders. The average diameter
was certainly less than two feet, and some of them could not have
been over eighteen inches wide. These nests thus differ markedly
from the three-foot structures of large sticks, which were found not
far distant at Bear Lake by Mr. Bent (The Auk, XXI, January,
1904, p. 28).
The young averaged three in number, with minima and maxima of
one and five. In one nest of four, two were twice the size of their
fellows, and often there was considerable though less difference in the
sizes of nestlings of the same brood, indicating that incubation is
commenced before all the eggs are laid. On the heels of some young,
whose legs were still too wabbly to support them, were large sores due
to constant abrasion by the rough material of the nests.
Unlike the birds seen by Mr. Bent (/. c.), which were reported very
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 419
shy, the adults at ’Gator Lake seemed reluctant to leave the rookery,
at least when it was first visited. Even after several visits, some
simply flew to near-by trees, though others went away. During the
unusual disturbance incident upon the counting of the nests many
soared at a great height above the rookery. Florida Crows were in
close attendance and made the most of any molestation of the adult
ibises. Turkey Vultures too kept a continual vigil here, though for
what purpose it could not be ascertained.
In March about three hundred Wood Ibises were seen at ’Gator
Lake and single birds or pairs were noted at points near-by. Days
before the lake was actually reached, it was thought that there must
be a colony of these spectacular ^'flintheads” somewhere near, for on
the first evening at East Fox Lake the great birds had flown out from
the trees and circled about, giving an occasional grunt. Pairs usually
appeared; but often long files of them, their black and white plumage
flickering in the sun, would move across the sky. There seemed to
be a daily movement to a northeasterly point somewhere, perhaps
for fresh water. But the birds observed at the East Fox Lake camp
represented only a small fraction of the colony. When at length the
open water of ‘Gator Lake was sighted, the little wooded islands off
the opposite shore, literally covered with birds, immediately held
attention. A beautiful sight it was, the clear blue of sky and water,
and the birds sitting about in the sunshine.
When the colony was approached, the older birds took wing. The
young, though all fully fledged and well able to fly, were not wild,
and many of them stood about on their platform-nests or the branches
close by, looking about blankly with mouths open. From them came
an incessant muttering, the noise, which we had heard particularly
at evening for days before. The jargon of voices was laughable. It
sounded like a great barnyard, or circus, with many voices and notes
commingled. The young birds were occasionally a little unsteady in
flight, but, although many of them were so undeveloped as to have
noticeably short bills, all could soar remarkably well. The nests
were covered with excrement and smelled violently^ and the young
had apparently long since forgotten to which parents they belonged.
The flight of the adults was easy and graceful, when once their
perches were cleared. The feet were usually held straight back,
though occasionally a bird would let its legs hang limp, particularly
during high winds. The bill was pointed forward so straightly that
420
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
the angles of the mandible often showed plainly protruding below the
lower contour line of the head. The most remarkable thing about
these birds was their daily, voluntary soaring. When the whole
colony left the trees and circled about, the air seemed filled with
birds, as though in the smoke above a flame ashes of paper were
being whirled higher and higher, till they were mere specks in the
sky. High-flying birds in returning to the colony slid sidewise down
the air in a breath-taking manner. Even at great heights, sometimes
of a mile or more, the rush of their huge wings was often audible, and,
when a whole flock of circling birds simultaneously returned to earth,
it was indeed a memorable spectacle.
The Wood Ibis can bite savagely. A crippled one, when picked up,
quickly brought blood from the hand, which it attacked, not with the
tip, but with the hard, rough, cutting edge of the bill. The toes of
the living birds were pale flesh-color, in contrast to the dull black of
the tarsus. The eyes were an almost neutral gray-brown, and were
not bright and piercing, but rather dull and expressionless.
Some young were still being fed by their parents on March 21,
though many were then procuring their own food. The stomach of
one adult contained thirteen fish, three of which were over seven
inches long. The stomachs of the four adults taken in January were
examined by Messrs. J. R. Greeley and F. M. Uhler, of the U. S.
Biological Survey, and, through the courtesy of Mr. W. L. McAtee,
head of the Division of Food Habits Research, their findings are here
published:
(1) Stomach nearly empty. Contents: Remains of at least 2
Poeciliidce and fragments of plant-stems and fibers.
(2) Stomach two-thirds full. Contents: 68 Mollienisia latipinna,
5 Cyprinodon variegatus, 4 Gambusia affinis, 2 Lepomis hol-
brookii. Fish 100 percent. Vegetable debris, 5 percent, of
gross contents.
(3) Stomach full. Contents: Mollienisia latipinna, 2) Cyprinodon
variegatus, i Gambusia affinis, 1 Cyprinidce, 5 Lepomis hol-
brookii. Fish 98 percent.; traces of crustaceans; 16 seeds
of Cephalanthus occidentalis, i seed of Nyssa sp. (probably
biflora) ; vegetable matter 2 percent.
(4) Stomach very full. Contents: 317 Mollienisia latipinna, 46
Cyprinodon variegatus, 9 Gambusia affinis, 6 Adinia multi-
fasciata. Fish 100 percent; vegetable debris, a trace.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 421
The fact, that a single ibis may take three hundred and seventy-
two top-minnows at one time, is apt to lead to severe criticism of the
species by over-ardent exterminators of mosquitos. For like reasons
several of the herons have already been savagely attacked by certain
Floridians. The best refutation of these arguments is that every
year untold myriads of these fish perish with the drying of the pools.
Were there no birds to prey upon them, there would simply be a few
more myriads annually to die in this manner.
Although there were so many Wood Ibises at ’Gator Lake during
our encampments there, Mr. Semple writes that on April 15 they had
almost entirely disappeared; departed, he thinks, for more northerly
regions such as Lake Okeechobee, or the cypress-swamps. The lower
stage of water and its consequent greater salinity at that time, may
account for this.
The future of this colony is sad to contemplate. The completion
of the tourist road along the canal to East Cape will speedily bring
about the abandonment of the rookery, after thirty years of use, and
force a fast-disappearing bird even nearer the danger line of extinction
in the United States.
19. Ardea occidentalis. Great White Heron. January 18 and 20
this majestic species was common on the keys and mud-banks off
Flamingo, where several specimens were collected. One strong-flying
immature female was taken on West Oyster Key, and on East Oyster
Key one young, still unable to fly, was seen, but no eggs or nestlings
were observed there. In the canal near Ingraham Lake a single bird
was seen on January 25 and in the same canal near ’Gator Lake lone
individuals were seen on January 26 and 28. In March Great White
Herons were seen along the canal road (particularly at Bear Lake), at
East Cape, and on the muddy areas outside the rim of trees bordering
’Gator Lake. They were very wary and kept in the open. Along the
shore of Florida Bay they waded about in the pools, or stood on
protruding stubs. One roosted in a mangrove clump near East Eox
Lake. Even in the darkness its white form could be detected against
the black foliage. It was evident that the birds were not nesting
close at hand, for usually only individuals were seen, and in leaving
they nearly always struck out to sea, probably bound for rookeries on
the keys.
20. Ardea herodias wardi. Ward’s Heron. Both of us found
422
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Ward’s Herons throughout the entire region, wherever canals, sloughs,
or lakes offered suitable feeding-places. They were especially common
on the mud-banks off Flamingo, and both eggs and nestlings were
found on the near-by keys, January i8 and 20. Most of the birds
seen at ’Gator Lake were immature.
21. Casmerodius egretta. Egret. At sunset on January 28 several
Egrets were found roosting in the Wood Ibis rookery on ’Gator Lake;
and on the 30th others were seen about Little Cat-tail Lake.
22. Egretta candidissima candidissima. Snowy Egret. This
species also was found roosting in the ’Gator Lake Wood Ibis rookery
on January 28. At Little Cat-tail Lake on the 30th about fifteen were
found perched on the marginal bushes. Three specimens secured
were all adult males with active testes. About two dozen birds were
recorded at ’Gator Lake, March 19-26. All were in full nuptial
plumage, but there was no further indication of nesting. One speci-
men, when shot, fell into the water. Upon picking it up, it was
noticed that no water adhered to the feathers, and that the lake for
several feet about was covered with fine powder, doubtless from the
powder-down patches of the egret. This was not the case with a
Great White Heron secured at East Cape, March 13. Portions of
this bird’s plumage were thoroughly wet when it was taken from the
water. In a freshly killed Snowy Egret there is a warm creamy glow
of the plumage, which was not noted in the white plumage of the
Little Blue Heron.
23. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, Louisiana Heron. Excepting,
perhaps, the Little Blue Heron, this species was the most abundant
of the herons. It was seen wherever there was water, except on the
keys off Flamingo. The Louisiana Herons were the noisiest of all
their congeners. Their notes were loud and harsh, and often quite
annoying, when they warned other birds of our presence. These
warning notes occasionally rather closely resembled those of young
crows; other notes sounded like kuk-keow, repeated several times.
24. Florida ccerulea. Little Blue Heron. Either this species, or
the last, would probably outnumber in individuals all the other herons
put together. Apparently there were more white than blue individuals.
The pale bills and greenish feet of the white birds were good field-
marks and quickly distinguished them from Snowy Egrets, when
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 423
seen afield. The Little Blue Herons were also tamer, less active,
and much noisier than the Snowy Herons. At the ’Gator Lake Wood
Ibis rookery, Little Blue and Louisiana Herons roosted in the lower
branches, the White and Wood Ibises usually above them. Unlike
the Louisiana, the Little Blue Heron was commonly found on the
keys off Flamingo.
25. Butorides virescens virescens. Green Heron. January 26—31
this heron was very common in the mangroves and tall grass about
’Gator Lake and only less so along the canal. It was also seen at
Little Cat-tail Lake. ' In March, however. Green Herons were not
common at ’Gator Lake and vicinity, although single birds were seen
at intervals along the canal, and at Bear and East Fox Lakes.
When disturbed along the shore the Louisiana, Little Blue, Ward’s,
and Snowy Herons nearly always flew out over the water, up over
the trees, and away. Not so the Green Herons; they flew, screeching,
back through the mangrove roots, where they were often wont to
conceal themselves. A strange cry, kek kek kek, repeated nervously
many times, was often given before flight. The habit of twitching the
tail was characteristic of this heron only.
26. Nycticorax nycticorax ncBvius. Black-crowned Night Heron.
January 26—29 the mangroves about the margins of ’Gator Lake
harbored a large population of both adult and immature Black-
crowned Night Herons. The young were mostly out of the nest, clam-
bering about over the branches, though on the 26th a flimsy nest of
small sticks and leaves, which was discovered about ten feet above
the water, contained three downy slate-colored nestlings (one dead),
while near-by another nest, about five feet above the water, held
two small young. A few days later a single nestling was found in a
mangrove, which supported twenty-four nests of the Wood Ibis. In
the very midst of the Wood Ibis rookery three young had left their
nest to explore the branches, but one luckless fellow had made a
misstep and, still feebly kicking, was stuck fast, its neck caught
between the boles of two small trees. A number of Black-crowned
Night Herons were found at Little Cat-tail Lake, January 30.
The birds were not common at ’Gator Lake March 19-26, but Mr.
Semple writes that they were much more numerous on April 15.
About three times as many individuals were in immature as in adult
plumage. Adults were very wary.
424
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
27. Nyctanassa violacea. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Ap-
parently more adults and fewer immature individuals of this species
were seen than of the Black-crowned Night Herons. It was noted
from specimens in hand that the iris of the Yellow-crowned Night
Heron was more orange than that of the Black-crowned, rendering the
facial expression of the Yellow-crowned Night Heron more owl-like.
28. Rallus crepitans waynei. Wayne’s Clapper Rail. Although
rails, presumably of this subspecies, were heard grunting loudly in
the saw-grass at ’Gator Lake, they were seen only at Mr. Semple’s
home in Coconut Grove, where the birds have nested for several
years. There, particularly in the morning and evening, they were
heard calling loudly and insistently, sometimes four of them in a
weird chorus, and occasionally one was seen deliberately walking
across one of the paths, or slipping through the grass. Although the
spear-grass was thoroughly searched on April 4, no nest was found. A
dead bird, probably killed by an automobile, was found on April 2
between Coconut Grove and Miami.
29. Porzana Carolina. SoRA. At ’Gator Lake Soras were abundant
in March. There their notes were constantly heard in the tall saw-
grass. At East Fox Lake Mr. Semple saw a raccoon following a Sora
through the grass.
30. lonornis martinicns. Purple Gallinule. One individual was
positively identified at ’Gator Lake, March 19. The species should
certainly have been common there.
31. Gallinula chloropus cachinnas. Florida Gallinule. Common,
though not often seen at ’Gator, Little Cat-tail, and other lakes.
Occasionally one was seen swimming leisurely across an open space in
the water, head bobbing like a pigeon’s and wings held in a partially
lifted manner. They often rested on the mangrove roots in the
shadows. One morning an otter was seen chasing a gallinule through
the cat-tails.
32. Fulica americana. Coot. One seen in the open water at
’Gator Lake, March 24; two at Bear Lake, March 28; and a small
flock near Miami on April 3.
33. Ilimantopus mexicanus. Black-necked Stilt. One seen on
a muddy shore at East Fox Lake, March 17. Mr. Semple saw one
at ’Gator Lake, April 15,
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida, 425
34. Gallinago delicata. Wilson’s Snipe. Four were recorded near
’Gator Lake: one on the canal, January 31; two on the edge of the
lake, March 26; and another, which was heard one night, hooting, as
is their custom in courtship farther north.
35. Pisohia maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. Recorded March i i,
13, and 14, near camp at East Cape, and March 26, at ’Gator Lake.
The birds did not feed on the shore of the bay, but among the
weeds about the inland pools.
36. Pisohia minutilla. Least Sandpiper. Seen in small flocks
about the shallow pools at East Cape, March ii and 14. They were
apparently not so common as the following species.
37. Ereunetes pusillus. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Several fair-
sized flocks were observed at East Cape, March 13 and 14. They
were extremely restless.
38. Totanus melanoleucus. Greater Yellow-legs. Recorded
several times at East Cape, Bear Lake, ’Gator Lake, and Miami, in
March. They were noticeably commoner than the Yellow-legs;
usually one, two, or three birds were seen.
39. Totanus flavipes. Yellow-leg. Observed March 12 and 13
on the flats near East Cape.
40. Tringa solitaria solitaria. Solitary Sandpiper. One flew by
camp at ’Gator Lake, March 23, calling loudly.
41. Bartramia longicauda. Upland Plover. Seen on the canal
road near East Fox Lake, March 16 and 23.
42. Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper. Recorded at ’Gator
Lake, March 21 and 24.
43. Numenius americanus. Long-billed Curlew, One seen on
the flats near East Cape, March 13.
44. Squatarola squatarola cynosurcE. Black-bellied Plover. A
flock of five seen on the Cape Sable flats, March 13 and 14.
45. Oxyechus vociferus. Killdeer. In January several were seen
about the tomato-fields just west of Royal Palm Hammock; and in-
dividuals, as well as two flocks, the larger judged to contain about
twenty-five birds, were found about Ingraham Lake. Killdeers were
426
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
repeatedly observed singly or in a flock on the flats near East Cape
in March. At the wooded lakes Killdeers were seen only in transit.
46. Colinus virginianus floridanus. Florida Bob-white. Ob-
served at Coconut Grove, where birds were seen in the town and in
the palmetto-scrub in the vicinity. A female collected on April 2
apparently was not ready to nest.
47. Zenaidura macroiira carolinensis. Mourning Dove. A few
seen at Coconut Grove, but found to be common at Yamato, north
of Miami, during early April. Not recorded in the Cape Sable region.
48. Chcemepelia passerina passerina. Ground Dove. This species
was noted at Cutler on December 21, 1923, and in mid-January, 1924,
at Royal Palm Hammock, Long Pine Key, Clive Key, and an un-
named key off Flamingo. On March 10 a Ground Dove was found
in Mr. Semple’s yard, resting on a banana leaf. Though natal down
was still clinging to its feathers (PI. XLIII, fig. 2) it was able to fly
extremely well. The eyelids were yellowish, the bill dark at the tip,
and orange-yellow at the base, and the feet dull pinkish. No adult
birds were seen anywhere, though their soft cooing was often heard.
At East Cape they were repeatedly seen in a tract of dead weeds, but
they were noticeably more plentiful to the north in the vicinity of
Delray.
If the young bird discovered at Coconut Grove on March 10
represents average development, the eggs must usually be laid in
early February.
49. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Turkey Vulture. Common
throughout the region from Miami to East Cape and on the off-shore
keys; especially numerous about the lakes in the Everglades. The
“buzzards” were occasionally bothersome about camp; and, while
laboring through the saw-grass or mangroves, one would become
weary of their constant beating back and forth low over one’s head.
Probably they expected to feast on alligator, since alligator hunters
often work these lakes, and the vultures were most likely accustomed
to their ways. The “buzzards” about ’Gator Lake were observed
many times eating dead fish.
50. Coragyps urubu urubu. Black Vulture. Not nearly so
common as the last species. Several were noted at ’Gator Lake and
at other points all along the trip in March and April, but it is note-
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 427
worthy that between December 21 and February 6 only two were
seen south of Lake Okeechobee. These were at Ingraham Lake with
thirty Turkey Vultures.
51. Elanoides forficatus. Swallow-tailed Kite. Observed during
March at Royal Palm Hammock, along the canal road in the region
of Bear Lake, at Flamingo, and twice at ’Gator Lake. The deliberate
grace and clean-cut beauty of these birds always won our admiration.
Above the tangled woodland at Flamingo, sometimes as many as
seven were observed sailing about apparently only at leisure, or play.
As a rule the forked tail and wings were spread wide, at least while
soaring, and the same ease of movement characterized their flight as
did that of the ‘‘Man-o’-war Hawks.” The birds observed on March
27 seemed to be mated, although the male, which was collected,
showed no positive signs of breeding.
That this kite is playful, or mischievous, was obvious. Once a
pelican flew slowly along under a soaring kite. The kite swooped
down at the pelican and nagged the big clumsy creature for half a
mile, crying loudly the while in a high voice, kii-ki-ki. Again, when
a Barred Owl was flushed from a thicket, two kites slashed furiously
down at the owl, crying loudly, and clearly intent on driving the
creature away.
The soiled or bloody condition of the white belly feathers of our
specimens of this essentially aerial bird furnish additional, although
circumstantial, evidence of its habit of feeding while on the wing from
prey held in its talons.
52. Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk. In the latter half of January
these harriers were recorded at Royal Palm Hammock, at Flamingo,
and at Ingraham, ’Gator, and Little Cat-tail Lakes. They were
commonly observed in the prairie region of East Cape in March. All
birds seen were in flight, and they all seemed to be moving steadily
northward. Only one in pale gray plumage was seen.
53. Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk. One individual was
seen on January 15 in the woods of Royal Palm Hammock, and
another on March 28, chasing a warbler near East Cape. Apparently
not a common bird.
54. Accipiter cooperi. Cooper’s Hawk. One was seen at close
range in a live oak, March 13, near East Cape.
428
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
55. Buteo lineatus alleni. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. The
commonest hawk in the Everglades in January. It not only frequented
the mangrove jungles, but was often seen sitting on the embankments
along the canals. Abundant almost everywhere in March, but less
so in pine woods than elsewhere. The tameness of these birds (par-
ticularly the young) was remarkable. They were often approached
to within a very few feet in the canoe, and one bird seemed to have
no idea of leaving, even when we stood up under him and waved our
hands, only about five feet from him. The adults were very noisy,
particularly about their nests. They responded quickly to squeaking,
and came very close. Three nests were found, all of which held young:
(i) in a mangrove hammock near East Fox Lake, (2) in a live oak
near East Cape, (3) in a large mangrove at ’Gator Lake. These nests
were placed high in the trees, but, as rather small trees were used, they
were easily reached. The young in all the nests were at about the
same stage of development. Doubtless the food of these birds consists
usually of smaller animals, but we saw one with a large snake, and
another was seen to catch a male Blue-winged Teal.
56. Buteo platypterus. Broad-winged Hawk. Recorded twice
near East Cape, March ii and 13. These birds also were very tame.
57. Haliceetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. January
18 and 20 three occupied nests were found on the keys off Flamingo.
The first nest, which may be taken as typical (PI. XLIV, fig. i)
was an enormous structure of large sticks, four and a half or five feet
in diameter, placed about twenty-five feet up in the crotch of a black
mangrove, and overlooking three nests occupied by young Ward’s
Herons. The inside of the nest was built up almost to the rim,
flattened, and covered with dried grass on which sat two huge dark
brown young with contour feathers appearing through the down. The
second nest (PL XLIV, fig. 2) contained but a single very small
eaglet, covered with pale buffy down, and possessing a shrill voice;
while the third harbored a big very dark downy youngster and an
egg. All reeked of rotting fish. The parents attending these nests
were in fully adult plumage. In fact no immature birds were seen,
other than the nestlings. The same key never sheltered more than
one occupied eagle’s nest. On the other hand nests of Ward’s Herons
were quite often placed almost in the shadow of an aerie, and no
evidence was obtained that the eagles ever abused this confidence.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 429
Only one adult Bald Eagle was seen on the mainland in March,
although immature birds were observed nearly every day. The
Lesser Scaup Ducks at ’Gator Lake showed plainly that they feared
the eagles, but no eagle was ever seen to chase a duck. The notes of
the Bald Eagle were surprisingly thin, high, and weak. One eagle
examined in the flesh on March 17 was apparently in the moult
between the plumage of the second and third year, a much be-
draggled, worn specimen.
58. Falco peregrinus anatum. Duck Hawk. On March 21 there
was a high wind, during which many of the birds about ’Gator Lake
gathered in the sheltered recesses. In one of these coves suddenly
appeared a Duck Hawk, the only one recorded, chasing a Tree Swallow.
59. Falco columbarius columharius. Pigeon Hawk. Although
repeatedly recorded along the south shore of ’Gator Lake in March,
the same bird might have been seen many times. Its flight was very
rapid.
60. Cerchneis sparveria sparveria. Sparrow Hawk. This large
northern form seemed to be almost confined to the prairie region of
Cape Sable. On January 16, however, a specimen was taken on Long
Pine Key and on March 28 a female was shot in the pines near Home-
stead. Both were within the normal habitat of subsp. paula, but
even in the field the larger, heavier build of C. sparveria sparveria is
obvious.
61. Cerchneis sparveria paula. Little Sparrow Hawk. Abundant
in certain parts of the pine-lands as far west as Long Pine Key, but
never seen anywhere but in the pines. It was so common in some
areas that every separate clump of trees was certain to have its pair
of birds. In March a female was observed to enter a hole in a charred
pine stub, but no infallible breeding signs were evident in the
specimen.
This form is certainly worthy of subspecific separation. It is
smaller and more delicately built than the northern form, a fact
noticeable even in the field, and its flight is more rapid, and its voice
shriller. Its movements, while typical to some extent of the species
in general, are those of a lighter bird. Upon comparing specimens in
the flesh, it was found that in both sexes there is a very pronounced
difference in the color of the soft parts. The cere and eyelids of
430
Annals of the Caknegie Museum.
C. sparveria paula are strongly reddish orange, those of C. sparveria
sparveria dull yellow; and the feet of C. s. paula are dull buffy orange,
while those of the larger form are soiled grayish yellow. This reddish
tinge in the flesh parts of C. 5. paula gives it a bright, colorful appear-
ance, quite different from that of the most highly colored northern
bird.
62. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Osprey. Observed at ’Gator
and Ingraham Lakes in January, but not about the keys off Flamingo.
In March it was found about the water . nearly everywhere. One
bird had a favorite perch not far from camp at ’Gator Lake. It would
sit for a long time with wings drooping, intently watching the surface
of the water.
63. Tyto alba pratincola. Barn Owl. Observed twice; March 20,
in the mangroves at ’Gator Lake, and March 27, on the prairies at
Flamingo, where the bird was circling about above the grass, like a
Short-eared Owl.
64. Asio flamnieus. Short-eared Owl. Two seen at East Cape
on March 14.
65. Strix varia alleni. Florida Barred Owl. In January these
owls commonly hooted at night and sometimes even in daylight
about the lodge in Royal Palm Hammock. They were heard almost
every night in March. As a rule the cry consisted of eight hoots in
groups of four, but occasionally a hoot was omitted. At East Cape
they fed on the numerous Cotton Rats (Sigmodon). The small
birds, which most constantly besieged the Barred Owls, were the
Key West Vireos.
66. Otus asio floridanus. Florida Screech Owl. One was
observed in a public park at Miami during a band concert on the
night of December 21. Despite the throngs of people, the owl seemed
perfectly composed upon its perch on the illuminating wires. Mr.
Semple considers the species uncommon.
67. Coccyzus minor minor. Mangrove Cuckoo. One was taken
in the mangroves at ’Gator Lake, March 22. It was very quiet and
not wild. A cuckoo had been heard calling a day or two before in
the late evening.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 431
68. Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher. Common on the keys
and on the mainland, wherever there was sufficient water.
69. Dryohates villosus auduhoni. Southern Hairy Woodpecker.
Taken February 2 in the pines on Long Pine Key; seen once at ’Gator
Lake, March 20; and once near Deerfield on April 3 in rather open
pine-woods.
70. Dryohates pubescens pubescens. Southern Downy Wood-
pecker. One taken February 2 on Long Pine Key, two seen near
Flamingo, March 14, and two others noted on March 28 near
Flamingo.
71. Dryohates borealis. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Common
on Long Pine Key in mid-January. Three birds were observed in
the pine-woods near Deerfield, April i.
72. Sphyrapicus varius varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Observed at ’Gator Lake among the lower growth, March 24 and 26.
73. Phlceotomus pileatus floridanus. Florida Pileated Wood-
pecker. Fairly common in deeper woods, particularly near the
lakes and canals. A bird was found at work on its nest in a dead
palmetto not far from Flamingo on March 28. The excavation was
about a foot deep and had plainly just been made. Apparently the
examination of the nest caused the birds to desert it, for Mr. Semple
writes that it was unoccupied on April 17. At ’Gator Lake there
was a pair of these handsome birds, but they were not often seen.
Numerous old excavations of the birds were noted in palmettos,
buttonwoods, and other dead trees.
The voice of the Florida form seems clearer and finer than that of
P. p. ahieticola. Certainly the Florida birds do not cackle so plainly
as do the northern birds, and their notes even more resemble those
of a Flicker.
74. Centurus carolinus. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Common on
both the mainland and the keys, in mangroves and pines alike. This
bird was a frequent visitor at Mr. L. H. Somers’ feeding table at
Coconut Grove, and has nested regularly in Mr. Semple’s yard, in a
dead stub not far from the bay shore.
75. Colaptes aiiratus auratus. Flicker. Common locally, but not
evenly distributed. One of the few woodpeckers recorded in the
432
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Everglades. A nest just ready for eggs was found near Flamingo on
March 15.
76. Antrostomus carolinensis, Chuck-will’s-widow. First re-
corded on March 16, by Mr. Semple at Coconut Grove. Mr. Somers
saw one on Elliott’s Key, April 4. Heard several times about Coconut
Grove, but apparently the birds had not arrived in full numbers by
April 6.
77. Archilochus coluhris. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Seen
repeatedly at Coconut Grove during March, and once at East Cape,
March 14.
78. Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird. Recorded daily from March
23 on, along the canal road from ’Gator Lake, east.
79. Myiarchus crinitus. Crested Flycatcher. Observed nearly
every day in the woods about ’Gator, East Fox, and Bear Lakes,
March 15-28.
80. Sayornis phcehe. Phcebe. Common, and widely distributed.
Found in the pines of Long Pine Key and in the grass of the Everglades
alike.
81. Cyanocitta cristata florincola. Florida Blue Jay. Common
about Coconut Grove and Royal Palm Hammock, but strangely
absent almost everywhere else. Several were seen on March 31 in
the pine-woods near Coconut Grove, and on April 4 a pair was building
its nest in the town. No vocal peculiarities could be detected in this
southern form.
82. Aphelocoma cyanea. Florida Jay. Three Florida Jays were
seen and a specimen collected at Delray on April i. Judging from
the bird’s actions and condition it was nesting. The title “Scrub
Jay’’ is very appropriate. It is much quieter than the Blue Jay; in
fact it was not heard to utter any notes at all.
83. Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus. Florida Crow. In January
Florida Crows were recorded at Flamingo, West Oyster and Clive
Keys, and Ingraham and Little Cat-tail Lakes, but were particularly
common and noisy at Royal Palm Hammock and Long Pine Key.
At ’Gator Lake several were always to be found about the Wood Ibis
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 433
rookery and the robbery of at least five nests of ibis eggs is unhesi-
tatingly charged against them. In March Florida Crows were
strangely rare at ’Gator Lake, being recorded only on March 22 and
26. Perhaps they had departed for more favorable hunting-grounds
after the Wood Ibis eggs were hatched. At Flamingo and East Cape
they were common and a nest with well-developed young was found
in a live oak near East Cape on March 13.
It is remarkable that no Fish Crows were seen south of Lake
Okeechobee.
84. Agelaiiis phceniceus phceniceus.* Red- winged Blackbird.
Two males were shot near East Cape on March 12, and, though it
was impossible to preserve them, they were compared in the field
with male specimens of A. phceniceus floridanus. Their much heavier,
coarser build was noticeable in life. These birds were members of
a flock of about fifteen which departed northward on March 13.
85. Agelaius phceniceus hryanti. Bahama Red-wing. The inclu-
sion of this form is based upon five females secured on April 2 on the
Tamiami Trail, twenty-five miles west of Miami. They are plainly
paler and smaller than females of A. phceniceus floridanus in the
collection of the Carnegie Museum, and have narrower dark streaks
on the under parts. These birds w^ere taken from an unmixed flock
of females, which kept very closely together, and paid no attention to
some males (now believed to have been floridanus) near-by. Males
collected at the same time are closer to floridanus in every way than
to hryanti. It seems strange that no males of hryanti were taken, but
the sexes keep in separate flocks at that time of year, and it may well
be that the wandering males simply did not cross our path.
86. Agelaius phceniceus floridanus. Florida Red-wing. All male
Red-wings secured in January, March, and April were of this form,
except the two phceniceus shot near East Cape. Adults were taken at
Ingraham Lake, January 30; East Cape, March 12; East Fox Lake,
March 17; ’Gator Lake, March 25; and on the Tamiami Trail, tw'enty-
five miles west of Miami, April 2. Two specimens were taken from
*The nomenclature here used for the forms of Agelaius phceniceus conforms
strictly to the A. O. U. “Check-List” of 1910. This is to be construed, not as
ignoring the work of Mearns (Proc. Biol. Society of Washington, XXIV, 1911,
pp. 226-227) but rather as an effort to obviate confusion in the minds of non-
professional readers.
434
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
a large flock of immature males near Flamingo, March 27. The
noisy flocks in the live oaks there on that date were composed wholly
of immature birds, all males, so far as could be determined. A flock
of forty and another of twenty-five, seen at Ingraham Lake on January
30, comprised only adult males. Single birds, or scattered groups of
two or three, were always adult males. No females were seen any-
where! The birds seen at East Cape, March ii— 14, were clearly in
a migrating flock, and disappeared on March 15.
The Florida Red-wings are much more graceful than the northern
birds. Often they were seen swinging and climbing about the willow
or bay-berry bushes, like Baltimore Orioles searching for insects.
It is very interesting to find three forms of the same species together
in a circumscribed area, but it must be remembered that our notes
were made in early spring at a very strategic point and have to do
with migratory birds. That phceniceus was a migrant is certain;
floridanus must have been. And it is probable that hryanti was just
wandering about more or less aimlessly.
87. Sturnella magna argutula. Southern Meadowlark. Common
and singing in January on Long Pine Key (where specimens were
taken), at Flamingo, and in the Everglades at Ingraham Lake.
Meadow-larks were particularly abundant on the Cape Sable prairies
in March.
88. Quiscalus quiscida aglceus. Florida Crackle. Common
locally. Specimens collected in March at East Fox and ’Gator Lakes
had not completed the pre-nuptial moult, but those taken April 4 on
Elliott’s Key were in fresh plumage. A loose flock at East Fox Lake,
March 17, were moving deliberately through the trees, picking at the
mangrove “floaters” and investigating the air-plants. At ’Gator Lake
they were often observed among the mangrove roots searching for
food at the water’s edge.
89. Megaquiscalus major major. Boat-tailed Crackle. Common
along the ditch through the Everglades between Ingraham and
Little Cat-tail Lakes, January 30. In March the species was most
often observed at ’Gator Lake, where at morning and evening, the
big shiny males would sit in the tops of the trees and sing back and
forth to one another their musical keep keep, keep keep keep. Noted
also at East Fox Lake, March 15, and a large flock of males and two
females were seen in the fields at Hialeah, April 2.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 435
The flight of the male Boat-tail is quite labored, as though the tail
were weighted.
90. Po(Bcetes gramineus gramineus. Vesper Sparrow. Two
observed in the weeds near East Cape, March 14.
91. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. Savannah Sparrow.
Common in the prairie region near Flamingo; one female secured
March 12.
92. Ammodramus savannarum australis. Grasshopper Sparrow.
Observed several times in the grass-land bordering the salt marsh
where the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrows occurred. Specimens taken
March 13 and 14.
93. Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni. Nelson’s Sparrow. Speci-
mens were secured, March 13 and 15, from the matted weeds sur-
rounding some of the hammocks near Flamingo. One had not nearly
completed the moult.
94. Thryospiza mirabilis. Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. (PI.
XXXIX.) More downright labor was required to find this rare
and little-known species than any other encountered. Many hours
were spent before even the right environment was located. Then,
when it was decided that a certain area ought to harbor the birds, if
they were to be found anywhere, it took great strength of conviction
to keep plowing through the tall grass in the full sun.
The moment the first bird sprang up, it was recognized by the dull
gray of the back and its trailing flight, as it dropped back into the
grass. Once while crouched under some grass clumps during a rain, a
male perched on some low stems of grass only a few feet away and
sang softly, d’/e, dde, dde. Its yellow superciliary was clearly visible.
When hunting down wind a flushed bird would sometimes fly up
towards us, showing plainly its heavily streaked underparts. One
specimen secured (March 15) had somewhat enlarged testes, but one
of the females had not completed the moult.
The particular salt marsh where the sparrows were found is several
miles long but only about a mile wide, and seemed to be the only
marsh of the type thereabouts. Though the birds were. very rare, or
at least were very rarely flushed, it is hardly conceivable that the
species is restricted to so extremely small a range. However, it is
436
Annals of the Carnegie Msueum.
well to mention the constant danger of extermination of this colony
by fire. In March the region was very dry and fires were often seen.
It is quite possible that the whole area might be devastated by a
single blaze.
95. Melospiza georgiana. Swamp Sparrow. Seen in Royal Palm
State Park and at Little Cat-tail Lake in January, and near East
Fox Lake and at ’Gator Lake in March.
96. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni. White-eyed Towhee. One
taken, April i, near Delray, where others were heard calling. Observed
neither in the Cape Sable region, nor about Coconut Grove.
The note of this bird seems to be merely twee, or twee-ow instead
of the distinct tow-whee of the typical form.
97. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanns. Florida Cardinal. Re-
corded in January at Royal Palm Hammock, Long Pine Key, and on
an unnamed key off East Cape. Common everywhere in the wood-
land during March, particularly at Cape Sable in the cactus-filled
jungles, where the tangles were thickest. The birds seemed to be
paired, but no nests were found.
98. Passerina ciris. Painted Bunting. A male seen in scrub
growth at Flamingo, March 15, and another on the canal road north
of Flamingo, March 27. Reported at feeding stations in Coconut
Grove in January and February,
99. Piranga rubra rubra. Summer Tanager. Seen only at Mr.
Semple’s home in Coconut Grove, where it arrived on March 30.
Thereafter both male and female were often seen, and the former
sang repeatedly a very musical full song, somewhat like that of the
Baltimore Oriole. The call note sounded something like pur r- chick' -et.
100. Prague subis subis. Purple Martin. Recorded at ’Gator
Lake, March 22 and 24.
101. Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree Swallow. Abundant in March on
the prairies about East Cape, and near East Fox Lake,
102. Bombycilla cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing. Large flocks were
observed on March 10 and ii, in the avenue of Australian pines
leading up to Mr. Semple’s home at Coconut Grove. Seen at ’Gator
Lake, March 20.
Holt and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 437
103. Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus. Loggerhead Shrike.
Seen at Miami in December, 1923, and at Flamingo and Long Pine
Key in January, 1924. In March shrikes were found to be common
at Coconut Grove, Homestead, and Florida City. Shrikes and Little
Sparrow Hawks are usually to be found in the same type of country.
104. Vireo griseus maynardi. Key West Vireo. An adult female
was taken, January 16, in a hammock on Long Pine Key. In March
the species was found to be abundant in the mangrove swamps and
other thick growth at East Cape. April 4 two specimens were
secured on Elliott’s Key, where also the birds were abundant.
Mr. Semple has sent the Carnegie Museum a beautiful nest with
two eggs which he found, April 23, twenty-five miles south of Coconut
Grove. He closely observed the parents many times, and waited
several days to make sure that two eggs constituted the complete'
set. The nest is two inches deep and about three inches in diameter
outside, and one and one-half by two and one-half inches inside. It
is thinly but securely bound by spider-webs and lined entirely with
fine shreds of palm-fiber, and was placed at the tip of a branch of a
large bayberry bush.
105. Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler. One seen,
January 31, in the edge of mangroves at Bear Lake. In March the
species was observed at Coconut Grove, Bear Lake, and ’Gator Lake.
In two instances, March 10 and 30, the birds seemed to be paired.
’106. Compsothlypis americana subsp. Parula Warbler. One
recorded at East Cape, March 14. At ’Gator Lake both sexes were
seen on March 22.
107. Dendroica coronata. Myrtle Warbler. Numerous in de-
ciduous growth in Royal Palm Hammock and on Long Pine Key in
mid-January. In March it was still abundant throughout the Cape
Sable region. This species, however, is not so often found in strictly
treeless places as the Palm Warbler.
108. Dendroica vigorsi. Pine Warbler. Singing commonly in the
timber on Long Pine Key, January 15. Several seen near Royal
Palm Hammock, March 28.
109. Dendroica palmarum palmarum. Palm Warbler. An abun-
dant and ubiquitous species throughout the region during the entire
438
Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
period covered by our observations. It was noted at every locality
worked by us between Coconut Grove and East Cape and on the
keys offshore, and was found alike in hammock, mangrove jungle,
prairie, and Everglades. Especially numerous in the switch-grass
along the canal banks near ’Gator Lake.
no, Dendroica discolor. Prairie Warbler. Seen in the mangroves
at Bear Lake, January 31, and at East Cape and ’Gator Lake in
March. On April i the species was found to be much more common
in the scrub farther north, about Delray.
111. Seiurus aurocapillus. Ovenbird. Recorded in the cactus at
East Cape, at Bear and ’Gator Lakes, and at Coconut Grove. Not
in song.
1 12. Seiurus noveboracensis subsp. Water Thrush. Recorded
several times between March ii and 28 at Flamingo and East Cape,
but nowhere else. These birds were fond of the partially dried basins
of the swamps, where mangroves stood.
1 13. Geothlypis trichas ignota. Florida Yellow-throat. Abun-
dant in all suitable places throughout the region, but particularly
numerous at ’Gator Lake, in the salt-marsh inhabited by the Cape
Sable Seaside Sparrows at East Cape, and along New River near
Miami. Common also on the keys off East Cape. Specimens were
taken on Long Pine Key and in the Everglades near Ingraham Lake.
1 14. Setophaga ruticilla. Redstart. Observed at ’Gator Lake,
January 29 and March 28, and at Coconut Grove, April 3.
1 15. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. Mockingbird. One of the
commonest birds in the Cape Sable region and found even in wild,
uninhabited portions of the Everglades.
1 16. Dumetella carolinensis. Catbird. Common in the thickets
on Long Pine Key, in Royal Palm Hammock, in the mangrove
jungle about Bear Lake, at ’Gator Lake, and on the keys off East
Cape. A very tame individual frequented camp at ’Gator Lake in
March and regularly ate bits of meat from skinned specimens, almost
from the hand.
PIoLT and Sutton: Birds Observed in Southern Florida. 439
1 17. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis. Florida Wren. Re-
corded at East Cape, ’Gator Lake, and East Fox Lake. These birds
were rather difficult to observe, as they jumped about among the
dense mangrove roots. Three males in full song, and in excellent
condition, were secured.
1 18. Troglodytes aedon aedon. House Wren. January 15, three
were seen in low shrubbery among the timber on Long Pine Key. The
single specimen taken proves to be a richly colored example of the
typical subspecies. In March House Wrens were recorded three
times, in full song, along the canal road north of Flamingo.
1 19. Cistothorus stellaris. Short-billed Marsh Wren. Common
in the switch-grass along the canal near Ingraham Lake on January 25.
Contrary to Seton (Chapman’s ‘‘Handbook of Birds of Eastern North
America,” 1912, p. 480), the birds were found to flush easily. They
would rise above the tall grass and fly straight away, but for only a
short distance, and then settle back into the grass. March 11-15
they were fairly common in the grass on the East Cape prairie.
120. Telmatodytes palustris palustris. Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Recorded only from the marsh near Flamingo where several were
observed and one female was collected, March 17. For the proper
subspecific identification of this specimen we are indebted to Dr.
Alexander Wetmore, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park.
12 1. Sitta pusilla. Brown-headed Nuthatch. A number seen
among the pines of Long Pine Key on January 15 and 16.
122. Polioptila cmidea ccErulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Re-
corded from Long Pine Key, January 15-16; in the mangrove jungle
at Bear Lake, January 17; at East Cape, March 13; and at ’Gator
Lake, March 22-26.
123. Sialia sialis sialis. Bluebird. Heard calling on Long Pine
Key, January 15. - '
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI. Plate XXXIX
CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW
{Thryospiza mirabilis Howell)
Slightly less than natural size.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VoL XVI.
Plate XL.
Fig. I. Slash-pines and saw-palmettos on Long Pine Key. Habitat of Red-
cockaded Woodpecker, Brown-headed Nuthatch, and other species frequenting
pine-woods.
Fig. 2. Lower border of the Everglades not far from the coast. Small clumps
of Red Mangroves are beginning to appear.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate XLI.
Fig. I. Cabbage- palm hammock in the Everglades near ’Gator Lake. The
ditching machine served as the senior author’s camp.
Fig. 2. Dense mangrove swamp between the Everglades and the coast. An
automobile-road is being built along the bank of this canal.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol.XVL
Plate XLIL
Fig. I. Near view of our ditching machine used as a camp. The vegetation is
switch-grass (Spartina sp.).
Fig. 2. Nesting Wood Ibis at ’Gator Lake. Note how the birds sit back upon
their heels. Holes are often worn into them by the rough material of the nests.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVL
Plate XLIII.
Fig. I. Adult Wood Ibis at the ’Gator Lake Rookery. They withdrew to the
tops of the tallest trees while the rookery was inspected.
Fig. 2. Young Ground Dove at Coconut Grove. Natal down still adheres to
the feathers.
ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate XLIV.
Fig. I. Nest of Bald Eagle on Man-o’-war Key. This huge structure is situated
about twenty-five feet above the ground in a black mangrove.
Fig. 2. Young Bald Eagle. While this photograph was made on Barnes Key,
it well serves to illustrate the details of the nest shown above, even to the rotting
fish.
INDEX
abachuma, Jocara, 94, 128
abieticola, Phlaectomus pileatus, 431
abnormalis, Cecidipta, 109
abrupta, Pycnulia, 120
Stericta, 46, 120
Acah-pta thomsoni, 377
Acanthocheila armigera, 377
spinulifera, 377
accelerans, Pocopaschia, 42
Accipiter cooperi, 427
velox, 427
acheola, Jocara, 24, 44, loi
aciiisa, Macalla, 9, 28, 44, 107
Acrocampsa, 159
pallipes, 159
Actitis macularia, 425
Adinia multifasciata, 420
admotalis, Macalla, 108
adolescens, Auradisa, 42, 75
adspersa, Coleopola, 162
aedesia, Chloropaschia, 32, 46, 112
aedon aedon, Troglodytes, 439
aelredella, Tetralopha, 71
sesculi, Corythucha, 379
Aetosauria, 326
Aetosaurian Reptile, A New, from the
Morrison Formation of Utah.
By C. W. Gilmore, 325-348
affinis, Gambusia, 420
Marila, 416
affinula, Diedrocephala, 225
afflicta, Chloropaschia, 46, in
agassizii, Salvelinus, 136
Agate Springs Quarries, 403
agatha, Nouanda, 80
Wanda, 79, 128
agathoa, Jocara, 44, 97
Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti, 433
phoeniceus floridanus, 433
phoeniceus phoeniceus, 433
aglaeus, Quiscalus quiscula, 434
agnesa, Tetralopha, 47, 73
aidana, Jocara, 94, 128
Ajacania steinbachalis, 14, 43
Ajaja ajaja, 416
Ajocara amazona, 15, 43, 86
(Kdiperalis, 86
phileasalis, 9, 15, 43, 86
alba, Gaura, 417
alba pratincola, Tyto, 430
alberato, Heliconius, 365
albescens, Macalla, 109
albibarbis, Sorex, 292
albiceps, Pococera, 73
Tetralopha, 73
albifasciata, Catasticta, 357
Cecidiptera, 114
Stericta, 46, 114
albiferalis, Jocara, 43, 90
albimedialis, Jocara, 91, 128
Milgithea, 47, 53
Pococera, 53
albimedium, Auradisa, 77, 128
Pococera, 77
albina, Catasticta, 359
albipenne, Diestostemma, 157
albiventris, Liophis, 320
albomedialis, Epipaschia, 104, 126
alboplagialis, Cacozelia, no, 125
albula, Diedrocephala, 220
albulatalis, Jocara, 96
Macalla, 96
albulella, Pococera, 83
Alca torda, Linn^us, 392
Alcidae, 392
alcyon, Ceryle, 431
ales, Geranoaetus, 403
alipes, Salvelinus, 137
alleghenensis, Cryptobranchus, 251
441
442
Index
alleni, Buteo lineatus, 428
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 436
Strix varia, 430
Alligators, 41 1, 426
alnotha, Stericta, 119, 130
alpinus, Salvelinus, 135
Amaral, Afranio do, Ophidia from
South America in the Carnegie
Museum: a Critique of Dr. L.
E. Griffin’s “Catalog of the
Ophidia from South America at
present (June, 1916) Contained
in the Carnegie Museum.” 319-
323
amazonalis, Jocara, 26, 44, 95
amblardi, Aulacizes, 166
Amblycephalidae, 322
Amblydisca, 163-4
cinerea, 164
irregularis, 163
sulcicollis, 163
amelina, Dismorphia, 362
American Magnesium Corporation, 349
American Museum of Natural History,
51
American Ornithologists Union, meets
at the Carnegie Museum, 3
americana, Compsothlypis, 437
Fulica, 424
Mycteria, 418
americanus. Bison, 261, 267
Cervalces, 257
Cervus, 257
Crocodilus, 337
Elephas, 274
Lepus, 281
Mastodon, 274, 275, 308, 310
Numenius, 425
Ursus, 292
Amphibia, 251
anacita, Jocara, 25, 44, 97
Anartula hyporhoda, 54
subflavida, 47, 54
sylea, 47, 54
anastasia, Jocara, 93, 128
anatum, Falco peregrinus, 429
andeola, Jocara, 25, 43, 98
angulifera, Catasticta, 359
Anhinga anhinga, 413
aniana, Chloropaschia, 9, 31, 46, 113
ansberti, Jocara, 89, 128
anthimusalis, Stericta, 34, 48, 118
Anthony, H. E., 251
anthracinus, Eumeces, 252, 253
Plestiodon, 252
Antrostomus carolinensis, 432
apertus, Hyracodon, 317, 318
Aphanopus carbo, 385
Aphelocoma cyanea, 432
apicalis, Stericta, 46, 116
apicula, Cicadella, 186
aplastella, Tetralopha, 57, 59, 125
Apocera colorata, 55, 130
costata, 47, 55
aporalis, Incarcha, 89
Aporophis melanocephalus, 321
taeniura, 320
Aquila dananus, 405
aquila, Fregata, 415
Aradrapha mixtalis, 104
Araeopaschia goanta, 43, 102
grisealis, 102
aranea, Gelocheilidon nilotica, 412
arbela, Terias, 363
Archilochus colubris, 432
arcidens, Hyracodon, 317
arciferalis, Pococera, 74
Tetralopha, 74
arctata, Cecidipta, 109
Arctotherium haplodon, 286-292, 3
314
simum, 297
arcuatus, Stegomus, 333
Ardea herodias wardi, 421
occidentalis, 421
argentata, Larus, 412
argentilinea, Jocara, 43, 89
Macalla, 89
argentina, Helochara, 235
argutula, Sturnella magna, 434
arizonella, Tetralopha, 69, 126
armigera, Acanthocheila, 377
Index
443
Armstrong, Mr. C. D., presents a
valuable specimen of Chinese
porcelain, 4
Arnatula circumlucens, 53
colorata, 55
Artiodactyla, 256
Arvicola gapperi, 277
Asio flammeus, 430
asio floridanus, Otus, 430
Asopina, 85
asperatella, Benta, 61
Lanthaphe, 61
Pococera, 61
Saluda, 61
Tetralopha, 61, 125
associata, Corythucha, 379
astynome, Dismorphia, 363
athanasia, Jocara, 24, 43, 100
Atkinson, D. A., 353
atomaria, Coleopola, 162
Atractus taeniatus, 321
atramentalis, Pococera, 42, 82
atramentatula, Diedrocephala, 222
atricilla, Larus, 412
atrifascialis, Tallula, 57, 58
Tioga, 57. 125
atrox, Bothrops, 320
Attacapa, 60
Attacapa callipeplella, 66
attenualis, Macalla, 78
Tancoa, 42, 78
attenuata, Diedrocephala, 222
auduboni, Dryobates villosus, 431
Aulacizes, 164-169
amblardi, 166
bigibbosa, 164
delicata, 167
dufouri, 165
gracilis, 167
intersecta, 166
marginula, 168
olivacea, 167
sculptilis, 163
splendidula, 168
aura septentrionalis, Cathartes, 426
Auradisa adolescens, 42, 75
albimedium, 77, 128
brendana, 12, 42, 76
chrysoderas, 77, 130
corumba, 42, 77
corumbina, ii, 42, 77
fechina, 75, 130
gelidalis, 74
guianica, 12, 42, 77
marmorata, 76, 128
nigriplaga, 78
nigrolunalis, 42, 75
olivescens, 42, 76
Ppemphusalis, 75
remberta, 76, 130
soteris, 42, 76
stenipteralis, 42, 75
tresaina, 42, 76
auratus auratus, Colaptes, 431
aurea, Dichrophleps, 160
Ficus, 410
aureolus, Salvelinus, 137
auritus floridensis, Phalocrocorax, 414
aurivagula, Cicadella, 213
aurivillianus, Papilio, 355
aurocapillus, Seiurus, 438
auroguttata, Cicadella, 188
Aurora Trout, Salvelinus Timaga-
miensis, 13 1
aurulenta, Cicadella, 199
Aves, 254
Avinoff, A., Article by, 355-374
avus, Nautilornis, 392-394
azurea, Heliconius, 365
Bahama Redwing, 433
Bald Eagle, 428
ban, Jocara, 48, 100
baptisiella, Tetralopha, 68", 125
Wanda, 68
baradata, Pococera, 84, 128
Barn Owl, 430
Barnes, Mr. John T., 2
Barnes, Dr. William, 50
Bartramia longicauda, 425
basalis, Stericta, 119
444
Index
basigera, Pococera, 71
basilata, Isolopha, loi
Jocara, loi, 130
basilissa, Tetralopha, 48, 72
basiochrealis, Cacozelia, no, 125
Bean, Prof. Barton A., 137
Beatty, John Wesley, Obituary Notice, 5
Beck, Miss Rhea S., makes important
loans and gifts to the Carnegie
Museum, 150
belfragii, Teleonemia, 376
bellangula, Pocopaschia, 81, 128
Belted Kingfisher, 431
Benjamin, Mr. Foster H., 50
Benta asperatella, 61
diluculella, 63
expandens, 61
floridella, 67
melanogrammos, 65
slossonii, 66
speciosella, 67
bergi, Junonia, 366
beroella, Tioga, 42, 59
bevnoa, Stericta, 9, 35, 46, 118
bicolor, Iridoprocne, 436
bifasciata, Cicadella, 198
biflora, Nyssa, 420
bifossatus, Drymobius, 319
bigibbosa, Aulacizes, 164
bimaculatus, Dilobopterus, 175
Birds, Fossil, from the Green River De-
posits of eastern Utah, 391-402;
from the Miocene of Nebraska,
403-408
Birds, Notes on. Observed in southern
Florida. By Ernest G. Holt and
George Miksch Sutton, 409-433
Bison americanus, 261, 267
bison, 269
crassicornis, 263
occidentalis, 262
priscus, 266
bituberculatum, Diestostemma, 158
Black Skimmer, 413
Vulture, 426
Black-crowned Night Heron, 423
Black-necked Stilt, 424
Blarina brevicauda, 293
simplicidens, 293
Blue-back Trout, 137
Bluebird, 439
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 439
Blue Jay, Florida, 432
Blue- winged Teal, 415
Boat-tailed Grackle, 434
Bobwhite, Florida, 426
boliviana, Catasticta, 359
Macalla, 9, 28, 46, 107
bombifrons, Bootherium, 258-273, 302,
304
Bos, 258-273
Bombycilla cedrorum, 436
Bonasa umbellus, 254
bondensis, Helminthophis, 321
Bootherium bombifrons, 258-273, 302,
304
cavifrons, 270, 272
borealis, Deuterollyta, 103
Dryobates, 431
Bos bombifrons, 258-273
taurus, 261, 262, 267, 269
Bothrops atrox, 320
chloronielas, 320
jararaca, 320
jararacussu, 320
Bouvier, Dr. E.-L., 51
Bovidae, 258
braccatula, Diedrocephala, 228
brachypalpia, Pococera, 78
Tancoa, 78
Brachyprotoma obtusata, 285
pristina, 285
brachyrhynchos pascuus, Corvus. 432
Breddin and Jacobi, 155, 156
brendana, Auradisa, 12, 42, 76
brevicauda, Blarina, 293
Sorex, 293
breviornatalis, Jocara, 88, 125
Stericta, 88
Toripalpus, 88
brevisula, Diedrocephala, 223
Index
445
breweri, Parascalops, 294
Scalops, 294
brithvalda, Chloropaschia, 112, 130
Broad- winged Hawk, 428
Brown Pelican, 415
brunnapex, Pococera, 84
brunneatula, Cicadella, 185
bunniotis, Tioga, 59
Bunting, Painted, 436
Buteo lineatus alleni, 428
platypterus, 428
Buteonidse, 406
Butorides virescens virescens, 423
Butterfield, Mr. Henry, 350
cacalis, Hemimatia, 100
Jocara, 100
cachinnans, Gallinula chloropus, 424
Cacozelia alboplagialis, no, 125
basiochrealis, no, 125
caenoses, Glossopaschia, 122, 130
caeruleovittata, Cicadella, 211
calceolaria, Terias, 363
calitas, Deuterollyta, 77
Tancoa, 47, 77
callipeplella, Attacapa, 66
Tetralopha, 66, 125
callosa, Cicadella, 179
Calybitia picata, 42, 81
canadensis, Peromyscus, 276
Canadian Red Trout, 136
candidissima, Egretta, 422
Canis dirus, 282, 298
latrans, 283
lupus, 282
priscolatrans, 283
canities, Chloropaschia, 113, 130
cantianilla, Jocara, 9, 43, 93
canutusa, Stericta, 118, 130
Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow, 435
capnodon, Pococera, 48, 85
carbo, Aphanopus, 385
Cardinal, Florida, 436
Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus, 436
cardinalis, Cardinalis, 436 (var. flori-
danus)
cardinalis, Cicadella, 188
cardinula, Diedrocephala, 226
Cariacus Isevicornis, 257
caribsea, Pinus, 410
Carolina, Porzana, 424
carolinensis, Antrostomus, 432
Dumetella, 438
Pandion haliaetus, 430
Zenaidura macroura, 426
carolinus, Centurus, 431
Carnegie Institute of Technology, The,
350
Carnivora, 282
Case, Dr. E. C., 354
Casey, Col. Thomas L., 353
Casmerodius egretta, 422
caspia imperator, Sterna, 413
cataldusa, Tetralopha, 10, n, 42, 72
Catasticta, 357-360
albifasciata, 357
albina, 359
angulifera, sp. nov., 359
boliviana, 359
corcyra, 358
dilutior, var. nov., 358
flisa, var. dilutior, 358
hollandi, sp. nov., 357
lactea, sp. nov., 359
manco, 359
modesta, 359
nivalis, sp. nov., 358
strigosa, 359
uricfficheae, 357
catastomiis, Catastomus, 138
Catbird, 438
catesbiana, Rana, 252
Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 426
Catopsilia statira schausi, var. nov., 360
Caudata, 251
cavifrons, Bootherium, 270, 272
Ovibos, 272
Cecidipta abnormalis, 109
arctata, 109
excaecariss, 46
Cecidiptera albifasciata, 114
excfficariee, 109
446
Index
cecidiptoides, Stericta, 40, 46, 116
Cicadella auroguttata, i
Cedar Waxwing, 436
aurulenta, 199
cedrorum, Bombycilla, 436
bifasciata, 198
Centroscymnus crepidater, 388
brunneatula, 185
obscurus, 385, 388
caeruleovittata, 21 1
Centurus carolinus, 431
callosa, 179
Ceratodus, in Zoological Garden in
cardinalis, 188
London, 146
cinctosula, 193
Cerchneis sparveria paula, 429
clitellaria, 185
sparveria sparveria, 429
colorata, 195
Cervalces americanus, 257
conjunctula, 193
Cervidae, 257
contaminata, 201
Cervinae, 257
corallina, 206
Cervus americanus, 257
corrugipennis, 204
virginianus, 257
crocipennis, 197
Ceryle alcyon, 431
cruenta, 186
Chaemepelia passerina passerina, 426
cuneatula, 205
chalcochlora, Xenophasma, 123
cyclopula, 217
Chasmatosaurus, 329
discoidula, 178
chionopheralis, Stericta, 46, 115
dorsifascia, 182
Chiroptera, 296
dubia, 202
chlorisalis, Jocara, 43, 93
facetula, 217
chloromelas, Bothrops, 320
fasciata, 187
chloronome, Dismorphia, 363
fastuosa, 200
Chloropaschia aedesia, 32, 46, 112
flammea, 194
afflicta, 46, III
flavovittata, 202
aniana, 9, 31, 46, 113
gratiosa, 177
brithvalda, 112, 130
hectica, 204
canities, 113, 130
hyalinatula, 182
consimilis, 46, 112
inscriptula, 213
cristalis, 113
inspergata, 177
epipodia, 9, 30, 46, 113
interruptula, 18 1
fiachnalis, 32, 46, 112
interstitialis, 180
hollandalis, 33, 46, 112
jucunda, 207
mennusalis, 31, 46, 112
lativittata, 19 1
rufilinea, 46, iii, 113, 130
leucomelas, 194
thermalis, 32, 46, iii
limbatula, 21 1
venantia, 9, 30, 46, iii
limboclavula, 214
zenoa, 9, 29, 46, iii
longicornis, 183
chloropus cachinnans, Gallinula, 424
lurida, 189
chrysoderas, Auradisa, 77, 130
lutea, 210
Pococera, 77
moesta, 208
Chuck-Will’s-Widow, 432
mutabilis, 190
Cicadella, 177-218
nebulosa, 178
apicula, 186
nigricula, 216
aurivagula, 213
notulatula, 179
Index
447
Cicadella nubicula, 184
occatoria, 209
occipitula, 204
olivatula, 209
ornatula, 216
pauperata, 189
pendulosa, 206
phoenicea, 195
praetextatula, 213
pulchella, 207
pulchra, 199
purpurata, 200
quadriplagiata, 192
reservata, 210
rufipes, 187
sagata, 202
salutaris, 192
sanguineovittata, 202
satelles, 191
scutellatula, 215
semicinctula, 215
sertigerula, 203
sexguttata, 190
signatula, 200
similis, 212
sociata, 190
subhyalina, 184
sulfureoguttata, 197
terminalis, 183
tigrinula, 217
tinctorula, 180
transversula, 218
trilineaticeps, 196
unifasciata, 198
variabilis, 192
ventralis, 210
Cicadellidse, 157-243
Cicadellinffi, 157-243
cincta, Oncometopia, 17 1
cinctosula, Cicadella, 193
cinerea, Amblydisca, 164
cinereus, Plethodon, 251
circumlucens, Arnatula, .53
Milgithea, 42, 53
Circus hudsonius, 427
ciris, Passerina, 436
Cistothorus stellaris, 439
claphealis, Macalla, 113
claridalis, Jocara, 43
Clark, B. Preston, deposits the col-
lection of Sphingidce made by
Messrs. Adolph Hu we and Adolph
Mell in the Carnegie Museum,
151
clarki, Ixias, 360
claudalis, Hemimatia, 92
Jocara, 43, 92
Pococera, 92
clavata, Melanorhopala, 376
Clelia euprepa, 321, 322
peruviana, 321, 323
clemensalis, Tetralopha, 61
Clemmys insculpta, 253
Cleveland Museum of Natural History,
409
clitellaria, Cicadella, 185
clypeata, Draeculacephala, 236
coccinea, Diedrocephala, 220
Coccyzus minor minor, 430
coerulea, Florida, 422
coerulea coerulea, Polioptila, 439
coeruleata, Heliconius, 365
Coggeshall, Arthur S., collects on the
shores of Lake Erie, 149; 251
Coggeshall, L. S., 149
Colaptes auratus auratus, 431
Coleopola, 162
adspersa, 162
atomaria, 162
Colinus virginianus floridanus, 426
colombianus, Elaps, 321, 323
colorata, Arnatula, 55
Cicadella, 195
PColuber constrictor, 253
Colubridae, 253
colubris, Archilochus, 432
columbarius columbarius, Falco, 429
comgalla, Stericta, 35, 48, 117
Compsothlypis americana, 437
conjunctula, Cicadella, 193
cononalis, Jocara, 44, 100
conrana, Jocara, 94, 128
448
Index
consimilis, Chloropaschia, 46, 112
Epipaschia, 112
conspicualis, Deuterollyta, 96
Jocara, 96
constrictor, Coluber, 253
contaminata, Cicadella, 201
conterminus, Geranoaetus, 406
contortilinealis, Stericta, in
contortus, Geranoaetus, 406
contractula, Diedrocephala, 224
cooperi, Accipiter, 427
cooperi annexus, Synaptomys, 277
Cooper’s Hawk, 427
Coot, 424
Coragyps urubu urubu, 426
corallina, Cicadella, 206
corallinus, Micrurus, 323
corcyra, Catasticta, 358
Cormorant, Florida, 414
coronata, Dendroica, 437
corrugipennis, Cicadella, 204
corumba, Auradisa, 42, 77
corumbina, Auradisa, n, 77
Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus, 432
Corythaica monacha, 375, 378
planaris, 378
Corythucha, 378-379
sesculi, 379
associata, 379
decens, 379
distincta, 379
fuscigera, 378
juglandis, 379
marmorata, 379
morrilli, 379
obliqua, 379
padi, 379
Cotton-rats, 41 1
Courtney, Mrs. Elizabeth D., 150
crassicornis, Bison, 263
crepidater, Centroscymnus, 388
crepitans waynei, Rallus, 424
Crested Flycatcher, 432
Cricetinae, 276
Crile, Dr. George W., 409
crinita, Pococera, 78
Tancoa, 42, 78
crinitalis, Jocara, loi, 130
crinitus, Myiarchus, 432
cristalis, Chloropaschia, 113
Deuterollyta, 113
crocipennis, Cicadella, 197
Crocodilia, 329, 340
Crocodilus americanus, 337
Crow, Florida, 432
cruenta, Cicadella, 186
Cryptobranchidae, 251
Cryptobranchus alleghenensis, 251
Cuckoo, Mangrove, 430
cuneatula, Cicadella, 205
Curlew, Long-billed, 425
curvatula, Diedrocephala, 224
cuthmana, Tetralopha, 47, 72
cuvieri, Tetragonurus, 383
cyanea, Aphelocoma, 432
Cyanocitta cristata florincola, 432
cyclopula, Cicadella, 217
cynosurae, Squatarola squatarola, 425
Cyprinodon variegatus, 420
cyrilla, Tetralopha, 47, 74
dalli gyas, Ursus, 289
Danaidae, 364
dananus, Aquila, 405
Geranoaetus, 406
dapha, Jocara, 99
Macalla, 99
decens, Corythucha, 379
Decorative Arts, Section of, 349
delicata, Aulacizes, 167
Gallinago, 425
demissa, Dilobopterus, 175
Dendroica coronata, 437
discolor, 438
palmarum, 437
vigors!, 437
De Salo, Caspar, 350
Description of the Aurora Trout (Sal-
velinus timagamiensis) a new
species from Ontario, 13 1
desideria, Jocara, 9, 43, 94
Index
449
Desmognathus, 252
Deuterollyta borealis, 103
calitas, 77
conspicualis, 96
cristalis, 113
infectalis, 98
majuscula, 98
pagiroa, 99
ragonoti, 89
variegata, 96
dichroa, Elaphe, 319
Dichrophleps, 160
aurea, 160
Dicotyles pennsylvanicus, 256
Diedrocephala, 218-220
albula, 220
sanguinolenta, 218
variegata, 219
Diestostemma, 157-158
albipenne, 157
bituberculatum, 158
nigropunctatum. 157
rugicolle, 157
Dilobopterus, 172-177
bimaculatus, 175
demissa, 175
discoidea, 173
dispar, 175
exaltatus, 176
fervens, 174
hexapterus, 176
klugi, 174
myops, 174
stolli, 174
syrphoidula, 176
varius, 172
vicina, 174
diluculella, Benta, 63
Pococera, 63
Tetralopha, 63
dilutior, Catasticta, 358
Dimades plicatilis, 320
dina, Terias, 363
Dinosaur National Monument, 325
Dinosauria, 340
diploa, Oneida, 56, 130
Diplodocus carnegiei, replicas in foreign
museums, 146
Diplogonuridae, new family name pro-
posed by Di Noronha, 382
Diplogonurus maderensis, 381-383
Dipodidae, 278
Dipus hudsonius, 278
dirus, Canis, 282, 298
discalis, Jocara, 43, 98
discoidea, Dilobopterus, 173
discoidula, Cicadella, 178
discolor, Dendroica,.438
discors, Querquedula, 415
Dismorphia, 361-363
amelina, 362
astynome, 363
chloronome, subsp. nov., 363
gracilis, subsp. nov., 362
leuconoe, 362
lysandra, sp. nov., 361
lysianax, 361
lysinoe, 361
lysinoides, 361
melanina, subsp. nov., 362
melanoides, 362
pinthaeus, 362
spectabilis, sp. nov., 361
spio, 363
tricolor, 361
virago, subsp. nov., 363
dispar, Dilobopterus, 175
dissimilis, Roeseliodes, 114
distincta, Corythucha, 379
dolorosella, Tetralopha, 69
doris, Heliconius, 365
dorsatus, Erethizon, 279-280
Hystrix, 279
dorsifascia, Cicadella, 182
Douglass, Earl, 391, 392, 394, 396
Dove, Ground, 426
Mourning, 426
Draeculacephala, 235-236
clypeata, 236
mollipes, 235
450
Index
Drake, Carl J., The North American
Tingitidse (Heteroptera) De-
scribed by Stal, 375-380
Drymobius bifossatus, 319
Dryobates auduboni, 431
borealis, 431
pubescens, 431
villosus auduboni, 431
dubia, Cicadella, 202
Duck Hawk, 429
Duck, Lesser Scaup, 416
dufouri, Aulacizes, 165
dumerili, Micrurus, 323
Dumetella carolinensis, 438
Duquesne Light Company, The, 350
Duveen Brothers, 349
Dyar, Dr., 50
eadberti, Stericta, 36, 48, 117
Edentata, 255
edwardsii, Salmincola, 138
Egret, 422
Egret ta candidissima candidissima, 422
egretta, Casmerodius, 422
egvina, Tioga, 47, 60
Ehrman, George Alexander, Obituary
of, 35L 352
Ekblom, Madame Therese, 375
elaeoides, Liophis, 321
Elanoides forficatus, 427
Elaphe dichroa, 319
Elaphrium simaruba, 410
Elaps colombianus, 321, 323
hollandi, 321
elegans, Jocara, 44, 89
Pococera, 89
Elephas americanus, 274
emerantia, Stericta, 120, 130
Engel, Henry, 353
Eocene, Green River Beds, 391
Epipaschia albomedialis, 104, 126
consimilis, 112
interruptella, 88
superatalis, 103, 125
zelleri, 104, 125
Epipaschiinae, 3, 53
Epipaschiin^ in the Carnegie and Na-
tional Museums, new Species of.
By William Schaus, 9-48
Epipaschiinae of the Western Hemi-
sphere, The, etc. By W. J,
Holland and William Schaus,
49-130
epipodia, Chloropaschia, 9, 30, 46, 113
Equidae, 274
Equitable Gas Company, The, 350
eratonius, Heliconius, 365
Erethizon dorsatus, 279-280
Erethizontidae, 279
Ereunetes pusillus, 425
erigens, Phidotricha, 82
erlupha, Tancoa, 42, 78
Erpetosuchus granti, 330, 331, 340
erythea, Homura, no
Locastra, no, 130
erythralis, Stenopaschia, 12 1, 130
erythrophthalmus alleni, Pipilo, 436
erythrorhynchus, Pelecanus, 415
Etmopterus pusillus, 388
Eumeces anthracinus, 252, 253
euphemella, Katona, 68
Tetralopha, 68, 125
euprepa, Clelia, 321, 322
euryleuca, Macalla, 27, 44, 105
europaea, Talpa, 295
Eurysea, 252
Eusuchia, 340
Everglades, The Florida, 410-411
Evotomys gapperi, 277
exaltatus, Dilobopterus, 176
excaecariae, Cecidipta, 46
Cecidiptera, 109
Exhibition^: of things new in science,
349
of recent acquisitions by the Car-
negie Museum, 349
expandens, Benta, 61
extensa, Jocara, 96, 444
Nephopteryx, 96
Stericta, 96
fabianalis, Pococera, 42, 84
Index
451
facetula, Cicadella, 217
Falco columbarius columbarius, 429
peregrinus anatum, 429
fasciata, Cicadella, 187
Gargaphia, 378
Kolia, 232
fasciatus, Rhaphirhinus, 159
fastuosa, Cicadella, 200
fechina, Auradisa, 75, 130
fergusi, Proterosuchus, 330
ferrifusalis, Jocara, 43, 93
fervens, Dilobopterus, 174
fiachnalis, Chloropaschia, 32, 46, 112
Ficus aurea, 410
fieldi, Tallula, 58
Tioga, 47, 58
finstanalis, Macalla, 27, 106, 130
Firth-Sterling Steel Company, The, 350
flammea, Cicadella, 194
flammeus, Asio, 430
flavipes, Totanus, 425
flavomarginata, Pococera(?), 84
Stericta, 64
flavovittata, Cicadella, 202
Flicker, 410, 431
flisa, Catasticta, 358
Florida Barred Owl, 430
Blue Jay, 432
Bobwhite, 426
Cardinal, 436
Cormorant, 414
Crow, 432
Gallinule, 424
Grackle, 434
Jay, 432
Pileated Woodpecker, 431
Red-shouldered Hawk, 416, 428
Redwing, 433
Screech Owl, 430
Wren, 439
Yellow-throat, 438
Florida coerulea, 422
floridanus, Cardinalis cardinalis, 436
Colinus virginianus, 426
Otus asio, 430
Phlaectomus pileatus, 431
floridella, Benta, 67
Tetralopha, 67, 125
floridensis, Phalocrocorax auritus, 414
florincola, Cyanocitta cristata, 432
Flycatcher, Crested, 432
fontinalis, Salvelinus, 13 1
forficatus, Elanoides, 427
formosella, Tetralopha, 68
Fossils of the Frankstown Cave, Blair
Co., Pa. By O. A. Peterson, 249
Foster, Stephen C., 350
fovealis, Tioga, 47, 60
fragilis, Geranoaetus, 406
Jocara, 96
francesca, Stericta, 119
frankstounensis, Sorex, 292
Freeman, Mr. J. C., 350
Fregata aquila, 415
Frick, Childs, 251
Fuehrer, O. F., sketches in Westmore-
land County, 149
Fulica americana, 424
funerea, Locastra, no
furseyalis, Macalla, 106, 130
fuscifusalis, Pococera, 83
fuscigera, Corythucha, 378
fuscolotella, Tetralopha, 61, 126
gallerialis, Stenopaschia, 12 1
Gallinae, 254
Gallinago delicata, 425
Gallinula chloropus cachinnans, 424
Gallinule, Florida, 424
Purple, 424
Gambusia affinis, 420
gapperi, Arvicola, 277
Evotomys, 277
Gargaphia fasciata, 378
nigrinervis, 378
Patricia, 377
tili«, 378
garleppi, Papilio, 356
Gaura alba, 417
gelidalis, Auradisa, 74
Gelocheilidon nilotica aranea, 412
Gempylidae, 382
452
Index
General Electric Company, The, 350
Genopaschia protomis, 122, 130
geometrica, Kolia, 233
georgiana, Melospiza, 436
Geothlypis trichas ignota, 438
Geranoaetus ales, 403-406
conterminus, 406
contortus, 406
dananus, 406
fragilis, 406
grinnelli, 406
melanoleucus, 405-406
gibbella, Pococera, 82
Gill, Miss Elizabeth D., 150
gillalis, Jocara, 23, 44, loi
Gilmore, C. W., 251; “A New Aeto-
saurian Reptile from the Morri-
son Formation of Utah.” 325-348
Gittings, Miss Maud J., fishes in
Canada, 150
glastianalis, Macalla, 106, 130
glaucinalis, Stericta, 38, 48, 117
Glires, 276
Glossopaschia caenoses, 122, 130
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 439
goanta, Tancoa, 102
gracilis, Aulacizes, 167
Dismorphia, 362
Terias, 363
Grackle, Boat-tailed, 434
Florida, 434
Graham, Charles, Collection of, 350
gramineus gramineus, Pooecetes, 435
granitalis, Homura, 96
granti, Erpetosuchus, 330, 331, 340
Graphocephala, 220-232
affinula, 225
atramentatula, 222
attenuata, 222
braccatula, 228
brevisula, 223
cardinula, 226
coccinea, 220
contractula, 224
curvatula, 224
humeralis, 231
Graphocephala involuta, 222
limbaticollis, 229
lineola, 231
longula, 225
ludicula, 226
marginella, 228
personatula, 224
plebejula, 227
pruriginosula, 227
rufimargo, 230
proprior, 230
separata, 226
simillima, 222
spinosa, 232
submarginalis, 229
tractatula, 221
Grasshopper Sparrow, 435
gratiosa, Cicadella, 177
Terias, 364
Great White Heron, 421
Greater Yellow-legs, 425
Green Heron, 423
Griffin, Dr. L. E., criticized by A. do
Amaral, 319-323
grinnelli, Geranoaetus, 406
grisealis, Macalla, 46, 108
griseella, Tetralopha, 69, 126
griseus maynardi, Vireo, 437
Ground Dove, 426
Guarnerius, Joseph, 350
guianica, Auradisa, 12, 42, 77
Gull, Bonaparte’s, 412
Herring, 412
Laughing, 412
gyas, Ursus, 287, 288
gybriana, Tetralopha, ii, 42. 73,
haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, 430
Haliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus,
428
Hamilton, Dr. John, 352
haplodon, Arctotherium, 286-292, 312,
314
Hares, Marsh, 41 1
Hawk, Broad-winged, 428
Cooper’s, 427
Index
453
Hawk, Duck, 429
Florida Red-shouldered, 416, 428
Little Sparrow, 410, 423, 429
Marsh, 427
Pigeon, 429
Sharp-shinned, 427
Sparrow, 429
Headlee, Prof. T. J., 51
hectica, Cicadella, 204
Heliconiinae, 365
Heliconius, 365
alberato, subsp. nov., 365
azurea, subsp. nov., 365
cceruleata, 365
doris, 365
eratonius, 365
insolitus, sp. nov., 365
novatus, 365
hellanichus, Papilio, 356
Helminthophis bondensis, 321
Helochara, 234-5
argentina, 235
xanthophis, 234
hemileuca, Stericta, 115
Hemimatia, 57
Hemimatia claudalis, 92
rigualis, 60
scortealis, 65
hemimelas, Pococera, 71
Tetralopha, 48, 71
hemionus, Odocoileus, 257
Hemiptera-Homoptera, 157-243
hemizonalis, Jocara, 90
Henn, Arthur W., 131 ; visits Europe, 145
Henry, James King, 249
hermasalis, Tetralopha, 9, 10, 42, 72
hermengilda, Stericta, 37, 48, 117
herodias wardi, Ardea, 421
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 423
Egret, 422
Great White, 421
Green, 423
Little Blue, 422
Louisiana, 422
Snowy Egret, 422
Heron, Ward’s, 421
Yellow-crowned Night, 424
hexapterus, Dilobopterus, 176
Himantopus mexicanus, 424
Hippopotamus terrestris, 273
holbrookii, Lepomis, 420
Holland, W. J., 49, 150, 249, 347-354.
375. 385. 409
hollandalis, Chloropaschia, 33, 46, 112
hollandi, Catasticta, 357
Elaps, 321
Holt, Ernest G., 409-433
Holt and Sutton: Notes on Birds
Observed in Southern Florida,
409-433
Homoptera, Neotropical, of the Car-
negie Museum, Report upon the
Subfamily Cicadellinse by Her-
bert Osborn, 155-243
Homura erythea, no
granitalis, 96
mianalis, 119
nocturnalis, 108, 109
trisulcata, 109
Hoplosuchus kayi, 326-348
hospitia, Jocara, 9, 44, 95
House Wren, 439
hudsonius. Circus, 427
Dipus, 278
Zapus, 278
Hughes, D. C., spends summer among
the Allegheny Mts., 149
humeralis, Diedrocephala, 231
humerella, Tetralopha, 67, 125
Humming-bird, Ruby-throated, 432
hyalinatula, Cicadella, 182
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 422
Hyracodon apertus, 317, 318
arcidens, 317
leidyanus, 317, 318
mimus, 317
nebraskensis, 317
petersoni, 315-8
priscidens, 317
selenidens, 317
Hyracodontidae, 315
454
Index
Hystrix dorsatus, 279
hyutanahana, Macalla, 27, 46, 106
Ibis, White, 417
Wood, 411, 418
Ichthyosauria, 339
ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 438
ildefonsa, Stericta, 46, 119
imperator, Sterna caspia, 413
incrustalis, Jocara, 87, 125
Stericta, 87
Toripalpus, 87
infectalis, Deuterollyta, 98
inscriptula, Cicadella, 213
insculpta, Clemmys, 253
Testudo, 253
Insectivora, 292
insolitus, Heliconius, 365
inspergata, Cicadella, 177
insularella, Pococera, 82, 128
Tetralopha, 82
internigralis, Pococera, 74
Tetralopha, 74
interruptella, Jocara, 88, 125
interruptula, Cicadella, 18 1
intersecta, Aulacizes, 166
interstitialis, Cicadella, 180
involuta, Diedrocephala, 222
iogalis, Tetralopha, 48, 73
lonornis martinicus, 424
Iridoprocne bicolor, 436
irregularis, Amblydisca, 163
irrorata, Tetralopha, 47, 72
Isolopha basilata, loi
lactealis, 122
Ithomiinae, 364
Ixias clarki, sp. nov., 360
Jack, H. H., 249
jamaicensis, Mariscus, 41 1
jararaca, Bothrops, 320
jararacussu, Bothrops, 320
Jay, Florida, 432
Florida Blue, 432
Jennings, Dr. O. E., makes collections
at various localities, 147; 353
Jocara abachuma, 94, 128
acheola, 24, 44, 10 1
aediperalis, 86
agathoa, 44, 97
aidana, 94, 128
albiferalis, 43, 90
albimedialis, 91, 128
albulatalis, 96
amazonalis, 26, 44, 95
anacita, 25, 44, 97
anastasia, 93, 128
andeola, 25, 43, 98
ansberti, 89, 128
apicalis, 116
argentilinea, 43, 89
athanasia, 24, 43, 100
ban, 48, 100
basilata, loi, 130
breviornatalis, 88, 125
cacalis, 100
cantianilla, 9, 43, 93
chlorisalis, 43, 93
claridalis, 43
claudalis, 43, 92
cononalis, 44, 100
conrana, 94, 128
conspicualis, 96
crinitalis, loi, 130
dapha, 99
desideria, 9, 43, 94
discalis, 43, 98
elegans, 44, 89
extensa, 96, 444
ferrifusalis, 43, 93
fragilis, 96
gillalis, 23, 44, loi
hemizonalis, 90
hospitia, 9, 44, 95
incrustalis, 87, 125
interruptella, 88, 125
lactiferalis, 91
lichfoldi, 124
longistriga, 48, 98
luciana, 94, 128
majuscula, 47, 98
marchiana, 44, 92
Index
455
Jocara maroa, 98, 128
martinia, 43, 92
maurontia, 44, 10 1
mava, 9, 44, 92
medialis, 22
medusa, 92, 128
mira, loi, 130
monosemia, 97
multicolor, 95, 128
nana, 97, 128
nigripuncta, 43, 99
nigrisquama, 96
noctuina, 81
noloides, 97
obscuralis, 93
oduvalda, 17, 43, 91
pagiroa, 99, 128
parallelalis, 92
perseella, 87
pictalis, 43. 95
prudentia, 9, 43, 90
ragonoti, 47, 89
raymonda, 99, 128
rubralis, 97, 128
rufiapicalis, 91
Sara, 9, 44, 90
sisinnia, 9, 43, 100
subcurvalis, 44, 93
subfusca, 98, 128
suiferens, 90, 128
theodota, 18, 43
Jordan, David Starr, 385
jovita, Tetralopha, 47, 73
juanalis, Tioga, 9, 42, 59
jucunda, Cicadella, 207
juglandis, Corythucha, 379
Junonia, 366
coenia, bergi, subsp. nov., 366
Kahl, Hugo, 51, collects in New England
and western New York and Penn-
sylvania, 147
Katona, 60
Kay, LeRoy, explores the Brown’s
Park beds in Utah, 149; 325, 391,
392, 394, 396
Kaye, W. J., 51
kayi, Hoplosuchus, 326-348
Key West Vireo, 437
Killdeer, 425
Kingbird, 432
Kingfisher, Belted, 431
Kingfishers, 41 1
Kite, Swallow- tailed, 427
Klages, Henry, stays at home, 148; 353
Klages, S. M., collection of birds made
on the Rio Purus, Brazil, 3
klagesi, Sais, 364
klugi, Dilobopterus, 174
Knull, J. N., 156
Kolia, 232-234
fasciata, 232
geometrica, 233
Koppers Company, The, 350
Krautwurm, Mr. Bernard, collects in-
sects in Ohio, 148
Lachesis lanceolatus, 320
lactea, Catasticta, 359
lactealis, Isolopha, 122
lactiferalis, Jocara, 91
laevicornis, Cariacus, 257
Lagomorpha, 281
lamonti, Pococera, 42, 84
lanceolatus, Lachesis, 320
Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus, 437
Lanthaphe asperatella, 61
platanella, 61
Larus argentata, 412
atricilla, 412
Philadelphia, 412
latipinna, Mollienisia, 420
lativittata, Cicadella, 19 1
latrans, Canis, 283
latreillanus, Papilio, 355, 356
Least Sandpiper, 425
leidyanus, Hyracodon, 317
Lepidogma modana, 85, 128
violescens, 85
Lepomis holbrookii, 420
Leporidse, 281
Leptosphetta rabdina, 120
456
Index
Lepus americanus, 281
sylvaticus, 281
Lesser Scaup Duck, 416
leucocephalus leucocephalus, Haliaeetus,
428
leucomelas, Cicadella, 194
leuconoe, Dismorphia, 362
leucoplagialis, Stericta, 46, 115
licha, Scymnorhinus, 388
lichfoldi, Jocara, 124
lickfoldi, Jocara, 124
limalis, Pococera, 82, 128
limbaticollis, Diedrocephala, 229
limbatula, Cicadella, 21 1
limboclavula, Cicadella, 214
lineatus, Buteo, var. alleni, 428
lineola, Diedrocephala, 231
Linguata, 252
Link, Gustav, Jr., accompanies W, H.
Rinkenbach to Canada, 148
Liophis albiventris, 320
elaeoides, 321
miliaria, 322
Lists covering the flora and fauna of
Western Pennsylvania, prepared
and published, 1892-1908, 352-
354
Little Blue Heron, 422
Sparrow Hawk, 429
Locastra erythea, no, 130
funerea, no
phyalis, 109
pilosa, no
trisulcata, 46, 109
viriditincta, 109
Loggerhead Shrike, 437
Loma nephelotella, 61
Long-billed Curlew, 425
Marsh Wren, 439
Longicauda, Bartramia, 425
longicornis, Cicadella, 183
longipes, Stegomosuchus, 325, 328, 333
longistriga, Jocara, 48, 98
longula, Diedrocephala, 225
Louisiana Heron, 422
luciana, Jocara, 94, 128
ludicula, Diedrocephala, 226
ludovicianus ludovicianus, Lanius, 437
ludovicianus miamensis, Thryothorus,
439
luniferella, Oneida, 56, 125
lunulalis, Oneida, 56, 125
Tioga, 56
Toripalpus, 56
lupus, Canis, 282
lurida, Cicadella, 189
Melanorhopala, 376
lutea, Cicadella, 210
Lynx, 411
lysandra, Dismorphia, 361
lysianax, Dismorphia, 361
lysinoe, Dismorphia, 361
lysinoides, Dismorphia, 361
Macalla aciusa, 9, 28, 44, 107
admotalis, 108
albescens, 109
albulatalis, 96
argentilinea, 89
attenualis, 78
boliviana, 9, 28, 46, 107
claphealis, 113
dapha, 99
euryleuca, 27, 44, 105
finstanalis, 27, 106, 130
furseyalis, 106, 130
glastianalis, 106, 130
grisealis, 46, 108
hyutanahana, 27, 46, 106
marginata, 107, 130
mesoleucalis, 44, 107
mira, 10 1
nebulosa, 105, 130
niveorufa, 43, 106
nocturnalis, 108
ochro tails, 48, 106
pallidomedia, 27, 44, 105
paranensis, no
pegalis, 107, 130
phaeobasalis, 48, 105
regalis, 106
rufibasis, 113
Index
457
Macalla rufilinea, iii
selecta, io8, 130
sinualis, 105
termenipuncta, 9, 26, 46, 107
thyrsisalis, 44, 104
viridis, 85
vulstana, 108, 128
McBeth-Evans Glass Company, The,
350, 352
McConway, William, In Memoriam,
152-154
McKelvy, Mr. and Mrs. F. G., 350
macroura carolinensis, Zenaidura, 426
macularia, Actitis, 425
maculata, Pisobia, 425
maderensis, Diplogonurus, 381-383
magna argutula, Sturnella, 434
Magnesium, Crystals of metallic, 349
maidoa, Stericta, 118, 130
major major, Megaquiscalus, 434
majuscula, Deuterollyta, 98
Jocara, 47, 98
Mammalia, 255
manco, Catasticta, 359
mangle, Rhizophora, 41 1
Mangrove Cuckoo, 430
Man-o’-war-bird, 415
marchiana, Jocara, 44, 99
marginata, Macalla, 107, 130
marginella, Diedrocephala, 228
marginula, Aulacizes, 168
Oncometopia, 170
Marila affinis, 416
Mariscus jamaicensis, 41 1
marmorata, Auradisa, 76, 128
Corythucha, 379
Pococera, 76
Zyzza, 161
maroa, Jocara, 98, 128
maroniensis, Stericta, 119
Marsh Hawk, 427
marstoni, Salvelinus, 136
Martin, Purple, 436
martinia, Jocara, 43, 92
martinicus, lonornis, 424
Mastodon americanus, 274, 275, 308, 310
maurontia, Jocara, 44, loi
mava, Jocara, 9, 44, 92
maxima. Sterna, 413
maximus, Ovibos, 263
maynardi, Vireo griseus, 437
Meadow-lark, Southern, 434
medialis, Jocara, 22
mediosinalis, Pococera, 72
Tetralopha, 72
medusa, Jocara, 92, 128
Stericta, 92
Megalonychidae, 255
Megalonyx, 250
Megalonyx sphenodon, 255
Megaquiscalus major major, 434
mejona, Oneida, 47, 57
melanina, Dismorphia, 362
melanocephalus, Aporophis, 321
melanogrammos, Benta, 65
Pococera, 64
Saluda, 64
Tetralopha, 62, 64
melanographella, Pococera, 68
melanoides, Dismorphia, 362
melanoleuca, Milgithea, 42, 53
Pococera, 53
melanoleucus, Geranoaetus, 405-406
Spizaetus, 403
Totanus, 425
Melanorhopala, 375, 376
clavata, 376
lurida, 376
uniformis, 376
melazonalis, Tioga, 42, 59
Meleagridae, 254
Meleagris superba, 254, 298
Mellon Institute, The, 350
Mellon, R. B., 349
Melospiza georgiana, 436
mennusalis, Chloropaschia, 31, 46, 112
mephitica. Mephitis, 284
Viverra, 284
Mephitis mephitica, 284
obtusatus, 285
Merganser, Red-breasted, 415
Mergus serrator, 415
458
Index
mesoleucalis, Macalla, 44, 107
Mesosuchia, 340
metaxanthalis, Pococera, 79
Tancoa, 42, 79
mexicanus, Himantopus, 424
miamensis, Thryothorus ludovicianus,
439
mianalis, Homura, 119
Stericta, 119
Microchiroptera, 296
microdon, Pseudotriacis, 385
Micropaschia orthogrammalis, 48, 54, 55
Microtinae, 277
Microtus pennsylvanicus, 277
Micrurus corallinus corallinus, 323
“ dumerili, 323
“ riesii, 323
Milgithea albimedialis, 47, 53
circumlucens, 43, 53
melanoleuca, 42, 53
obliqualis, 47
suramisa, 47, 53
miliaria, Liophis, 322
militella, Pococera, 61
Tetralopha, 61, 125
Mimus polyglottus, 438
mimus, Hyracodon, 317
miniaticeps, Pagaronia, 237
ministra, Pycnulia, 120
minor minor, Coccyzus, 430
minor, Oncometopia, 170
minuta, Tineopaschia, 122
minutilla, Pisobia, 425
mira, Jocara, loi, 130
Macalla, loi
mirabilis, Thryospiza, 435
mixtalis, Aradrapha, 104
mniotilta varia, 437
Mochlocera zelleri, 104
Mockingbird, 438
modana, Lepidogma, 85, 128
modesta, Catasticta, 359
moesta, Cicadella, 208
mollicella, Pagaronia, 237
Mollienisia latipinna, 420
mollipes, Draeculacephala, 235
monacha, Corythaica, 375, 378
Monanthia monotropidia, 375
monosemia, Jocara, 97
Myelois, 97
monotropidia, Monanthia, 375
morrilli, Corythucha, 379
moschatus, Ovibos, 259, 267, 273
Motion Pictures Machine Company,
The, 350
Mourning Dove, 426
mugiens, Rana, 252
multicolor, Jocara, 95, 128
Stericta, 95
multifasciata, Adinia, 420
Muridse, 276
Mus pennsylvanicus, 277
Musical instruments. Exhibition of, 350
mutabilis, Cicadella, 190
Mycteria americana, 418
Myelois monosemia, 97
subalbalis, 74
Myiarchus crinitus, 432
Mylohyus, 250
pennsylvanicus, 256, 300
myops, Dilobopterus, 174
Myotis, 296
naevius, Nycticorax nycticorax, 423
namaycush, Salvelinus, 132
nana, Jocara, 97, 128
narthusa, Pococera, 85, 128
Nautilornis, gen. nov., 392
avus, sp. nov., 392
proavitus, sp. nov., 394
Nautilornithinae, 395
nebraskensis, Hyracodon, 317
nebulosa, Cicadella, 178
Macalla, 105, 130
nelsoni nelsoni, Passerherbulus, 435
Nelson’s Sparrow, 435
Neotominae, 276
nephelotella, Loma, 61
Nephopteryx extensa, 96
subcanalis, 64
nepomuca, Pococera, 9, 42, 83
Index
459
Netting, Mr. Graham, spends summer
in California, 146
New Species of Epipaschiinae in the
Carnegie and National Museums,
9
nigra, Propetes, 160
Rhynchops, 413
nigribasalis, Pococera, 71
Tetralopha, 48, 71
nigricula, Cicadella, 216
nigrinervis, Gargaphia, 378
nigriplaga, Auradisa, 78
Tancoa, 9, 42, 78
nigripuncta, Jocara, 43, 99
nigripunctata, Stericta, 99
nigrisquama, Jocara, 96
Stericta, 96
nigrolunalis, Auradisa, 42, 75
Pococera, 75
nigropunctatum, Diestostemma, 157
nilotica aranea, Gelocheilidon, 412
nivalis, Catasticta, 358
niveorufa, Macalla, 43, 106
noctuina, Jocara, 81
Pocopaschia, 81, 130
noctuipalpis, Pseudomacalla, 108
nocturna, Nouanda, 80, 128
Wanda, 80
nocturnalis, Homura, 108, 109
Macalla, 108
nolasca, Stericta, 118, 130
noloides, Jocara, 97
Noronha, Adolfo Cesar di. Description
of a New Genus and Species of
Deep Water Gempyloid Fish,
Diplogonurus maderensis, 381-
383; A New Species of Deep
Water Shark, Squaliolus sar-
menti, from Madeira, 385-389.
notabilis, Pococera, 70
Tetralopha, 42, 70
notodontoides, Xenophasma, 123
notulatula, Cicadella, 179
Nouanda agatha, 80
nocturna, 80, 128
Psadotha, 80
novatus, Heliconius, 365
noveboracensis, Seiurus, 438
nubicula, Cicadella, 184
Numenius americanus, 425
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 410, 439
Nyctanassa violacea, 424
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 423
Nymphalidae, 365
Nymphalinae, 366
Nyssa biflora, 420
Oberthiir, Mons. Charles, Collection of
Sphingidae deposited in the Car-
negie Museum by Mr. B. Preston
Clark, I.
Oberthiir, M. Charles, 50
obliqua, Corythucha, 379
obliqualis, Stericta, 47, 114
obscuralis, Jocara, 93
obscurus, Centroscymnus, 385
obtusata, Brachyprotoma, 285
obtusatus, Brachyprotoma, 285
Mephitis, 285
occatoria, Cicadella, 209
occidentalis, Ardea, 421
Bison, 262
Pelecanus, 415
occipitula, Cicadella, 204
ocellata, Oncometopia, 169
ochreosticta, Roeseliodes, 114
ochrotalis, Macalla, 48, 106
Odocoileus hemionus, 257
virginianus, 257
oduvalda, Jocara, 17, 43, 91
oediperalis, Jocara, 86
olivacea, Aulacizes, 167
olivalis, Tetralopha, 103
olivatula, Cicadella, 209
olivenca, Stericta, 41, 46, 116
olivescens, Auradisa, 42, 76
Pococera, 76
Stericta, 58
Tioga, 47, 58
Oncometopia, 169-172
cincta, 171
marginula, 170
460
Index
Oncometopia minor, 170
ocellata, 169
rosipennis, 172
tartarea, 17 1
Oneida diploa, 56
luniferella, 56, 125
lunulalis, 56, 125
majona, 47, 57
pallidalis, 56
Ophidia of South America, article by
Afranio do Amaral, 319-323.
Opossum, 41 1
oquassa, Salvelinus, 132
orina, Rhadinaa, 321, 322
ornatula, Cicadella, 216
ornatus, Tremarctos, 250
Ornithosuchus, 329
orthogrammalis, Micropaschia, 48, 54,
55
Ortmann, Dr. Arnold’ E., makes collec-
tions in New Jersey and Virginia,
147; 353-4-
Osborn, Herbert, Neotropical Homop-
tera. Part 5, 155-243
osborni, Trigonias, 315
Osprey, 430
Otter, 41 1
Otus asio floridanus, 430
Ovenbird, 438
Ovibos cavifrons, 272
maximus, 263
moschatus, 259, 267, 273
ovifera, Oxyalois, loi
Owl, Barn, 430
Florida Barred, 430
Florida Screech, 430
Short-eared, 430
Oxyalois ovifera, loi
Oxyechus vociferus, 425
padi, Corythucha, 379
Pagaronia, 236-7
miniaticeps, 237
mollicella, 237
Page, E. H. L., 249
pagiroa, Deuterollyta, 99
Jocara, 99, 128
Painted Bunting, 436
pallidalis, Oneida, 56
pallidifusa, Pococera, 74
Tetralopha, 74
pallidomedia, Macalla, 27, 44, 105
pallipes, Acrocampsa, 159
palmarum, Dendroica, 437
palmistalis, Stericta, 124
palustris palustris, Telmatodytes, 439
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 430
Papilio, 355-357
aurivillianus, sp. nov., 355
garleppi, Stgr., female described,
35b
hellanichus, 356
latreillanus, 355, 356
polybios, 356
scamander, 356
stewarti, sp. nov., 356
theorini, 355
torquatus, 356
tyndaraeus, 355
Papilionidae, 355-357
paraensis, Sais, 364
parallelalis, Jocara, 92
Paranatula vincentia, 47, 54
zographica, 42, 54
paranensis, Macalla, no
Parascalops, 294
breweri, 294, 296
paschasia, Stericta, 9, 37, 47, 117
pascuus, Corvus brachyrhynchos, 432
Passerculus sandwichensis savanna, 435
Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni, 435
Passerina ciris, 436
passerina passerina, Chaemepelia, 426
Patricia, Gargaphia, 377
pauperata, Cicadella, 189
Pectoral Sandpiper, 425
pegalis, Macalla, 107, 130
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 415
occidentalis, 415
pelican. Brown, 415
White, 415
Index
461
pemphusalis, Auradisa(?), 75
Pococera, 75
pendulosa, Cicadella, 206
pennsylvanicus, Dicotyles, 256
Microtus, 277
Mus, 277
Mylohyus, 256, 300
peregrinus anatum, Falco, 429
perisii, Salvelinus, 13 1
Perissodactyla, 273, 315
Peromyscus canadensis, 276
perseella, Jocara, 87
personatula, Diedrocephala, 224
personatus, Sorex, 292
peruviana, Clelia, 321
pervetus, Presbyornis, 396, 397
petamona, Stericta, 38, 48, 119
Peterson, O. A., cultivates his garden,
148; The Fossils of the Franks-
town Cave, 248; 391, 403
petersoni, Hyracodon, 315-8
petola. Pseudoboa, 323
phaebadia, Stericta, 39, 47, 120
phaeobasalis, Macalla, 48, 105
Phalocrocorax auritus floridensis, 414
Phidotricha erigens, 82
Philadelphia, Larus, 412
Phlaectomus pileatus floridanus, 431
Phoebe, 432
phcEbe, Sayornis, 432
phcEnicea, Cicadella, 195
phoeniceus bryanti, Agelaius, 433
floridanus, Agelaius, 433
phoeniceus, Agelaius, 433
phosphoreus, Rhaphirhinus, 158
phyalis, Locastra, 109
picata, Calybitia, 42, 81
pictalis, Jocara, 43, 95
Pieridae, 357-364
Pigeon Hawk, 429
pileatus floridanus, Phlaectomus, 431
pilosa, Locastra, no
pinthffius, Dismorphia, 362
Pinus caribaea, 410
Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni, 436
Piranga rubra rubra, 436
Pisobia maculata, 425
minutilla, 425
planaris, Corythaica, 378
platanella, Lanthaphe, 61
platypterus, Buteo, 428
plebejula, Diedrocephala, 227
Plestiodon anthracinus, 252
cinereus, 251
Plethodontidae, 251
plicatilis, Dimades, 320
Plover, Black-bellied, 425
Upland, 425
Pococera albiceps, 73
albimedialis, 53
albimedium, 77
albulella, 83
arciferalis, 74
asperatella, 61
atramentalis, 42, 82
baradata, 84, 128
basigera, 71
brachypalpia, 78
brunnapex, 84
capnodon, 48, 85
chrysoderas, 77
claudalis, 92
crinita, 78
diluculella, 63
elegans, 89
fabianalis, 42, 84
?flavomarginata, 84
fuscifusalis, 83
gibbella, 82
hemimelas, 71
insularella, 82, 128
internigralis, 74
lamonti, 42, 84
limalis, 82, 128
marmorata, 76
mediosinalis, 72
melanogrammos, 64
melanographella, 68
melanoleuca, 53
metaxanthalis, 79
militella, 61
narthusa, 85, 128
462
Index
Pococera nepomuca, 9, 42, 83
nigribasalis, 71
nigrilunalis, 75
notabilis, 70
olivescens, 76
pallidifusa, 74
pemphusalis, 75
polialis, 73
robustella, 62, 71
rufitinctalis, 71
scortealis, 65
seminigralis, 83
sph^rophora, 77
stenipteralis, 75
strigidiscalis, 9, 42, 83
subcanalis, 64, 66
subviolascens, 83
tertiella, 68
texanella, 66
vandella, 70
variella, 68
vedastella, 84, 128
?viridis, 85
Pococerinae, 53
Pocopaschia accelerans, 42, 81
bellangula, 81, 128
noctuina, 81, 130
Poeciliidae, 420
polialis, Pococera, 73
Tetralopha, 73
Polioptila coerulea coerulea, 439
polybios, Papilio, 356
polyglottus polyglottus, Mimus, 438
pontealis, Stericta, 9, 39, 48, 117
Pooecetes gramineus gramineus, 435
Porzana Carolina, 424
possidia, Stericta, 9, 40, 48, 118
praetextatula, Cicadella, 213
pratincola, Tyto alba, 430
Prentice, Sidney, visits Kansas, 149;
391
Presbyornis, gen. nov., 396
pervetus, sp. nov., 396
Presbyornithidae, fam. nov., 396, 397,
398
priscidens, Hyracodon, 317
priscolatrans, Canis, 283
prisons, Bison, 266
pristina, Brachyprotoma, 285
proavitus, Nautilornis, 394-395
Proboscidea, 274
Progne subis subis, 436
promissa, Sais, 364
Propetes, 160
nigra, 160
proprior, Diedrocephala, 230
Proropoca rubrescens, 123
Proterosuchus fergusi, 330
protomis, Genopaschia, 122, 130
provoella, Tetralopha, 70, 125
prudentia, Jocara, 9, 43, 90
pruriginosula, Diedrocephala, 227
Pseudoboa petola, 323
Pseudomacalla noctuipalpis, 108
Pseudotriacis microdon, 385
Pterosauria, 340
pubescens, Dryobates, 431
pulchella, Cicadella, 207
pulchra, Cicadella, 199
Purple Gallinule, 424
Martin, 436
purpurata, Cicadella, 200
pusilla, Sitta, 439
pusillus, Ereunetes, 425
Etmopterus, 388
Pycnulia abrupta, 120
ministra, 120
sylea, 54
Pyralidae, 53
quadriplagiata, Cicadella, 192
querciella, Tetralopha, 64, 125, 126
Quercus virginiana, 410
Querquedula discors, 415
quiriguana, Tancoa, 78, 128
quiscula aglaeus, Quisculus, 434
Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus, 434
rabdina, Leptosphetta, 120
Raccoon, 41 1, 424
Radio Corporation of America, The, 350
Index
463
ragonoti, Deuterollyta, 89
Jocara, 47, 89
Rail, Wayne’s Clapper, 424
Rallus crepitans waynei, 424
Rana catesbiana, 252
mugiens, 252
Ranidae, 252
Raymond, Percy E., 354
raymonda, Jocara, 99, 128
Recurvirostra, 397, 398
Red-bellied Woodpecker, 431
Red-breasted Merganser, 415
Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 431
Redstart, 438
Red Trout, Canadian, 136
Red-wing, Bahama, 433
Florida, 433
Red-winged Blackbird, 433
regalis, Macalla, 106
Regan, Dr. C. Tate, 146
regia, Roystonea, 410
remberta, Auradisa, 76, 130
Reptilia, 252, 326
reservata, Cicadella, 210
Rhadinaea orina, 321, 322
Rhaphidorhinus Stal, 158
Rhaphirhinus, 158-159
fasciatus, 159
phosphoreus, 158
Rhinocerotoidea, 315
Rhizophora mangle, 41 1, 415
Rhopalocera, Descriptions of Some New
Species and Varieties in the Car-
negie Museum, by A. Avinoff,
355-374
Rhynchops nigra, 413
Richardson, Sir John, 261
riesii, Micrurus, 323
rigualis, Hemimatia, 60
Tioga, 60
Rinkenbach, Wm. H., 131, 148
robustella, Pococera, 62, 71
Tetralopha, 62, 66, 125
Roeseliodes dissimilis, 114
ochreosticta, 114
Roseate Spoonbill, 416
rosipennis, Oncometopia, 172
rostratus, Somniosus, 385
Royal Palm Hammock, 410
State Park, 410
Roystonea regia, 410
rubra rubra, Piranga, 436
rubralis, Jocara, 97, 128
rubrescens, Proropoca, 123
Ruby-throated Humming-bird, 432
Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, The, 350
rufiapicalis, Jocara, 91
rufibasis, Chloropaschia, 113, 130
Macalla, 113
ruficollis, Hydranassa tricolor, 422
rufilinea, Chloropaschia, 46, in
Macalla, in
rufimargo, Diedrocephala, 230
var. proprior, 230
rufipes, Cicadella, 187
rufitinctalis, Pococera, 71
Tetralopha, 71
rugicolle, Diestostemma, 157
ruticilla, Setophaga, 438
Ruvettus, 383
sabbasa, Tetralopha, 48, 71
sadotha, Nouanda(?), 80
Wanda, 80, 128
sagata, Cicadella, 202
Sais, 364
klagesi, sp. nov., 364
paraensis, 364
promissa, 364
zitella, 364
Salientia, 252
Salmincola edwardsii, 138
Saluda asperatella, 61
melanogrammos, 64
talleolalis, 63
salutaris, Cicadella, 192
Salvelinus agassizii, 136
alipes, 137
alpinus, 135
aureolus, 137
fontinalis, 13 1
marstoni, 136
464
Index
Salvelinus namaycush, 132
oquassa, 132
perisii, 13 1
timagamiensis, 131-141
Sandpiper, Least, 425
Pectoral, 425
Semipalmated, 425
Solitary, 425
Spotted, 425
sandwichensis savanna, Passerculus, 435
sanguineovittata, Cicadella, 202
sanguinolenta, Diedrocephala, 218
Santens, R. H., active in the Boy Scout
Camps, 149
Sap-sucker, Yellow-bellied, 431
Sara, Jocara, 9, 44, 90
sarmenti, Squaliolus, 385-389
satelles, Cicadella, 191
Saudek, Victor, and his Little Symphony
Orchestra, 350
Sauria, 252
savanna, Passerculus sandwichensis, 435
Savannah Sparrow, 435
Saw- grass, 41 1
Sayornis phffibe, 432
scabridella, Tetralopha, 48, 73
Scaife, Mr. William Lucien, Obituary
Notice of, 7
scamander, Papilio, 356
Schaus, William, 2, 9, 49
schausi, Catopsilia statira, 360
Scincid«, 252
Sciuridse, 276
Scleromochlus, 329
scopipes, Idia(?), 120
Stericta, 46, 120
scortealis, Hemimatia, 65
Pococera, 65
Tetralopha, 65, 126
scrupulosa, Teleonemia, 376
sculptilis, Aulacizes, 163
scutellatula, Cicadella, 215
Scymnorhinus licha, 388
Seiurus aurocapillus, 438
noveboracensis, 438
selecta, Macalla, 108, 130
selenidens, Hyracodon, 317
semicinctula, Cicadella, 215
seminigralis, Pococera, 83
Semipalmated Sandpiper, 425
Semple, John B., 409, et seq.
separata, Diedrocephala, 226
septentrionalis, Cathartes aura,
Serenoa serrulata, 410
Serpentes, 253
serrator, Mergus, 415
serrulata, Serenoa, 410
sertigerula, Cicadella, 203
Setophaga ruticilla, 438
sexguttata, Cicadella, 190
Shafer, John A., 353
Sialia sialis sialis, 439
sialis sialis, Sialia, 439
signatula, Cicadella, 200
silavia, Tancoa, 13, 42, 79
Silver Trout, 136
simaruba, Elaphrium, 410
similis, Cicadella, 212
simillima, Diedrocephala, 222
simplicidens, Blarina, 293
Simplicidentata, 276
simum, Arctotherium, 297
sinualis, Macalla, 105
sirtalis, Coluber, 253
Thamnophis, 253
sisinnia, Jocara, 9, 43, 100
Sitta pusilla, 439
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 427
Short-billed Marsh Wren, 439
Short-eared Owl, 430
Shrews, 41 1
Shrike, Loggerhead, 410, 437
Sjostedt, Dr. Yngve, 375
Skimmer, Black, 413
Skinner, Dr, Henry, 51
slossoni, Tetralopha, 66, 126
slossonii, Benta, 66
Tetralopha, 66
Snake-bird, 413
Snipe, Wilson’s, 425
Snowy Egret Heron, 422
sociata, Cicadella, 190
Index
465
solitaria solitaria, Tringa, 425
Solitary Sandpiper, 425
Somers, Mr. L. H., 410
Somniosus rostratus, 385
Sora, 424
Sorex albibarbis, 292
brevicauda, 293
frankstounensis, 292
personatus, 292
Soricidae, 292
soteris, Auradisa, 42, 76
Southern Downy Woodpecker, 431
Hairy Woodpecker, 431
Meadow-lark, 434
spaldingella, Tetralopha, 70, 126
Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside, 435
Grasshopper, 435
Nelson’s, 435
Savannah, 435
Swamp, 436
Vesper, 435
Sparrow Hawk, 429
Spartina, sp.?, 41 1
sparveria paula, Cerchneis, 429
sparveria sparveria, Cerchneis, 429
speciosella, Benta, 67
Tetralopha, 67
spectabilis, Dismorphia, 361
sphaerophora, Pococera, 77
Sphenodon, 328
sphenodon, Megalonyx, 255
Sphyrapicus varius varius, 431
spilogaster, Tropidodipsas, 321, 322
spinosa, Diedrocephala, 232
spinulifera, Acanthocheila, 377
spio, Dismorphia, 363
Spizaetus melanoleucus, 403
splendidula, Aulacizes, 168
Spoonbill, Roseate, 416
Spotted Sandpiper, 425
Squaliolidae, new family name proposed
by Di Noronha, 389
Squaliolus laticaudus, 387
sarmenti, 385-389
Squamata, 252
Squatarola squatarola cynosurse, 425
Stainer, Jacobus, 350
Standard Chemical Company, The, 350
Statira, Catopsilia, 360
var. schausi, 360
Stegomosuchidae, 326
Stegomosuchus, 328
longipes, 325, 328, 333
Stegomus arcuatus, 333
Stegosaurus, 328
steinbachalis, Ajacania, 14, 43, 86
stellaris, Cistothorus, 439
stenipteralis, Auradisa, 42, 75
Pococera, 75
Stenopaschia erythralis, 12 1, 130
gallerialis, 121
trichopteris, 121, 130
Stericta abrupta, 46, 120
albifasciata, 46, 114
alnotha, 119, 130
anthimusalis, 34, 48, 118
apicalis, 46, 116
basalis, 119
bevnoa, 9, 35, 46, 118
breviornatalis, 88
canutusa, 118, 130
cecidiptoides, 40, 46, 116
chionopheralis, 46, 115
comgalla, 35, 48, 117
contortilinealis, in
eadberti, 36, 48, 117
emerantia, 120, 130
extensa, 96
flavomarginata, 84
francesca, 119
glaucinalis, 38, 48, 117
hemileuca, 115
hermengilda, 37, 48, 117
ildefonsa, 47, 119
incrustalis, 87
leucoplagialis, 46, 115
maidoa, 118, 130
maroniensis, 119
medusa, 92
mianalis, 119
multicolor, 95
nigripunctata, 99
Index
466
Stericta nigrisquama, 96
nolasca, 118, 130
obliqualis, 114
olivenca, 41, 46
olivescens, 41, 46, 58
palmistalis, 124
paschasia, 9, 37, 47, 117
petamona, 38, 48, 119
phaebadia, 39, 47, 120
pontealis, 9, 39, 48, 117
possidia, 9, 40, 48, 118
scopipes, 46, 120
teffealis, 48, 120
trabalis, 88
umbrosalis, 118, 130
zetila, 95
Sterna caspia imperator, 413
maxima, 413
Stewart, Douglas, Director Carnegie
Museum, visits Europe, 145; 325,
391
stewarti, Papilio, 356
Stilt, Black-necked, 424
stolli, Dilobopterus, 174
Stradivarius, Antonius, 350
strigidiscalis, Pococera, 9, 42, 83
strigosa, Catasticta, 359
Strix varia alleni, 430
Sturnella magna argutula, 434
subalbalis, Myelois, 74
subcanalis, Nephopteryx, 64
Pococera, 64, 66
Tetralopha, 64
subcurvalis, Jocara, 44, 93
subfusca, Jocara, 98, 128
subhyalina, Cicadella, 184
subis subis, Progne, 436
submarginalis, Diedrocephala, 229
subviolascens, Pococera, 83
“Sucurujuba,” 320
“Sucury,” 320
suiferens, Jocara, 90, 128
sulcicollis, Amblydisca, 163
sulfureoguttata, Cicadella, 197
Summer Tanager, 436
superatalis, Epipaschia, 103, 125
superba, Meleagris, 254, 298
suramisa, Milgithea, 47, 53
Sutton, George Miksch, 4, 409-433
Swallow- tailed Kite, 427
Swallow, Tree, 436
Swamp Sparrow, 436
Sybinomorphus turgidus, 322
sylea, Anaratula, 47, 54
Pycnulia, 54
sylvaticus, Lepus, 281
Symbos, 259
tyrrelli, 272
Synapsida, 253
Synaptomys cooperi annexus, 277
syrphoidula, Dilobopterus, 176
taeniatus, Atractus, 321
taeniura, Aporophis, 320
talleolalis, Saluda, 63
Toripalpus, 63
Tallula atrifascialia, 57, 58
fieldi, 58
watsoni, 58
Talpa europaea, 295
Talpidae, 294
Tanager, Summer, 436
Tancoa attenualis, 42, 78
brachypalpia, 78
calitas, 47, 77
crinita, 42, 78
erlupha, 42, 78
goanta, 102
metaxanthalis, 42, 79
nigriplaga, 9, 42, 78
quiriguana, 78, 128
silavia, 13, 42, 79
ubalda, 13, 42, 79
Tapinolopha variegata, 12 1, 130
Tapiridae, 273
Tapirus, 250
terrestris, 273
tartarea, Oncometopia, 171
taurus. Bos, 261, 262, 267, 269
Tayassu, 256
Tayassuidae, 256
Teal, Blue- winged, 415
Index
teffealis, Stericta, 48, 120
Teleonemia belfragii, 376
scrupulosa, 376
Telmatodytes palustris palustris, 439
tenebrosa, Jocara, 43, 99
tenera, Terias, 363
Terias, 363-364
arbela, 363
calceolaria, 363
dina, 363
gracilis, subsp. nov., 363
gratiosa, 364
tenera, sp. nov., 363
terminalis, Cicadella, 183
termenipuncta, Macalla, 9, 26, 46, 107
Tern, American Gull-billed, 412
Coues’ Caspian, 413
Royal, 413
terrenalis, Jocara, loi, 128
terrestris. Hippopotamus, 273
Tapirus, 273
tersilla, Tioga, 60, 130
tertiella, Pococera, 68
Tetralopha, 68, 130
Testudinata, 253
Testudinidae, 253
Testudo insculpta, 253
Tetragonurus cuvieri, 383
Tetralopha aelredella, 71
agnesa, 47, 73
albiceps, 73
aplastella, 57
arciferalis, 74
arizonella, 69, 126
asperatella, 61, 125
baptisiella, 68, 125
basilissa, 48
callipeplella, 66, 125
cataldusa, 10, ii, 42, 72
clemensalis, 61
cuthmana, 47, 72
cyrilla, 47, 74
diluculella, 63
dolorosella, 69
euphemella, 68, 125
floridella, 67, 125
Tetralopha formosella, 68
fuscolotella, 61, 126
griseella, 69, 126
gybriana, ii, 42, 73
hemimelas, 48, 71
hermasalis, 9, 10, 42, 72
humerella, 67, 125
insularella, 82
internigralis, 74
iogalis, 48, 73
irrorata, 47, 72
jovita, 47, 73
mediosinalis, 72
melanogrammos, 62, 64
militella, 61, 125
nigribasalis, 48, 71
notabilis, 42, 70
olivalis, 103
pallidifusa, 74
polialis, 73
provoella, 70, 125
querciella, 64, 125, 126
robustella, 62, 66, 125
rufitinctalis, 71
sabbasa, 48, 71
scabridella, 48, 73
scortealis, 65, 126
slossoni, 66, 126
spaldingella, 70, 126
speciosella, 67
subcanalis, 64
tertiella, 68, 130
texanella, 66, 125
tiltella, 62, 125
thoracicella, 69, 126
vandella, 48, 70
vanenga, 42, 71
Tetrao umbellus, 254
texanella, Pococera, 66
Tetralopha, 66, 125
Thamnophis sirtalis, 253
Thecodontia, 326
theliana, Jocara, 95, 128
theodota, Jocara, 18, 43, 92
theorini, Papilio, 355
thermalis, Chloropaschia, 32, 46,
468
Index
thermochroalis, Jocara, 91
thilloa, Jocara, 91, 128
thomsoni, Acalypta, 377
thoracicella, Tetralopha, 69, 126
Thrush, Water, 438
Thryospiza mirabilis, 435
Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis,
439
thyrsisalis, Macalla, 44, 104
Tiergarten at Cologne, 146
tigrinula, Cicadella, 217
tiliae, Gargaphia, 378
tiltella, Tetralopha, 62, 125
timagamiensis, Salvelinus, 13 1
tinctorula, Cicadella, 180
Tineopaschia minuta, 122
Tingitidae, North American, Described
by Stal, 375-380
Tioga aplastella, 57, 59, 125
atrifascialis, 57, 125
beroella, 42, 59
bunniotis, 59
egvina, 47, 60
fieldi, 47, 58
fovealis, 47, 60
juanalis, 9, 42, 59
lunulalis, 56
melazonalis, 42, 59
olivescens, 47, 58
rigualis, 60
tersilla, 60, 130
watsoni, 58, 126
Titanoceras, 86
Todd, W. E. Clyde, studies South
American birds, 147; 353-4
Tolmachoff, Dr. I., collects in western
Pennsylvania, 148
Toripalpus breviornatalis, 88
incrustalis, 87
lunulalis, 56
talleolalis, 63
trabalis, 88
torquatus, Papilio, 356
Totanus flavipes, 425
melanoleucus, 425
Towhee, White-eyed, 436
trabalis, Jocara, 88, 125
Stericta, 88
Toripalpus, 88
Yuma, 88
tractatula, Diedrocephala, 221
translinea, Jocara, 20, 43, 94
transversula, Cicadella, 218
Tree Swallow, 436
Tremarctos ornatus, 250
tresaina, Auradisa, 42, 76
trichas ignota, Geothlypis, 438
trichopteris, Stenopaschia, 12 1, 130
tricolor, Dismorphia, 361
Hydranassa, 422
Trigonias osborni, 315
trilinealis, Jocara, 90
trilineaticeps, Cicadella, 196
Tringa solitaria solitaria, 425
trisulcata, Homura, 109
Locastra, 46, 109
Troglodytes aedon aedon, 439
Tropidodipsas spilogaster, 321, 322
Trout, Canadian, 136
Red, 136
Silver, 136
turgidus, Sybinomorphus, 322
Turkey Vulture, 426
tyndaraeus, Papilio, 355
Tyrannus tyrannus, 432
tyrrelli, Symbos, 272
Tyto alba pratincola, 430
ubalda, Tancoa, 13, 42, 79
umbellus, Bonasa, 254
Tetrao, 254
umbrosalis, Stericta, 118, 130
Ungulata, 256
unifasciata, Cicadella, 198
uniformis, Melanorhopala, 376
United States Bureau of Mines, 350
uricaecheae, Catasticta, 357
Urodela, 251
Ursus americanus, 292
dalli gyas, 289
gyas, 287, 288
urubu urubu, Coragyps, 426
Index
469
Utterback, W. H., 403
vandella, Pococera, 70
Tetralopha, 48, 70
vanenga, Tetralopha, 42, 71
varia, Mniotilta, 437
varia alleni, Strix, 430
variabilis, Cicadella, 192
variegata, Deuterollyta, 96
Diedrocephala, 219
Tapinolopha, 12 1, 130
variegatus, Cyprinodon, 420
variella, Pococera, 68
varius, Dilobopterus, 172
varius varius, Sphyrapicus, 431
vedastella, Pococera, 84, 128
velox, Accipiter, 427
venantia, Chloropaschia, 9, 30, 46, iii
ventralis, Cicadella, 210
Vesper Sparrow, 435
Vespertilionidae, 296
vicina, Dilobopterus, 174
vigors!, Dendroica, 437
villosus auduboni, Dryobates, 431
vimina, Jocara, 100, 130
vincentia, Paranatula, 47, 54
violacea, Nyctanassa, 424
violescens, Lepidogma, 85
virago, Dismorphia, 363
Vireo griseus maynardi, 437
Vireo, Key West, 437
virescens, Butorides virescens, 423
virginiana, Quercus, 410
virginianus, Cervus, 257
floridanus, Colinus, 426
Odocoileus, 257
viridis, Macalla, 85
Pococera, 85
viriditincta, Locastra, 109
Viverra mephitica, 284
vociferus, Oxyechus, 425
von Kunitz, Mr. and Mrs. Luigi, 150
vufstana, Macalla, 108, 128
Vulture, Black, 426
Turkey, 426
Wanda, 52, 60
agatha, 79, 128
baptisiella, 68
sadotha, 80, 128
Warbler, Black and White, 437
Myrtle, 437
Palm, 41 1, 437
Parula, 437
Pine, 41 1, 437
Prairie, 438
wardi, Ardea herodias, 421
Ward’s Heron, 421
Water Thrush, 438
Water-turkey, 413
Watson, Frank E., 51
watsoni, Tallula, 58
Tioga, 58, 126
waynei, Rallus crepitans, 424
Wayne’s Clapper Rail, 424
Waxwing, Cedar, 436
Westinghouse Electric and Manufac-
turing Co., The, 350, 351
Wetmore, Alexander, Fossil Birds from
the Green River Deposits of
Eastern Utah, 391-402; Descrip-
tion of a Fossil Hawk from the
Miocene of Nebraska, 403-408
White Pelican, 415
White-eyed Towhee, 436
Williamson, E. B., 353
Wilson’s Snipe, 425
Winona, 86
Wirtner, P. Modestus, 353
Wood, Horace Elmer, II, Hyracodon
petersoni, a New Cursorial Rhi-
noceros from the Lower Oligo-
cene, 315-318
Woodpecker, Florida Pileated, 431
Red-bellied, 431
Red-cockaded, 410, 431
Southern Downy, 431
Southern Hairy, 431
Yellow-bellied, 431
Wren, Florida, 439
House, 439
Index
470
Wren, Long-billed Marsh, 439
Short-billed Marsh, 439
Wurlitzer, Rudolph, 350
xanthophis, Helochara, 234
Xenophasma chalcochlora, 123
notodontoides, 123
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, 431
Yellow-crowned Night Heron, 424
Greater, 425
Yellow- legs, 425
Yellow-throat, Florida, 438
Yost String Quartet, 350
Yuma trabalis, 88
yva, Jocara, 22, 44, 91
Zapus hudsonius, 278
zelleri, Epipaschia, 104, 125
Mochlocera, 104
Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 426
zenoa, Chloropaschia, 9, 29, 46, iii
zetila, Jocara, 95, 128
Stericta, 95
zitella, Sais, 364
zographica, Paranatula, 42, 54
Zyzza, 1 61
marmorata, 161
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CONTENTS
Editorial Notes
349-354
X.
Descriptions of Some New Species and Varieties
of Rhopalocera in the Carnegie Museum. By A.
Avinoi^'f
XL
The North American Tingitidae (Heteroptera) De-
scribed by Stal. By Carl J. Drake
355-374
375-380
XII.
Description of a New Genus and Species of Deep
Water Gempyloid Fish, Diplogomirits maderensis.
By Adolfo Cesar di Noronha
381^83
XIII.
A New Species of Deep Water Sh2ix)iL^ Sqiialiol us
sarmenti from Madeira. By Adolfo Cesar di
Noronha. . . . 385-^389
XIV.
Fossil Birds from the Green River Deposits of
Eastern Utah. By Alexander Wetmore .
391-402
XV.
Description of a Fossil Hawk from the Miocene
of Nebraska. By Alexander Wetmore
403-408
XVI.
Notes on Birds Observed in Southern Florida. By
Ernest G. Holt and George M. Sutton . . .
Index
Title-page, Table of Contents, etc.
409-439
441-470
i-xvii
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